Table of Contents

Ohulumeni bakhonza njengabaphathi abakhulu bezifundazwe zabo ezihlukene, bephethe igunya elikhulu emikhankasweni kahulumeni, ukuthuthuka kwezimiso, kanye nokuphatha kwezinhlekelele. E-United States, umbusi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu nomphathi omkhulu wesifundazwe ngasinye samashumi amahlanu nasemasimini amahlanu ahlala njalo, asebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela izinqumo ezizenza ngayo izinqumo zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni wezwe kanye nezici ezithinta izinqubo ezithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yohulumeni

Abalawuli banomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi bengamele ukusebenza kwegatsha eliphethe uhulumeni. Lo mthwalo oyinhloko uhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ehlanganisa imisebenzi ebanzi engaphaya kokwenza umthetho nje. Ohulumeni baba umkhulumeli wawo wonke umbuso neqembu labo lezombangazwe, bamukela ukusolwa noma ukudunyiswa ngokusingatha izinqumo ngezikhathi zenhlekelele, ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi, nokusiza umthetho wokwalusa ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho.

Izinga lamandla e-gubernary lihluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Izici zomuntu siqu njengendawo yokunqoba yombusi futhi zime ekuboneni komphakathi, kuyilapho amandla ezinhlangano anjengezilawuli zemali, igunya lokumisa, ne-veto emiswa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi abanye abalawuli banegunya elikhulu kakhulu kunabanye, kuye ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wezwe nomthetho.

Amandla Negunya

Umbusi uphethe igatsha eliphethe uhulumeni ezweni ngalinye noma insimu futhi, kuye ngegunya ngalinye, angase alawule kakhulu ekuhleleni imali kahulumeni, amandla okumisa izikhulu eziningi (kuhlanganise amajaji amaningi), kanye nendima enkulu ekwakheni umthetho. Leligunya eliphethe lakha isisekelo sendlela ababusi abazenza futhi basebenzise ngayo izinqumo.

Ohulumeni abaningi banegunya elikhulu kubaphathi abaphethe izikhulu ukuba bakhonze ezikhundleni zegatsha eliphethe isifundazwe, [1] abaningi babo bazofakwa ekomitini yomphathi we-adviso, eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-cabinet". Lokhu kumiswa kubaluleke kakhulu emakhonweni kambusi okubona nokuhlela imithetho, njengoba amalungu ekhathekrati namanxusa enziwa imisebenzi yombuso usuku lonke.

Umsebenzi Wesinqumo Sombusi

Abalawuli abazenzeli ngokwabo izinqumo. Inqubo yabo yokwenza izinqumo ihlanganisa izingqimba eziningi zokwaziswa, ukuhlangana, ukuhlola, nokuhlola okuhlelekile. Lolu hlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo zihlelwe kahle futhi zicabangela imibono ehlukahlukene nemiphumela engenzeka.

Ukuqoqwa Kokwaziswa Nezimiso Zokukhuthaza

Isikhulu sendima yezisebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi uthola ukwaziswa, ukucubungula, nemibono edingekile ukuze enze isinqumo. Lo msebenzi obalulekile uqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuba nezimiso eziqinile endaweni yazo ukuze aqoqe ulwazi futhi ahlanganise ulwazi emithonjeni eminingi.

Cishe bonke ababusi baye bamisa isikhulu sezisebenzi ukuba sikhonze njengomunye wabaqondisi babo abakhulu futhi, ezizweni eziningi, ukuba baqondise ihhovisi lombusi wonke, kuyilapho abanye abaholi ehhovisi lomphathi cishe behlanganisa umqondisi wezomthetho nomqondisi wezokuxhumana noma unobhala wezokunyathelisa. Lesi simiso seqembu siqinisekisa ukuthi ababusi bayakwazi ukufinyelela ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemithetho nasemisebenzini kahulumeni.

Ihhovisi lombusi lihlanganisa izikhundla ezimbalwa eziyinhloko ezisekela ukwenza izinqumo:

  • I-paf of Staff: Iphatha imisebenzi yamahhovisi yonke futhi isebenza njengomphathi omkhulu wesikhala
  • Umqondisi wePolitiki: Ubheka ukuthuthuka kwenqubo futhi ugcina ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni
  • Umqondisi we-Bridget:[ Ukubukeza izicelo zezimali futhi kuzihlanganisa zibe iziphakamiso zokuhlela eziphethe
  • [[AKT:0] Umqondisi we-authority: uhlanganisa uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho nomsebenzi wokukhuthaza
  • [[QULT:0] Iseluleko se-Legal:[ Inikeza iseluleko somthetho ngezenzo zesikhulu nomthetho
  • [[QULT:0] Umqondisi wokwaziswa: ulawula ubudlelwane bomphakathi nokuthumela imiyalezo kanye nemithombo yezindaba

Ukuhlolwa Kwekhabethe Nemishini

Abaholi bafeza imithwalo yabo yemfanelo yokuphatha nokuhola kanye nezinhloso ngokusekela nokusiza kwezikhulu zezinhlangano, eziningi zazo ezinikezwe amandla okuzimisa.

Ababusi abaningi bamisa isimiso sesimiso ehhovisi lombusi sokuphatha inkambiso nobuhlobo nezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, okunendlela yokuhlela usizo ezindaweni ezikhathaza kakhulu kumbusi noma lapho kungekho khona umnyango noma izinkampani ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngqo kumbusi. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi ulondoloza ukuxhumana okuqinile nezinhlangano ezisebenzisa izimiso zikahulumeni.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezishukumisa Izinqumo Zokuqondisa

Abaholi kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo nokucabangela okuningi okuncintisanayo lapho benza izinqumo. Lezi zici zingahlukaniswa kakhulu ngokwezombangazwe, ngokomthetho, ngokwesiko, futhi bacabangele izinto eziwusizo, ngamunye efeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isinqumo sokugcina.

Umbono Womphakathi Nezidingo Eziyimpikiswano

Umbono womphakathi umelela esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo. Ohulumeni bangabaphathi abakhethiwe okumelwe baqhubeke besabela ezakhamuzini abazikhonzayo. Ukushintsha kwenani labantu nokushintsha kombono womphakathi kudinga ukuvumelana nezimiso kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo eziza kuqala, ngokugcina imfuneko yokusabela ezinkathazweni zabameleli, ezingashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yezinguquko zezenhlalo noma zezomnotho.

Ohulumeni bathola ukufakwa komphakathi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokwesiko, amahhovisi ababusi athola umqulu omkhulu weposi nezingcingo, kuyilapho eminyakeni yamuva umphakathi usuqalile ukuxhumana nababusi ngocingo, nge-imeyili nangezinhlelo ezinjenge Facebook kanye ne-Twitter. Lokhu kugeleza okuqhubekayo kokuxhumana kusiza ababusi ukuba bahlole imizwelo yomphakathi futhi baqonde izinto eziza kuqala.

Izimfuneko Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho - sisekelo

Zonke izinqumo zombuso kumelwe zisebenze phakathi kohlelo lomthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uchaza izinga legunya le-gubernar, kuyilapho imithetho inikeza isiqondiso esiqondile ngendlela lombuso ongase usetshenziswe ngayo. Igatsha eliphethe linikezwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, iminyango, noma amabhodi ngokuvamile afundiswa ukuhlanganisa imithetho nezimiso zokusebenzisa leyo mithetho, kuyilapho ezizweni eziningi, amahhovisi kaMbusi amise izinqubo zokuhlela nokuqondisa lemithetho ye-promegamendmental ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho elandelwa yizinhlangano zezinhlangano ze-omgardern kanye ne-filosophy ziveza izinqumo ze-Profe.

Iseluleko esingokomthetho sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izenzo zokuqondisa zivumelana nemithetho esebenzayo namalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izimo Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nezinto Ezibalulekile

Amaqiniso emali acindezela kakhulu ukwenza izinqumo. Ohulumeni bangabhekana nokusebenzisa imingcele ngenxa yesimo sezomnotho esisezweni labo futhi kungase kudingeke benze izinqumo ezingathandeki ezilulaza ukusekela kwabo phakathi kwabavoti. Ngokungafani nohulumeni kahulumeni wezwe, imibuso eminingi kumelwe ilinganisele imali yabo, okusho ababusi abanakukwazi ukukhokha izindleko ezintsha.

Umqondisi wemali uqondisa iqembu elihlola izicelo zezimali ezenziwa yizinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni wezwe futhi uzihlanganisa zibe isiphakamiso semali ephetheyo kahulumeni wonke ukuze umbusi avume futhi amise inqubo. Lenqubo idinga ababusi ukuba benze ukukhetha okunzima mayelana nokuqoqwa kwezimpahla, ngokuvamile baqale baqale izinhlelo ezithile kuyilapho benciphisa ukuxhasa abanye ngemali.

Ukucabangela Kwezombangazwe Neqembu Okunamandla

Izici zezombangazwe ngokungenakugwenywa zithonya ukwenza izinqumo. Isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni singahlanganisa amalungu amaningi angahlanganyeli neqembu lombusi, okungenza ukusebenza ndawonye kube yinselele futhi kuholele ekusebenzeni kancane phakathi nesimiso somthetho. Lokhu kudinga ababusi ukuba bacabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi izinqumo zabo ziyothathwa kanjani yizishaya-mthetho ezisekelayo ukuze bathuthukise izinhlelo zabo.

I-pricklock yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezinohulumeni ohlukene, ingavimbela umkhiqizo womthetho, inqande ukudlula kwezimiso eziyinhloko, ngesidingo sokulawula izingxabano ezikhungethe ukunqanda ukuhlukana futhi iyekethise amakhambi abe yizisusa eziphambili ezihlelwayo zemithetho eqhubekekayo. Ababusi abaphumelelayo kumelwe babe abaqondisi abanekhono abangakha izinxulumani futhi bathole isisekelo esifanayo ezingxenyeni zeqembu.

Iseluleko Sochwepheshe Nokuhlaziya Kobuchwepheshe

Ukubusa kwanamuhla kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso. Ohulumeni bathembele kakhulu kubaqondisi abangochwepheshe ukuba banikeze ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe nokutusa ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kusukela empilweni yomphakathi kuya ekuthuthukiseni kwezezisekelo. Laba ochwepheshe basiza ababusi ukuba baqonde imiphumela engenzeka yokukhetha izindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi baqaphele izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokufinyelela imiphumela efunwayo.

Phakathi nezinkinga, iseluleko sochwepheshe siba sinzima nakakhulu. Isikhulu sezisebenzi sinendima engokomthetho elungiselelweni lehhovisi likambusi lezinto eziphuthumayo, ezihlanganisa ukusungula izinqubo ezivamile zokusingatha izinhlekelele, ukuhlanganisa iqembu elihlobanisa i-hoc ukuze likhulume nganoma isiphi isimo esiphuthumayo, futhi lihlukanise ukubonakala kombusi esimweni esibucayi. Lendlela ehlelwe kahle iqinisekisa ukuthi abaqondisi bayakwazi ukufinyelela ebuchwephesheni obufanele ngesikhathi esifanele.

Inqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo Engokomthetho

Igunya elikhulu lombusi othatha izinqumo lihlobene nenqubo yomthetho. Abalawuli banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho, kusukela ekumiseni imithetho emisha yokunquma ukuthi izosayinwa noma zikweletwa yisishaya-mthetho.

Ukumisa I - agenda Esemthethweni

Njengoba nje umongameli enikeza ikheli leSizwe se-Union kanye ngonyaka, ababusi banikeza uHulumeni woMbuso waminyaka yonke phambi kwesishaya - mthetho, lapho bexoxa khona ngempumelelo yezomnotho nezombangazwe, bebala ukwaziswa okusekela izinto abazenzayo, futhi bebukeza izinto eziyinhloko ezisemikhankasweni yabo yemithetho, okubonisa amalungu esishaya - mthetho ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziza kuqala ohlwini lombusi.

Le nkulumo yaminyaka yonke isebenza njengesikhathi esiyinhloko sokwenza isinqumo lapho ababusi kumele bamise khona kuqala phakathi kwemigomo yesimiso encintisanayo futhi bacacise umbono ocacile wonyaka ozayo. Izinto eziza kuqala ezibekwe kule nkulumo ziqondisa umsebenzi wezisebenzi zombusi nezimpawu eziqondiswe kubenzi bemithetho okungathola ukusekelwa kwezikhulu.

Ukusebenza Nemithetho

Njengoba kucatshangelwa ukuthi ababusi badinga ukubambisana kwabaphathi bemithetho kahulumeni ukuze kusungulwe futhi kuqondiswe izikweletu zabo ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho, benza ubuhlobo obuhle nabenzi bomthetho bube yinto eza kuqala, okungahlanganisa ukusiza abamisi - mthetho ukuba babhekane nezinkathazo zabahleli bomthetho, ukumema abashaya imithetho ezigijimi ezigijimeni nasemikhubeni yokudla, nokuhlela imihlangano yamasonto onke nabaholi bomthetho nezihlalo zamakomiti ukuze baxoxe ngesimiso.

Indima yomqondisi wemithetho ihilela ukwengamela ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zemithetho yombusi, ukuqondisa imisebenzi yokunxusa yezomthetho, nokuxoxa ngezindaba eziningi nomphathi wendlu yomthetho, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso zezikhulu zegatsha nokusekela uhlelo lomthetho kambusi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zikambusi zithola ukunakekela okufanele enqubweni yomthetho.

Isinqumo Se - Veto

Omunye wababusi abavelele kakhulu bemibuso yezezishaya-mthetho ikhono lokukhipha umthetho we-veto. Kwezinye izifundazwe, umbusi angakhipha umthetho lapho nje usudlulile, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane ($in California, cishe amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela ezikweletu eziye zathathwa. Isinqumo sokubhalisa umthetho sidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kwezici eziningi, kuhlanganise nezici zenqubo, imiphumela yezombangazwe, nokusabela komphakathi.

Kwezinye izifunda, umbusi unamandla okukhipha izinto ezithile ezithile ezicatshangelwe kuhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Lo mbuso wenza ababusi bavumelane nenqubo yokulungisa igebe likagesi, ubavumela ukuba bavumele uhlelo lwemali oluningi kuyilapho benqaba amalungiselelo akhethekile abathola ukuthi anenkinga.

Umqondisi wemithetho unomthwalo wokweluleka umbusi namalungu eziphathimandla ngezenzo zomthetho ezilindelekile ezihlongozweni zezezishaya-mthetho nakumthetho, ngokuvamile enendima enamandla ekuceleni umbusi ukuba asayine noma asayine umthetho we-veto. Lendima yokuqondisa isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zeveto zihlelwe kahle futhi zihlelekile.

Izimiso Eziqondisayo Nezinqumo Zokuphatha

Ngaphandle kwenqubo yokushaya umthetho, ababusi benza izinqumo eziningi ngeziyalezo zezikhulu nangezenzo zokuphatha.La mathuluzi avumela ababusi ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kunenqubo yokushaya umthetho evame ukubavumela, nakuba besacindezelwa imingcele engokomthetho nengokomthetho.

Lapho Ohulumeni Besebenzisa Ukuhleleka Okuphethe

Abaholi basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze benze izinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokubangela izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo nezenzo ezihlobene nezenzakalo zokusabela eziphuthumayo, isimo sezulu, izinkinga zamandla, izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, izenzakalo zokulimala kwabantu, nezinye izimo ezidinga ukunakekelwa ngokushesha; ukwakha amakomiti okuqondisa imvelo, ukuhlanganisa, ukutadisha, noma ukuhlola; ukwakha noma ukuhlela kabusha amanxusa ombuso, amabhodi, nemikhandlu; nokusingatha izindaba zokuqondisa amagatsha aphethe kanye nezindaba zokuqondisa ezinjengokuguqula imvelo, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, ukukhiqizwa kwezinga, ukucwaba, ukucwaswa kwemindedwa, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezisebenzelayo.

Isinqumo sokukhipha uhlelo lwesikhulu sihlanganisa ukuhlaziya ukuphuthuma kwesimo ngokumelene nezinselele zomthetho noma zokwahlulela. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ababusi baseMelika bakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu ezicishe zibe ngu-2 000 emasontweni ayishumi kuphela. Lokhu kwanda okuphawulekayo kwezenzo zokuphatha kubonisa indlela ababusi abasebenzisa ngayo leli thuluzi phakathi nezinhlekelele lapho ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha kudingekile.

Izinqumo Zemali

Izinqumo zemali esetshenziswayo zimelela ezinye zababusi abakhethayo abalandelayo. Isiphakamiso sezemali esiphethe siveza izinto eziza kuqala kumbusi futhi sinquma ukuthi izimali zikahulumeni ziyokwabelwa kanjani phakathi kwezinhlelo nezinkonzo ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zinqumo zidinga ukulinganisela izimfuno ezincintisanayo ezikhona ezisezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene lapho kugcinwa umthwalo wemfanelo wemali.

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali ihlanganisa ukuxoxa kakhulu namanhloko ezinhlangano, abaholi bezemithetho, nabanye abaphethe. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqede imisebenzi enzima, ngokuvamile bakhethe ukusekela izinto eziza kuqala kuyilapho benciphisa noma besusa imali yabanye. Lezi zinqumo zinemiphumela yangempela ezakhamuzini zikahulumeni, ezithinta yonke into kusukela empucukweni kuya ekulondolozeni izakhi zemvelo kuya ezinkonzweni zezenhlalo.

Izinqumo Zokunquma

Ukumiswa kwe-gubernator kuthinta kakhulu imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Enye yemibuso evelele kakhulu kambusi waseTexas ukumisa amandla, kanye nokumisa okuvumela uMbusi ukuba abeke izibopho zakhe ezindaweni ezihlelekile kuhulumeni wombuso, okuyinzuzo enkulu emizamweni yokumisa nokufeza izimiso. Nakuba lesi sibonelo sibhekisela ngokuqondile kuTexas, lesimiso sisebenza kabanzi ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Lapho benza izinqumo zokumisa, ababusi bacabangela izici eziningi ezihlanganisa iziphiwo zobuchwepheshe, ukwethembeka kwezombangazwe, ukumelelwa kwabantu, nokuhlelwa kwezimiso. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kumiswa kuqinisekiswa indlu eyodwa noma zombili zendlu yombuso. Lokhu kuqinisekisa kwenezela enye imfuneko yokucabangela izinqumo zokumiswa, njengoba ababusi kumelwe bakhethe abameleli abangathola imvume yemithetho.

Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Senhlekelele

Ohulumeni babhekana nezinqumo zabo eziyinselele kakhulu phakathi nezinkinga, lapho kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha benokwaziswa okungaphelele kuyilapho izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu. Ukuhlola umlawuli ngenkinga amakhono okuhola futhi angachaza isikhundla sabo.

Ukulawulwa Okuphuthumayo Nokusabela

Njengesikhulu esiphethe, oMbusi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa isimo sabo sikulungele kahle ukubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo nezinhlekelele zazo zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu. Lomthwalo wemfanelo udinga ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili, ukuqoqwa kwezimpahla, nekhono lokwenza izinqumo ezisheshayo lapho kugadla izinhlekelele.

Uma kubikezelwa isimo sezulu esibi sasebusika noma lapho kuba nesiphithiphithi somphakathi, ababusi banamandla okubiza i - National Guard ukuba basize izakhamuzi nabasabela kuqala noma usizo ekululameni kwesiphepho, njengoba amabutho e - National Guard ekwazi ukuvuselelwa ukuba aye ezindaweni zendawo futhi asize ngemizamo ephuthumayo kunoma yisiphi isikhundla abadinga kuso lapho ababusi bememezela isimo esiphuthumayo.

Ohulumeni bazizwa besinda ngezinqumo zabo njengoba bezama ukulinganisela izingozi zezombangazwe zokusabela ngokweqile nezindleko zabantu zokuvumela umbuso ubambeke ungawulungele izinhlekelele ezinkulu zemvelo. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuqapha nesenzo kumelela esinye sezici ezinzima kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo ezibucayi.

Ukusabela Okuningi Okuthandwayo

Ukusabela okubucayi ngokuvamile kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi namazinga kahulumeni. Ukuqondisa okuphuthumayo nokulondeka kwezwe ngokuvamile kwabelwa izisebenzi zasemahhovisi ombusi ngenxa yeqiniso lokuthi kuwumthwalo wombusi ukwenza isimemezelo esingokomthetho sesimo esiphuthumayo, ngokusingatha usuku nosuku lokunakekela isimo esiphuthumayo kanye nemisebenzi yesizwe esabelwe uchwepheshe wezisebenzi, nakuba umphathi wezisebenzi, iseluleko somthetho kanye nezinye izisebenzi eziphezulu kungenzeka ukuba akhe iqembu labaqondisi abahlangene phakathi nesimo esibucayi.

Lendlela ehlangene iqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi uyakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluvela kuhulumeni wezwe wonke kuyilapho elondoloza imigqa ecacile yegunya nokwenza izinqumo. Phakathi nezinkinga ezinkulu, ababusi kumelwe benze izinqumo ezisheshayo mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwemishini, ukuxhumana komphakathi, nokusabela kwezimiso, ngokuvamile ngokungaqiniseki okukhulu ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesimo.

Ukuhlangana Kwamagunya Kahulumeni Nokubambisana

Abalawuli abasebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa namanye amazinga kahulumeni. Izinqumo zabo kumelwe zilandise ngezimiso zikahulumeni, izimfuneko, nangamathuba okuxhasa imali, kanye nobuhlobo nohulumeni bendawo ezifundeni zabo.

Isimo sobuhlobo

Njengoba i-United States inesimiso sikahulumeni, izinqumo ezenziwa eWashington, D.C., ngokuvamile ziyoba nethonya eliphawulekayo kuhulumeni wezwe, nezinqumo zikahulumeni wezwe ezithinta ukufinyelela kukahulumeni wengcebo, kuyilapho izinhlelo ezisungulwe uhulumeni wezwe ngokuvamile kumelwe zinikezwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni, ezingakha imithwalo emisha kuhulumeni wezwe ukuze ibheke noma ingayibheki njengezinguquko ezivumelekile.

Umbusi ufeza indima ebalulekile ebuhlotsheni nohulumeni futhi angase akhethe izisebenzi ezizosebenza kulo msebenzi. Lo msebenzi wokuxhumana kahulumeni usiza ababusi ukuba bahlale benolwazi ngentuthuko yezimiso zikahulumeni futhi basekele izithakazelo zikahulumeni eWashington.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungayala ukuba izifundazwe zenze umsebenzi othile ngaphandle kokubanika imali yokwenza kanjalo. Lemiyalo engagunyaziwe idala izimo ezinzima zokwenza izinqumo kubabusi, okumelwe banqume ukuthi bangavumelana kanjani nezimfuneko zikahulumeni kuyilapho bephatha izimali zikahulumeni ezilinganiselwe.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Wendawo

Abanye ababusi baye banikeza izisebenzi ezikhethekile ukuba zimise ubuhlobo obuseduze obuseduze nezikhulu zendawo.

Abalawuli kumele balinganisele isilinganiso sikahulumeni kuqala nezidingo zendawo kanye nezinto ezithandwayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nomeya, iziphathi zesifunda, nezinye izikhulu zendawo ukuze baqonde ukuthi izinqumo zikahulumeni ziyothinta kanjani imiphakathi kulo lonke izwe. Ababusi abaphumelelayo bakha ubuhlobo obuqinile nabaholi bendawo, bakha ubuhlobo obubambisanayo obuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo.

Izinselele Neziphazamiso Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Sasemkhakheni Wezigebengu

Nakuba ababusi benamandla amakhulu, babhekana futhi nezithiyo ezinkulu ezilinganisela igunya labo lokwenza izinqumo futhi zenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa izimiso zabo abazithandayo.

Inselele Yesikhulu Sabaqondisi Bamazwe

Enye inselele kubabusi isikhulu sombuso esisebuningini, esibhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni eziningi, njengomphathi - hulumeni, ummeli omkhulu, nonobhala kahulumeni zikhethwa ngokwazo kumbusi; ngakho, umbusi akanakukwazi ukuzilawula ngokuqondile ngendlela umongameli angase alawule ngayo izikhulu eziphethe ze-U.S.. lesisimo sikahulumeni sisho ukuthi ababusi kumelwe basebenze nezikhulu ezikhethwe ngokuzimele ezingase zibe nezikhundla zezombangazwe ezihlukile.

Isikhulu esiphethe ngobuningi silinganisela ikhono lombusi lokulawula igatsha eliphethe futhi sidinga ukuxoxisana nokubambisana okwengeziwe ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo yezimiso. Ohulumeni kumelwe bakhe ubuhlobo nalezi zikhulu ezizikhethele ngokwazo futhi bathole izindlela zokuhlela imizamo yabo ngisho nalapho bengase bangavumelani ezindabeni ezithile.

Iziyalezo Ezingokomthetho

Abalawuli abanakwenza ngokungatshazwa ezicini eziningi zezimiso. Badinga ukubambisana kwemithetho ukuze badlulise imithetho emisha, bavumele ukuhlelwa kwezimali, futhi baqinisekise ukumiswa. Ohulumeni kumelwe bafunde ukusebenza kahle nabanye abamisi-mthetho, abaphathi bomthetho, izikhulu ze-khathekthene, kanye nezakhamuzi ezabakhetha ukuba bathathe isikhundla endaweni yokuqala. Lemfuneko yokubambisana isho ukuthi ngisho nababusi abanamandla kakhulu kumelwe bahlehle futhi baxwe ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo.

Isidingo sokubambisana kwemithetho siba inselele ikakhulukazi uma umbusi neningi lomthetho besonta ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezihlukene.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Zonke izenzo zomthetho zingaphansi kokubukezwa kwezokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziyalezo zezikhulu, ziqede imithetho yokuphatha, futhi zigumbuqele ezinye izinqumo zobucukubhede uma zephula umthetho wombuso noma wombuso. Lokhu kuqondisa kokwahlulela kusebenza njengesehlo esibalulekile emandleni okuphatha kodwa futhi kucindezela ababusi abamisa izinqumo.

Ohulumeni kumelwe bacabangele ngokucophelela isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo zabo futhi baqiniseke ukuthi izinqumo zabo zingamelana nokucusumbulwa kokwahlulela.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nokucusumbula Kwabezindaba

Abaholi basebenza edobeni elinobuthango, nezinqumo zabo zihlolwa njalo futhi zihlolwa umphakathi. Abaphathi banamandla amakhulu phezu kwegatsha lomthetho ngoba basebenza unyaka wonke futhi bagcina ihhovisi bodwa, futhi bayayaleza ukuba kukhululwe izikhulu eziphambili zezezwe labo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi izinqumo zezenyuziyamu zimelwe ziqhutshwe ngokushesha ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi futhi zigxekwe.

Isidingo sokulondoloza ukusekela komphakathi sicindezela ukwenza izinqumo zomphakathi, njengoba ababusi kumele bacabangele ukuthi ukukhetha kwabo kuzakuqondwa kanjani ngabavoti. Izinqumo ezingathandwayo zingalimaza inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe yombusi futhi kwenze kube nzima kakhulu ukuqhubekisela phambili inyathelo lesikhathi esizayo.

Isinqumo sokusebenzisa nokulandelela

Ukwenza isinqumo kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Ohulumeni kumelwe futhi baqiniseke ukuthi izinqumo zabo ziyasebenza futhi ziveze imiphumela efunekayo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kudinga ukunakwa nokuqondiswa okuqhubekayo.

Ukusebenza Nezimo ZoMbuso

Abalawuli basebenzelana nezishaya - mthetho zabo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala, imigomo, kanye nezinto ezifeziwe zinikezwa ngokunembile futhi zamukelwa kahle phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala nezinye izinqumo zomthetho ezikhuluma futhi zihlole ukumiswa kwezinhlelo nezinkonzo ezigunyaziwe zegatsha. Lokhu kusebenza okuqhubekayo kusiza ababusi ukuba baqaphele ukumiswa nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga njengoba ziphakama.

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuxhumana okucacile kokulindela emaqulwini ezinkampani nakuzisebenzi, imithombo eyanele yokufeza isinqumo, nezimiso zokuhlola intuthuko nokulinganisa imiphumela. Ohulumeni abaphumelela ekufezeni izakhiwo bamisa izakhiwo ezicacile zokulandisa futhi babukeze inqubo yezinhlangano njalo.

Ukuhlolwa Nokulungisa

Ukwenza isinqumo esihle akupheli uma kumenyezelwa inkambiso noma umthetho usayiniwe. Ohulumeni kumelwe bahlole ukumiswa komsebenzi futhi bazimisele ukulungisa indlela yabo esekelwe kwimiphumela. Lokhu kudinga ukusungula izinqubo ezinikeza ukwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi mayelana nendlela izimiso ezisebenza ngayo.

Uma izimiso zingakhiphi imiphumela efiselekayo, ababusi kumelwe bazimisele ukwenza iziluleko eziphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kungahilela ukunikeza iziyalezo ezintsha ezinhlanganweni, ukuguqula imithetho, noma ukunikeza imithombo yezimali yokulungisa izinselele.

Izinqumo Zokuxhumana Nabantu

Ukuxhumana komphakathi kumelela isici esibaluleke kakhulu sokusetshenziswa kwesinqumo. Ohulumeni kumelwe bachaze izinqumo zabo emphakathini, bakhe ukusekela izimiso zabo futhi basize izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo ziyobathinta kanjani. Umbusi uyinhloko kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile uphethe izikhulu ezivela kwamanye amazwe noma amazwe, esebenzisa isikhundla sazo ukusekela ukuma kukahulumeni emhlabeni, ukudonsa amabhizinisi amasha nezimboni nokwakha ubuhlobo nabanye ohulumeni, kuyilapho futhi ehlanganyela izenzakalo zomphakathi nemikhosi nokuhambelana nombuso oqeqeshiwe.

Ukukhulumisana okuphumelelayo kusiza ukuba umphakathi uqonde futhi usekele izinqumo ezithatha izikhulu zikahulumeni. Kunikeza nababusi ithuba lokuthola isijeziso sezakhamuzi futhi balungise indlela abayisebenzisayo ngokusekelwe ekuqondiseni komphakathi.

Ukuvela Kwamandla Okusungula Imvelo

Indima yababusi iye yashintsha kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Abalawuli baye bashintsha kusukela ekuthatheni izikhundla zombuso waseBrithani zaba abameleli abanamandla nje okungenzi okuhle noma okubi ngemibuso futhi babuye basebenzise abaholi bezimiso ezibalulekile kokubili phakathi kwezifundazwe nasezweni lilonke. Lokhu kuziphendukela kuveza imibono eshintshayo mayelana namandla okubusa kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obukhulayo bukahulumeni.

Abalawuli ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka babalulekile ngokwengxenye ngoba izifundazwe zabo zibalulekile. Njengoba amazwe eye athatha imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu futhi izimali zawo zikhula, ababusi baye baba abantu abanethonya ezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ababusi abaningi basebenzisa isikhundla sabo njengendlela yokuya esikhundleni esiphakeme, kuhlanganise nomphathi.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Sesigingqi

Nakuba umbusi ngamunye ethuthukisa indlela yakhe yokwenza izinqumo, kuye kwavela imikhuba ethile engcono kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwababusi abaphumelelayo kulo lonke izwe.

Ukwakha Amaqembu Anamandla Akhuthazayo

Ababusi abaphumelelayo bazizungeza nabaqondisi abanekhono abaveza imibono nezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ababusi abangcono kakhulu bagcina futhi izindlela zokuxhumana ezivulekile nezisebenzi zabo, bekhuthaza ukunikeza impendulo eqotho nemibono ephikisanayo. Lokhu kwakha isimo lapho izinkinga zingatholakala khona ngokushesha futhi ezinye izindlela zingahlolwa.

Ukulondoloza Ukuvumelana Nesimo

Nakuba ababusi bedinga izimiso ezicacile nezinto eziza kuqala, kumelwe futhi bahlale bevumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukunamathela ezikhundleni ezinqunyiwe kungavimbela ababusi ukuba basabele ngokuphumelelayo ekwazisweni okusha noma ezenzakalweni ezingalindelekile.

Ukuvumelana nezimo kusho futhi ukuzimisela ukuyekethisa lapho kudingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo ebanzi.

Ukugxila Ekusebenziseni Imisebenzi

Ababusi abangcono kakhulu bayaqaphela ukuthi ukumemezela isinqumo kumane nje kuyisiqalo. bachitha isikhathi namandla ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izinqumo zabo ziyasebenza, zihlola intuthuko futhi zilungisa uma kudingeka. Lokhu kunakekela kokusetshenziswa kwalesi sinqumo kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinqumo ezinhle ziveza imiphumela emihle.

Izindawo Zokwakha Izikole

Ababusi abaphumelelayo abakha izinhlangano ezinekhono abakwazi ukuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene ukuze basekele imizamo yabo.

Ukukhulumisana Ngokuphumelelayo

Ukukhulumisana okucacile, okungaguquguquki kusiza ababusi ukuba bakhe ukusekela komphakathi izinqumo zabo futhi balondoloze inhloko - dolobha yabo yezombangazwe.

Ithonya Lezinqumo Zokuzenzela Izici

Ababusi besinqumo ababenza bafinyelele imiphumela efinyelelekayo ezindaweni zabo futhi kwezinye izimo, ezweni lilonke. Abalawuli bangaphezulu kakhulu; bangabalingisi abayinhloko ezinkundleni zezombangazwe zikahulumeni, lapho besebenzisa khona ithonya elikhulu ezinqumweni zemali, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezokuthutha, kanye nezinyathelo zendawo ezungezile, ngisho nakulokho okuhilelekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni.

Njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, izikhulu ezingaphansi kobuholi bababusi bazo ziyaqhubeka zizama futhi zibuye zibuye, ziqambe izimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso zendawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kuyilapho zinengxenye kokuhlangenwe nakho kokubusa kwesizwe. Lendlela yokuhlola ivumela amazwe ukuba ahlole izindlela ezihlukene, ngokuvamile izakhiwo eziphumelelayo ezisakazekela kwamanye amazwe noma zithathwe ngokwezinga likahulumeni.

Izinqumo ezithathayo zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwezwe, kusukela ezikoleni nasezindleleni kuya ekutholakaleni kwempilo nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Zihlela amasu okuthuthukisa izomnotho, izimiso zendawo ezungezile, nezimiso zomthetho wobugebengu. Imiphumela ekhuphukayo yalezi zinqumo inquma izinga lokuphila kwezigidi zezakhamuzi zikahulumeni.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sokwethulwa Kwezintambo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngendlela ababusi abazenza ngayo izinqumo nendima yezikhulu zikahulumeni waseMelika, imithombo eminingana yengcebo inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo nokuhlaziywa.

I- I-National Gurders Association isebenza njengezwi elihlangeneyo lababusi besizwe futhi inikeza ingcebo eningi kakhulu emagunyeni esizwe, imithwalo yemfanelo, nemisebenzi engcono kakhulu. Iwebhusayithi yabo ihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezindlela ze-gubernerator negunya lombuso ngokwezimo kanye nezifundo zezezinqubo eziphumelelayo.

I- Ikhomishane yoMazwe ohulumeni ikhipha "Incwadi kahulumeni," ukukhomba okunegunya ezimisweni zikahulumeni, amandla, nemisebenzi. Lencwadi inikeza imininingwane ebanzi emandla ombuso anqamule wonke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu.

Izinhlangano ze-academic njenge- eSikhungweni soMbusi waseMelika eRutgers University zicwaninga ngobuholi be-gabernary futhi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo yokuqonda indima yabaqondisi bezwe.

Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa okuza kuqala kumbusi wawo, izinqumo zamuva, nezimiso. Lezi zingosi zivame ukuhlanganisa imibhalo yeziyalezo zezikhulu, iziphakamiso zemali, kanye namakheli oHulumeni, zinikeza ukuqonda okuqondile mayelana nokwenza izinqumo zomthetho.

Izinhlangano zezindaba ezihlanganisa ezombangazwe zikahulumeni zinikeza ukubika okuqhubekayo ngezinqumo zombuso nemiphumela yazo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela ababusi abathatha ngayo izinqumo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngobubusi baseMelika nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Abalawuli basebenza phakathi kwesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semibuso engokomthetho, iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho, amaqiniso ezombangazwe, nokucabangela okuwusizo. Kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo, ukwakha imifelandawonye, ukusingatha izinhlekelele, nokusebenzisa izimiso kuyilapho belondoloza ukusekela komphakathi nokusebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele elinganiselwe.

Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo ihlanganisa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa kwabaqondisi nakochwepheshe, ukuxhumana nabaphethe, ukuhlaziya izindlela zokuhlela, ukucabangela incazelo yezombangazwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho. Ohulumeni basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze basebenzise izinqumo zabo, kuhlanganise neziyalezo zezikhulu, izihlongozo zemali, izinyathelo zokushaya umthetho, nezenzo zokuphatha.

Nakuba ababusi bebhekene nezinselele ezinkulu nezithiyo, bahlala benamandla kwezombangazwe zaseMelika nekhono lokuhlela izimiso zikahulumeni nokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabantu ababambisene nabo. Ababusi abaphumelela kakhulu bahlanganisa ukuhola okuqinile ngamakhono abambisanayo, ukukhulumisana okucacile ngokuvumelana nezimo, kanye nokubheka izinto ngesibindi benakekela ukugcwalisa imininingwane.

Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka ekhonza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi, ezama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezinselele ezivamile, ababusi abanqumayo abazenzayo bayoqhubeka bengathonyeli nje kuphela amazwe abo kodwa futhi nesiqondiso esibanzi sesimiso saseMelika. Ukuqonda lenqubo yokwenza izinqumo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihileleke ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo futhi zigcine abaholi bazo abakhethiwe belandisa ngezinqumo ezizenzela zonke izakhamuzi.