Isimiso sikahulumeni wase-United States siyisimiso sokuzimisela nosenziwe ngokucophelela esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa. Njengoba kuchazwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, amandla ahlukene phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-Legistative, iSikhundla, ne- Justice. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okusekelwe ezimisweni zokukhanyiselwa kanye nasemibhalweni ye-Montesquieu, kwakuyisenzo esiqondile kubafundi bekoloni abanolwazi lwe-British mbusi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni okwazi ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo lapho ukulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda indima ehlukile, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokudlala igatsha ngalinye akusona nje isifundo somphakathi; ulwazi olubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo embusweni wentando yentando yeningi. Abafundi nabafundi, bazama ukuzwana leli bhulobelo, ukuhlaziya i-rockle, ukuhlanganisa imicimbi yezentethethensi, abaholi, abaholi, futhi abaholi babo, abamele ukulandisa.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: I - Engine - forming Yokwenza Imithetho

IGatya Lemithetho, elimiswe eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, liyindawo ehlobana ngokuqondile phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukwenza imithetho yesizwe. Nokho, indima yalo idlulela ngalé komthetho olula; igatsha leSishaya-Mkhandlu, elimelelwe, elibuswayo, namandla esikhwameni. Isakhiwo saleligatsha, esihlukaniswe saba amagumbi amabili, sasiwukuhlehla phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu nemincane, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlehla okukhulu.

Izigungu Ezimbili Zezishaya - mthetho

Indlu Yabameleli

Ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "indlu ephansi," indlu yabameleli iklanyelwe ukuba ibe yigumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Abameleli basebenzisa iziphakamiso ezimbili futhi bakhethwa ngokusekelwe kumphakathi wombuso, ngamunye emelelwa isifunda esikhethekile. Ngenxa yamagama abo amafushane, abameleli basabela kakhulu ezinkathazweni eziseduze. Indlu iphethe amandla akhethekile: iqala zonke izikweletu zemali (intela nokuchitha) futhi inamandla okungamele izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingosizwe. Ngamalungu ango 435, amalungu ovota, inguquluqulu olukhulu futhi ngokuvamile ahamba-kasha, lapho iqembu elikhulu lilawula khona iziphakamiso zawo ngeKomiti yeMithetho.

ISigele

ISigele, ngokuphambene, yi-"indlu ephakeme" futhi iklanyelwe ukuba ibe nesizotha futhi iqine. Isifunda ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, sithumela iziNqanda ezimbili, ezisebenzisa izivumelwano zeminyaka eyisithupha. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezincane zinezwi elifanayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni. ISigebengu sihamba kancane futhi sinezinqumo ezinde zivumela abasizi ukuba bathathe umbono obanzi, isikhathi eside. ISigebe siphethe amandla akhethekile: siyayala futhi siyavumelana ekumiseni umongameli (umz., i-Habinessard, amajaji, amanxusa ombuso) futhi kumelwe ivumelane izivumelwano ngenani elikhulu. I-evinitors, i-procester, i-proccodective proced procession, igcizelela indima eqhubekayo yomthetho wokuhlola umthetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Inqubo yomthetho: Umthetho kumelwe udlulise amagumbi womabili afanayo ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Iqala njengomqondo, wethulwa yilungu, elabelwe ikomiti yokuvota nokulalela, bese iphikisana futhi ivotelwe ngegumbi eligcwele. Uma idlula, ihamba iye kwelinye igumbi, lapho kwenzeka khona inqubo efanayo. Ukungaboni kuyaxazululwa ekomitini yengqungquthela, futhi inkonxanxathela yokugcina ibhekise kuMongameli.
  • Ukuqapha nophenyo: uqondisa igatsha eliphetheyo ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti, ukuphenywa, nezicelo zezincwadi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngendlela ehloselwe futhi i-compative ihlala inesibopho. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindlebe ze-Watergate, ukuhlola okuqulwayo kwe-Iran, kanye nemibuzo yamuva ezenzweni zezikhulu.
  • Amandla entengo: Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa uhulumeni ngaphandle komthetho odluliswa yiKhomishane. Lomandla okulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni anikeza iziphakamiso ezibalulekile kuMkhandlu ophethe iGaza Eliphethe. Inqubo yemali yonyaka, nakuba ngokuvamile iphikisana, iyinqubo eyinhloko lapho uKhongolo luqondisa khona umthetho wezwe.
  • I-Reformation and Constitute Services: Amalungu oMkhandlu asebenza njengobuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi ngazinye nenhlangano enkulu kahulumeni. Asiza izici ezihlobene nenokulondeka kwezeNtlalo, izinzuzo zomakadlwabeva, kanye nezicathulo zokufuduka, okwenza igatsha lemithetho lingeneke futhi lisabelele ngokwesilinganiso somuntu siqu.

Funda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho egunyeni elingokomthetho .Gov webhsayithi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Isikhulu Nomphathi

Igatsha eliphethe, elichazwe eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni, ephethe imibuso eminingi edlulela ngalé komthetho ogunyaziwe. Igatsha lesimanje lingumshini omkhulu wokuqondisa, ohlanganisa izisebenzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezine, kuhlanganise nezisebenzi zezempi, futhi uqondisa imisebenzi yombuso wezwe kuze kube usuku lonke.

UMongameli Nomongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nge-Electoral College, isimiso esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuvota okuthandwayo nokumelelwa uhulumeni. UMongameli ongumongameli ukhethwa ethikithini elifanayo futhi ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, evota ngokuphula isibopho. UMongameli ongumongameli uhlala futhi ekulungele ukuthatha isikhundla sobumongameli uma kwenzeka kufe uMongameli, ukuyeka, noma ukuthatha i-pacapa.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • Ukufakwa kweMithetho: uMongameli uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni i "yifezwe ngokuthembeka"" lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqondisa izinhlangano ezinkulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano ezifana noMnyango Wezobulungisa, uMnyango Wendawo Ezungezile, ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kuphoqelelwe imithetho.
  • Umthetho wobuProtoli noTreasure: UMongameli ungumklami oyinhloko wenkambiso yamazwe angaphandle aseMelika. UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezidinga ukuhlaziywa kweSishaya-mthetho), umisa amanxusa, futhi umelela isizwe ezingqungqutheleni zezokuxhumana. Izivumelwano eziphethe izigebengu, nakuba zingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho, zifeza indima ebalulekile ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke.
  • Umyalo ongathi qanda: NjengoMkhuzi-ophethe wamabutho ahlomile, uMongameli unegunya lokuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi, ukuthumela amabutho, nokusabela ezinsongweni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Nakuba kunguMkhandlu kuphela ongamemezela impi, abameli ngokuvamile baye basebenzisa impi ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho, indaba yengxoxo eqhubekayo yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Active Power: uMongameli umisa izinkulungwane zezikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), namanxusa. Lokhu kumiswa, okudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele, kulololonga indlela yesimiso nejaji amashumi amaningi eminyaka.
  • I-Expact Directive Orders nePardons: UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphetheyo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Lemiyalo kumelwe isekelwe emthethweni okhona noma egunyeni lomthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli. Intethelelo ivumela uMongameli ukuba anikeze amandla omthetho kahulumeni, ithuluzi elinamandla lobulungisa nesihe.

IKhabhinethi Nombuso WamaButho Ombuso Ozimele

IKhabhinethi ihlanganisa i-Vice Presidentium kanye nezinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe, njengezwe, i-Defense, i-Treaty, ne-Health and Human Services. Lezizigebengu (noma ama-Attroney General for Justice) zimiswe nguMongameli futhi ziqiniswe yiSigele. Inhlangano yenhlangano ihlanganisa amakhulukhulu ezinhlangano kanye namanxusa afeza imisebenzi ethile, kusukela ekuqondiseni izimakethengiso zemali (SEC) ukuya ekuhloleni indawo (NASA). Lesi sifundazwe ngokuvamile siyizisulu sokugxekwa, kodwa sibalulekile ekusebenziseni imithetho yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukubheka ngokujula kwenhlangano yegatsha eliphethe, vakashela ikhasi elingokomthetho leWhite House[.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umholi Nomphathi

Igatsha Lokwahlulela, elasungulwa eSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, liyintando yeningi encane kakhulu kwezintathu, kodwa alibalulekile kakhulu. Indima yalo eyinhloko ukuchaza imithetho futhi iqinisekise ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki futhi ngokungakhethi. INkantolo Ephakeme imi encotsheni yejaji likahulumeni, enamandla okuhlola, okuyenza ingakwazi ukuqeda imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla awabhalwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni-sisekelo kodwa amiswa ngecala lengqondweni wezwe .

Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo Ezizimele

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sibizwa ngokuthi isigaba sabefundisi esinezintathu:

  • Izinkantolo zesifunda:[ Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 zezwe lonke, ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zecala lokuqala kuhulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu nezesizwe. Amajaji namajaji asebenza lapha ukuxazulula izingxabano.
  • Izikhulu zezokudlulisa: Izinkantolo zesifunda eziyi 13 zezicelo zizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezisebusweni bazo bendawo. Aziqhubeli ukuqulwa okusha; kunalokho, izikhongozeli zamajaji zihlola izinqumo zecala elingokomthetho. Lezinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyisiphakamiso secala likahulumeni, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa ingxenyana encane.
  • Inkantolo Ephakeme: Inkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezweni, eyakhiwa amaJaji ayisishiyagalolunye (kuhlanganise noMahluleli Omunye). INkantolo inegunya lokuqala ezicabeni ezimbalwa ezingavamile (umz., izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe) kanye nokulawula wonke amanye amacala kahulumeni nesifundazwe ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho. Inkantolo ikhetha amacala e-certariry [[FLT]], ifuna okungenani amaJaji amane ukuba avumelane ukuzwa icala.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Amandla okumemezela umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kungukuhlolwa kwejaji okunamandla kakhulu kwamanye amagatsha. Izibonelo zeLandmark zihlanganisa [ Barven v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], eyabulala isigaba sohlanga ezikoleni, kanye [ ne-Roe v. [[FLT:][FLT]] [77]]] [77]), eyaqaphela umthetho we-mthethwe wezeluleko.
  • Sta translatey threction: Izinkantolo zichaza incazelo yezimiso ezidluliswa uMkhandlu. Uma ulimi lomthetho lungaqondakali, izinkantolo zibheka ezinhloso zomthetho, isibonelo, namanye amathuluzi ukunquma ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani emaqinisweni athile.
  • Isinqumo: izinkantolo zeFederal zixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, phakathi kukahulumeni nezifundazwe, naphakathi kwabantu abavela ezizweni ezihlukene. Basingatha namacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukuwiswa kwemali, nomthetho wasolwandle.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Isiqinisekiso samalungelo kanye nezinye izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kuqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengesivikelo kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi, zivikela amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, inqubo efanele, kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Hlola umlando weNkantolo ePhakeme nezinqumo engosini yeNkantolo ePhakeme. e-websiteni yeNkantolo ePhakeme.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Isimiso Sokulinganisela

Ukuhlakanipha koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. akukona nje kuphela ukuhlukanisa amandla kodwa nokunikeza igatsha ngalinye izindlela zokumelana nokungezwa ezinye. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni uhulumeni. Ithebula nezibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa imidlalo ehambisanayo:

Izibonelo Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

  • [[QUTY:0] Itshekisi elisemthethweni kumphathi: [[FT:2]
  • I-Conreg ingadlula i-palial with with control ngenani eliyisithathu lamagumbi womabili.
  • ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano.
  • UKhongolose ulawula ukuxhaswa kwemali kahulumeni (amandla esikhwama).
  • UMkhandlu ungamkhipha uMongameli.
  • ISishaya - mthetho singakha iminyango nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izibalo ze-'Foutute' Isekisi esisemthethweni:[[FT:1] [[FT:2]
  • uMongameli angakhokha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.
  • UMongameli angabiza uMkhandlu ngokuthi umhlangano okhethekile.
  • UMongameli Ongumongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele futhi angavota amavoti aphazamisa ukuxhumana.
  • [[INkantolo: 0] IJudicial Ihlola Imithetho nesikhulu:[[FT:1]
    • Inkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho (ukubukeza).
    • Amajaji angohulumeni, ake aqinisekiswa, asebenza ekumisweni ukuphila konke, ebavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.
    • Izinkantolo zinganquma ukuthi izenzo eziphethe zidlula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo.
  • I-Evitical and presetive Schekers kuyi-Judia:
    • uMongameli umisa amajaji angokomthetho, ngokuqinisekisa iSigele.
    • UMkhandlu ungamisa ubukhulu beNkantolo Ephakeme (nakuba iye yamiswa ngo - 9 kusukela ngo - 1869).
    • UMkhandlu ungaveza izinguquko ezingokomthetho zokudlula izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme.
    • ISishaya - mthetho singakhipha amajaji angokomthetho.

    • Lokhu kuhlola akuqanjwa nje. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's wahluleka ukuzama "pack" iNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-1937 ngemva kokugawula uhlelo lwe-New Deal. Umongameli uRichard Nixon's wabonisa amandla okuqondisa imithetho nokungagunyazi. Muva nje, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme se-Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California[[FLT] [20020]) wahlola umthetho wesikhululo sokufuduka, kuyilapho uKhomisha wasebenzisa amandla ayo ka qhinga esikhwakhwathi ngokuphindaphindiwe esimiso sokulungisa izimali.

    Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuqonda Amagatsha

    Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-United States awahlukene kodwa azimelene kodwa azimeleyo amaqembu esimiso esisodwa, esilinganiselwe. IGatya Le-Gistivative Branch lenza imithetho, iSebe eliphetheyo liyawagunyaza, futhi iGabhu eliwachazayo. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla anamandla, ancintisanayo, futhi ekugcineni alandise kubantu. Kubafundi nabafundisi, baqonda amandla abalulekile ekuqondeni indlela eme ngayo, indlela amalungelo avikelwe ngayo, nendlela ashintsha ngayo. Enkathini eyandayo yokuhlanganisa izifunda zezombangazwe nezenzo zokuphatha, ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho lunika izakhamuzi amandla okuzinza zibe nezokuziphendulela ngokwenzuzo, ukufuna ukulandisa, nokuvikela izimiso zentando yentando lapho isizwe sasungulwa khona. Ngokufunda amagatsha, asifundi nje, sifunda indlela enziwa ngayo yonke indlela, kodwa siyakwazi ngayo ukusebenza ngayo.