Table of Contents

Ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, ukunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile nokubusa emiphakathini ezweni lonke. Kusukela ekulondolozeni imigwaqo nasekuqinisekiseni ukulondeka komphakathi kuya ekuqondiseni izimiso zamanzi nasekubekeni imithetho, lezi zinhlangano zikahulumeni zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bendawo abahlelwa ngayo kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini, kubaphathi bezohwebo, nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zomphakathi wabo zokwenza izinqumo.

Izakhiwo zokuhlela zohulumeni bendawo zihluka kakhulu kulo lonke elase-United States, zibonisa izidingo ezihlukahlukene zemiphakathi ehlukene nomthetho-sisekelo onikeza igunya phezu kokubusa kwendawo. ISichibiyelo seshumi kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe senza uhulumeni wendawo ube yindaba kahulumeni kunokuba ube umthetho kahulumeni, oye waphumela kwesinye sezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezihlukene kakhulu zokubusa emhlabeni ezingafani kakhulu ezisemkhakheni nasemsebenzini hhayi kuphela ezweni kuya ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa nasemasimini.

Izinhlobo Ezinhlanu Eziyisisekelo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

ICensus Bureau yamisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuhlukanisa izifunda zikahulumeni − isifundazwe, isifundazwe, idolobhana, isifunda esikhethekile, nohulumeni besifunda sesikole. Uhlobo ngalunye lufeza izinjongo ezihlukene futhi lusebenza phakathi kwemingcele ethile yendawo, ludala isimiso esinemingcele sokubusa esisingatha kokubili izidingo zezifunda nezidingo zomphakathi ezingokwendawo.

Ohulumeni Besifunda

I-counium imelela uhlu lokuqala lukahulumeni wendawo ezifundazweni eziningi futhi isebenza njengezindawo ezingaphansi zikahulumeni wombuso. Izwe ngalinye liye lamisa izindawo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izwe" eLouisiana, zibizwa ngokuthi "i-parish," futhi e-Alaska zibizwa ngokuthi i-"bource". Lezifunda zendawo ekuqaleni zakhiwa njengezikhali zokuqondisa zikahulumeni wezwe ukuze zinikeze ukuqondisa okukhulu nokumiswa kwemithetho nemithetho kahulumeni.

Ngokomlando, izakhiwo zakhula njengezithunywa zikahulumeni wezwe. Banikeza izinkonzo ezithile eziyinhloko, njengokugcinwa komthetho (isifundazwe), ubulungisa (indlu yenkantolo yesifunda), nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo yabantu basemaphandleni abahlanganisa indawo enkulu. Njengoba inani labantu lalanda futhi kufunwa inkonzo, amazwe amaningi anikeza igunya elikhulu lokuhlangabezana nalezo zimfuno.

Ohulumeni besifunda basebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukene zokuhlela. Ama-Council asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene hlanganisa iKhomishane, uMkhandlu-Administrator, uMkhandlu-oMkhandlu, nezimiso zoMkhandlu. Isimiso se-Commission samasiko sisalokhu siyinqubo ejwayelekile, lapho amakhomishane akhethiwe enza khona kokubili emalungelweni enhlangano yomthetho nawabaphathi. I-Council-Administrator ilapho umkhandlu umisa khona umphathi wezikhulu ukuba anakekele ukusingatha imisebenzi yokuhlukanisa abaphathi, njengebhodi lenkampani yabaqondisi kanye ne-CEO enkampanini yomphakathi.

Ohulumeni Bakahulumeni

Ohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle kanye namadolobhana — bahlanganisa izindawo ezincane ezinabantu abaningi. Ohulumeni bakamasipala babehlanganiswa (noma baqashelwa umthetho kahulumeni) ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zomphakathi zazifuna ukuba nohulumeni wedolobha okwazi ukunikeza izinkonzo eziningi, njengezindawo ezihamba ngezinyawo, izibani zasemgwaqweni, namanzi nezimiso zokukhuculula indle.

Umehluko phakathi kwezindawo ezikhona nomasipala ubalulekile. Amadolobha ahlanganisiwe (amazwe awakho), amadolobha ahlanganisa indawo encane, idolobhana (amazwe asemaphandleni amaningi), futhi amadolobha anikeza izinkonzo eziningi (amazwe ambalwa kuphela). Lomehluko oyinhloko ekuhlelweni nasekuhlelweni kwezindlela uhulumeni ngamunye ohlelwa ngayo futhi usebenze ngayo.

Imikhumbi - mkhathi

Amadolobhana amakhaya noma amadolobha asetshenziswa njengezindawo ezihlukene zesifundazwe esisezifundeni ezingu-20, ikakhulukazi eNyakatho-mpumalanga nase-Midwest. Imikhumbi-mgwaqwe isebenza ngokungafani kuye ngokwezwe. Ikakhulukazi, amadolobhana aseNew England anamandla kakhulu kunamadolobhakazi amaningi kwezinye izindawo futhi ngokuvamile asebenza ngokomthetho njengasemadolobheni, ngokuvamile esebenzisa imibuso egcwele ehlukaniswa phakathi kwezifunda, amalokishi, namadolobha kwamanye amazwe.

Izifunda ezikhethekile

Izifunda ezikhethekile zimelela uhlobo olukhethekile lukahulumeni wendawo oklanyelwe ukusingatha izidingo ezithile zenkonzo. Izifunda ezikhethekile azidumile, kodwa zivame ukuba ukuphela kwendlela yokunikeza inkonzo edingekile.

Isifunda esikhethekile sivame ukuba namandla okukhokha intela. Silawulwa yibhodi ebusayo, engase ikhethwe noma imiswe. Lezifunda zinganikeza izinkonzo kusukela ekuvikeleni umlilo nakukuphathwa kwamanzi kuya emitatsheni yezincwadi nasezindaweni zokupaka, zigcwalisa izikhala lapho ohulumeni abanezinjongo ezivamile bengase bangazisebenzisi ngokwanele izidingo zomphakathi ezithile.

Izifunda Zesikole

Izikole ziyingxenye yesihlanu kahulumeni wendawo, ezigxile ngokukhethekile emfundweni yomphakathi. Lezi zinhlangano zikahulumeni ezizimele zivame ukuba namabhodi azo akhethiwe, igunya lokukhokha intela, nezakhiwo zokuphatha ezihlukene kakhulu nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo. Izifunda zezifunda zesikole zihluka kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso, kusukela ezifundeni ezincane zasemaphandleni ezikhonza amakhulu ambalwa abafundi kuya ezimisweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni ezifundisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezingane.

Izinhlobo Nohlelo Lukahulumeni

Lomthetho-sisekelo futhi unikeza imininingwane yohlobo lukahulumeni kamasipala, okukhona kuwo izakhiwo ezinhlanu ngokomlando: umkhandlu-mantshi, umphathi-mameya, ikhomishane, umhlangano wedolobha nomhlangano wedolobha omelele. Ifomu ngalinye lisakaza amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nabaphathi abangochwepheshe.

Uhulumeni Womphathi WoMkhandlu

I-master-master isithandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aphakathi. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lukahulumeni. Ngokwenhlolo-ndlela yeNhlangano ye-International City/Coverty Management Association (ICMA), lolu hlobo lukahulumeni luye lwakhula kusukela ku 48% yokusetshenziswa kwalo ngo-1996 kuya ku-5% ngo-2006. Luthandwa kakhulu emadolobheni anabantu abangaphezu kuka-10 000, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zogu lwase-Southeast ne-Pacific.

Kulesi sakhiwo, umkhandlu wedolobha usebenza njengendikimba yemithetho, umisa izimiso nezimiso zokudlulisa. Khona - ke umkhandlu umisa umphathi wedolobha onolwazi osingatha imisebenzi yokuphatha yansuku zonke. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa komthetho ekuqondiseni izinhloso zokuletha ubuchwepheshe kubaphathi bakamasipala kuyilapho ulondoloza ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngezikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Umphathi wedolobha uvame ukuba negunya elibalulekile lokuphatha, kuhlanganise nokuqasha nokwengamela izinhloko zeminyango, ukulungiselela uhlelo lwemali lwemvume yomkhandlu, nokusebenzisa izimiso ezisungulwe umkhandlu. Umphathi wedolobha esimisweni somkhandlu kamanager ngokuvamile ufeza indima engokwemikhosi, eqondisa imihlangano yomkhandlu kodwa engenagunya lokuzimela.

Uhulumeni KaMayor-Council

Uhulumeni wemeya-ukubusa kuyisimiso sikahulumeni wendawo lapho imeya ekhethwa ngokuqondile ngabavoti isebenza njengesikhulu esiphethe, kuyilapho umkhandlu wedolobha okhethwe ngokwehlukana wakha indikimba yemithetho yomthetho. Lokhu kwakha ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso etholakala kuhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni, namagatsha ahlukene aphethe nawabezishayamthetho.

I - council yemeya ihlukahluka ngokwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezisekelwe ekusakazweni kukagesi.

Isimiso se - mayor esiqinile

Kumthetho oqinile ovamile onamandla, umphathi-maya okhethiwe unikezwa cishe igunya eliphelele lokuphatha cishe ngamandla okumisa nokuxosha izinhloko zeminyango, nakuba amanye amaphepha-mthetho-mvume edolobha noma umthetho kahulumeni olawulayo ungadinga ukuqiniswa komkhandlu. Esimisweni esinjalo, izisebenzi zokuphatha zemeya ngokuvamile zilungiselela izimali zedolobha, nakuba lelomali kumelwe livunyelwe umkhandlu.

Imeya ingase futhi ibe namalungelo okuthola amalungelo evoti yomkhandlu, umkhandlu uyakwazi ukuqeda ukuqashelwa okunjalo. Lokhu kugcwala kwamandla okubusa kuvumela ukuhola okuwujuqu nokulandisa okucacile, njengoba izakhamuzi zazi ukuthi ubani onomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhipha izinqumo zokuqondisa nokuhambisa inkonzo.

Amadolobha amakhulu kakhulu aseNyakatho Melika asebenzisa uhlobo oluqinile lwesimiso semeya-ne-council. Amadolobha amakhulu ngokuvamile akhetha lesisakhiwo ngoba anikeza ukuhola okunamandla okulawula okudingekayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zasemadolobheni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuqondiswe iminyango nezinkonzo eziningi.

Isimiso se - mayor-Council esibuthakathaka

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esimisweni esibuthakathaka sobumantshi, umphathi-dolobha akanagunya elingokomthetho ngaphandle komkhandlu, efeza indima enkulu kakhulu njengesihlalo somkhandlu futhi ukhethwa izakhamuzi zedolobha. Umphathi wedolobha akanakumisa noma asuse izikhulu ngokuqondile futhi akanagunya phezu kwamavoti omkhandlu.

Kusezimisweni zemeya ezibuthakathaka, umkhandlu wedolobha uyaqhubeka uphethe izikhulu eziningi nezindawo zokubusa ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yawo yokushaya umthetho. Isikhundla sikameya ngokuyinhloko sasiyimikhosi nemifanekiso, kuyilapho imikhandlu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yayiphethe izikhulu ezinkulu zemithetho, zezimali nezokuphatha. Lolu hlobo lwaluthandwa ngokomlando emadolobheni akuqala aseMelika kodwa luye lwancipha njengoba imiphakathi ifuna ukuhola abaholi abaphezulu abaphezulu.

Izimiso Ze - hybrid

Omasipala abaningi baye bathatha izindlela ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zezinhlobo zikahulumeni. Amadolobha amaningi emeya akhokhe abaphathi bedolobha abangochwepheshe, izikhulu zezombuso, noma izikhundla ezifanayo ezibizwa ngokuthi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemeya. Umphathi wedolobha ngokuvamile uyisikhundla esiphelele esinemisebenzi eminingi yokuphatha nezimiso ezihlobene nemisebenzi efana nokuhlela izimali, ukuphatha izisebenzi, kanye nokuqondisa imithombo yezesayensi.

Ukuhlola kwamuva nje kwesakhiwo sikahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi lezizinhlobo zikahulumeni azihlukile kakhulu kunalokho ezaziyikho. Lokhu kubangelwa, ngokwengxenye, umkhuba ovamile wokuhlanganisa izici zokwakha ezivela kwezinye izakhiwo zibe isimo samanje. Lokhu kuvumelana kwenza imiphakathi ivumelane nezidingo zikahulumeni nezidingo zendawo kanye nezinto ezithandwayo.

Uhulumeni Osebenza Kulo hulumeni

Ikhomishane kahulumeni, eyake yathandwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, iye yaba yivelakancane. Ukukhomba kuyivelakancane. Namuhla, amaphesenti amabili kuya kwamathathu kuphela amadolobha ezweni lonke asebenzisa lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Kulesibonelo, abakhomishane abakhethiwe bakhonza njengamagatsha omthetho nabaphathi bakahulumeni wedolobha. Ikhomishane ngayinye inomthwalo wemfanelo womnyango othile, njengomphakathi olondekile noma umsebenzi womphakathi, futhi yenza izinqumo njengeqembu. Lesi sakhiwo siqeda ukuhlukana phakathi kokwenza umthetho nabaphathi, kanye nekhomishane yabo emisa isimiso kanye nokuqondisa iminyango yabo.

Nakuba lolu hlobo luvumela ukuba luzilandise ngokuqondile, ngezinye izikhathi lungaholela ekwenzeni izinqumo ezihlukene. Ukuntuleka komholi oyedwa ophethe kungaphumela ezinkingeni zokubambisana futhi kube nzima ukumisa izinto eziza kuqala ezihlangene eminyangweni.

Ukuhlangana Nohulumeni Wasedolobheni

Nakuba umhlangano wedolobha wohlobo lukahulumeni ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengohlobo oluhlanzekile lwentando yeningi, ngoba uvumela bonke abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba babe nezwi ezinqumweni zesimiso sendawo, usetshenziswa cishe kumaphesenti amahlanu kuphela omasipala. Loluhlobo lutholakala ngokuyinhloko emiphakathini emincane yaseNew England lapho ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusalokhu kunokwenzeka khona.

Emihlanganweni yedolobha, abavoti abafanelekayo bahlangana ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze baxoxe futhi bavote ngokuqondile ngezimiso zendawo, uhlelo lwemali, nezimiso. Phakathi nemihlangano, kwakhethwa abakhethi noma ibhodi labakhethiweyo abasebenzisa izinqumo ezenziwa emihlanganweni yasedolobheni futhi basingatha izindaba zokuphatha ezivamile.

Umhlangano Wasedolobheni Ongummeleli

Iqembu ledolobha elimele lenza umhlangano wedolobha ongokwesiko usebenze ngokuvota abameleli abakhethiwe ababa khona emihlanganweni yedolobha futhi bavotele. Abavoter bakhetha inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi ukuba zibamelele emihlanganweni yedolobha, lapho kuphela abangavota khona. Loluhlobo lukahulumeni lutholakala emadolobheni angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa, cishe ezindaweni ezincane, eziphethe iNew England.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Kuhulumeni Wendawo

Igatsha lezemithetho lakha umnyombo womthetho womthetho owenziwe ngohulumeni wendawo, kungakhathaliseki isakhiwo esithile sikahulumeni. Leligatsha lihlanganisa abameleli abakhethiwe abaphikisana ngezindaba, abamisa izinto eziza kuqala, futhi bamise imithetho nezimiso ezibusa umphakathi.

Imikhandlu Yamadolobha Nezinduna Zesifunda

Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo kukhona iMayar, iDolobha Court, noma zombili, kuye ngesibonelo sokulawula (iSikhungo soMkhandlu-khampani). Banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela isimiso, ukudlulisa izimali, nokumelela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi zendawo.

Imikhandlu yedolobha namabhodi esifundazwe asukela kusihlanu kuya ku-15 amalungu, kuye ngesilinganiso sombuso nezimfuneko zomthetho wezwe. Amalungu angakhethwa ngokukhulela, ngesifunda noma ngegumbi, noma ngenhlanganisela yazo zombili izindlela. Kuzo zombili izindlela ezinkulu, okhethweni badinga abazokuya edolobheni lonke, kuyilapho ukukhetha okusekelwe esifundeni somhlaba, ngamunye ekhetha i-galelo lakhe siqu.

Imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko yendikimba yemithetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukwamukela Izimiso Nemithetho Yendawo
  • Izimali zaminyaka yonke ezisetshenziswayo nezinkulu ezisetshenziswayo
  • Ukubeka intela nezindleko zezinkonzo
  • Ukumisa izimiso nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini
  • Ukubona ngokweqile ukusebenza kwezikhulu neminyango
  • Izivumelwano zokuzulazula kanye nokuthenga izinto ezinkulu
  • Ukuphatha izindaba zomphakathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile
  • Ukumelela izithakazelo nezinkathazo

Inqubo Yomthetho

Ohulumeni bendawo bamisa imithetho ngenqubo yemithetho ehlanganisa umthetho ohlongozwayo oxoxwa ngemihlangano yomphakathi, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, bese bevota kulezi zinyathelo ezihlongozwayo — konke lokhu kuhambisana nemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni. Uma sekuvunyelwe, umthetho kumelwe usayinwe nguMayor noma umphathi omkhulu, kuye ngesakhiwo sikahulumeni.

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ilungu lomkhandlu, umphathi-dolobha, noma isakhamuzi sifaka umthetho omusha. Isiphakamiso sibhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekile ukuze kubukezwe futhi kuhlolwe umphakathi. Ngemva kokucatshangelwa kwekomiti, isilinganiso sibuyela emkhandlwini ogcwele ukuze kuxoxwe futhi kuvotwe. Imithetho eminingi idinga ukufundwa nokuqulwa okuningi phambi kokutholwa kokugcina, kuqinisekiswe ukuba sobala namathuba okuhlanganyela obala.

Amakomiti Namabhodi

Izinhlangano eziningi zendawo zemithetho zihlela zibe amakomiti agxile ezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho njengezezimali, ukuphepha komphakathi, imisebenzi yomphakathi, noma ukuhlelwa kwezindawo kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindawo. Lamakomiti aqhuba ukubukezwa okuningiliziwe komthetho ohlongozwayo, ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi atusa umkhandlu noma ibhodi eliphelele.

Ngaphezu kwamakomiti angaphakathi, ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukumisa amabhodi okwaziswa kanye namakhomishane ezakhamuzi ezimisiwe ezinikeza ulwazi oluphathelene nezindaba ezikhethekile. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa amakhomishane okuhlela, amapaki namabhodi okuzilibazisa, amabhodi ezincwadi, nezindawo zokuthuthukisa izomnotho.

Igatsha Eliphethe Uhulumeni Wendawo

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa imithetho nezimiso, liqondisa imisebenzi yansuku zonke, futhi lengamele ukuhanjiswa kwezinkonzo zikamasipala.

Ama - mayor

Indima namandla amameya ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Amameya amaningi anamandla asesimweni sikahulumeni semeya, futhi akhethwa ngokuqondile yizakhamuzi kulelo hhovisi. Iningi "elibuthakathaka" lamameya liyi-meya enesimo somphathi-mkhandlu, futhi likhethwa phakathi komkhandlu wedolobha.

Imithwalo yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukumisa nokususa abaholi bemithombo, ukuhlela imali yaminyaka yonke, ukuqondisa imisebenzi yamadolobha, nokumelela idolobha phakathi kobudlelwane bohulumeni. Imeya yaseStrong ngokuvamile igcina amahhovisi esikhathi esigcwele nezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe ukuze isekele imisebenzi yayo yokuqondisa.

Kuyizimiso zemeya ezibuthakathaka noma zomkhandlu, indima yemeya ngokuyinhloko ingokomkhosi futhi ingokomfanekiso. Le ndawo yengamela ngokuyinhloko imikhandlu, imelela idolobha emisebenzini engokomthetho, futhi isebenza njengobuso bomphakathi kuhulumeni wendawo, kodwa ayinagunya lokuphatha elizimele.

Abaphathi Bedolobha Nabaphathi

Abaphathi bedolobha abasebenza njengezikhulu eziphethe kohulumeni bomkhandlu nomphathi-mantshi nezinye izimiso zemeya eziye zamukela izakhiwo ze-productal. Abaphathi bedolobha bamiswa umkhandlu wedolobha ngokusekelwe ezingeni labo lobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi kubaphathi bakamasipala.

Imithwalo yemfanelo yemphathi wedolobha ihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuphatha egcwele, kuhlanganise:

  • Ukucasha, ukuqondisa nokuhlaziya izinhloko zemnyango
  • Ukulungiselela uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke ukuze kucatshangelwe umkhandlu
  • Ukusebenzisa izimiso nezimiso ezamukelwa umkhandlu
  • Ukusebenza ngokubambisana kuyo yonke iminyango yedolobha
  • Ukutusa umkhandlu ngochwepheshe ezindabeni zesimiso
  • Ukuqondisa izinkonzo zezisebenzi nokuhwebelana kweqembu
  • Ukubona izakhiwo zokuthuthukisa inhloko - dolobha
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo okuphumelelayo nokuphumelelayo

Abaphathi bamadolobha bakhonza ngenjabulo yomkhandlu futhi bangasuswa ngevoti yomkhandlu, beqinisekisa ukuthi bazolandisa ngezikhulu ezikhethiwe kuyilapho benikeza amakhono okuqondisa kukamasipala.

Abaqondisi Neziphathimandla Zasesifundazweni

Ohulumeni bamasifunda basebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo zezikhulu, nabaphathi besifunda esikhethiwe kwezinye izifunda nabaphathi besifunda abamisiwe kwezinye izindawo. Icebo loMkhandlu-Edetifice liyilapho abavoti bekhetha khona kokubili umkhandlu kanye nomphathi-khulu. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza izinombolo zobuholi obunamandla obufana nobemeya onamandla emadolobheni.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo Nezokubeletha Kwenkonzo

Ohulumeni bendawo bahlela imisebenzi yabo yokuqondisa eminyangweni esingatha izindawo ezithile zenkonzo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko kamasipala ngamunye, njengemisebenzi yemisebenzi ka-Public, Parks ne-Yooperation, iMakethe, noma i-Prefece, uholwa yi-Divince Head. Laba baholi babika kumphathi weDolobha noma i-CAO futhi banecala ngomsebenzi wenkonzo yomnyango wabo.

Izinhlangano Zekhora

Nakuba isimo esithile senhlangano sihlukahluka ngokwezimiso, ohulumeni bendawo abaningi bahlanganisa neminyango elandelayo eyinhloko:

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Iminyango yokuphepha yomphakathi ihlanganisa amaphoyisa, umlilo, kanye nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo. Le minyango ivikela izakhamuzi nempahla, isabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ibonelela imithetho, futhi inikeza imfundo yokuvimbela ubugebengu nokuvikela umlilo. Kwezinye izindawo, amaphoyisa neziciko zisebenza njengeminyango ehlukene, kuyilapho eminye izihlanganisa ngaphansi komnyango womphakathi ohlangene wokuphepha.

Imisebenzi Yomphakathi

Iminyango yemisebenzi yomphakathi ilondoloza izakhiwo ezingokoqobo zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemigwaqwe, imigwaqwe, amapayipi amanzi nezindawo zokukhuculula indle, amanzi aphuma esiphephweni, nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Imithombo yezemisebenzi ihlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokwehlukana (isib., umgwaqo ugcinwa iPublic Works), ngayinye iphethwe abaphathi noma abaqondisi. Imisebenzi yomphakathi ibuye iphathe ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu eqinile, ukuhlanzwa kweqhwa, ukususwa kweqhwa, nokugcinwa kwezimpawu zezimoto.

Ukuhlela Nokuthuthuka

Izinhlangano eziqondisa ukukhula komphakathi nokuthuthukiswa ngokuhlela ngokubanzi, ngokuhlela indawo, nangokubukeza ukuthuthuka.

Le minyango ibukeza iziphakamiso zentuthuko, iphoqelele ukuba kuhlelwe imithetho, iqhube izifundo zokuhlela ezithatha isikhathi eside, futhi isebenze ngokuhlela izikhomishane zokuhlela ukuhlela ikusasa lomphakathi. Ukwakha imisebenzi yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuvame ukuncitshiswa ngokuhlelwa nangeminyango yokuthuthukisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha nezimfuneko zokwakha.

Imali

Iminyango yemali iqondisa imisebenzi yemali kahulumeni wendawo, kuhlanganise nokulungiselela uhlelo lwemali, ukubhalisa, ukuthenga, ukuqoqa imali, ukuqoqa izimali, nokubika kwezimali. Le minyango iqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho yezimali, ukugcina iziqondiso zangaphakathi, ukutshala izimali zomphakathi, nokunikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezimali ukuze kuxhaswe ukwenza izinqumo.

Umqondisi wezimali noma umgcini - masheya usebenza njengesikhulu sezimali esiyinhloko, esebenza eduze nomphathi - dolobha noma umphathi wedolobha nendikimba yezomthetho ethuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwemali nesimiso sokukhokha imali.

Imithombo Yengcebo Yesintu

Iminyango yemithombo yabantu iphatha ukubuthwa kwezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zezisebenzi, ukuhlangana kwezisebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi, nokuvumelana nemithetho yemisebenzi. Le minyango igcina amarekhodi ezisebenzi, inikeza izinxephezelo nezimiso zokuhlela, futhi isekela izinhlelo zokuzisebenzela kanye nokuphepha.

Amapaki Nokuzijabulisa

Amapaki neminyango yokuzilibazisa kunakekela amapaki omphakathi, izindawo zokuzilibazisa nezindawo ezivulekile kuyilapho kunikezwa izakhamuzi zobudala nemisebenzi yokuzijabulisa.Izinkonzo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa intsha nezinhlangano zemidlalo zabadala, amakamu ehlobo, izinhlelo eziphakeme, izenzakalo zamasiko nezindawo zokuqasha izakhiwo.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo banakekela iminyango egxile ezinkonzweni zomphakathi njengemitapo yezincwadi, izinkonzo zomphakathi, usizo lwezindlu, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, nokubophana komphakathi. Le minyango ikhuluma ngezinkinga zokuphila futhi isebenzela ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi ngaphandle kwezinkonzo zikamasipala eziyisisekelo.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Ngaphezu kweminyango yokuhambisa inkonzo, ohulumeni bendawo balondoloza imisebenzi yokusekela eyenza imisebenzi isebenze:

  • Izinkonzo ze-Legal:[ ama-gnode anikeza iseluleko somthetho, amele uhulumeni empikiswaneni, imithetho yezokulungisa nezivumelwano, futhi aqinisekise ukuvunyelwa okungokomthetho
  • Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi:[ Iminyango yale-EFT igcina izimiso zamakhompuyutha, izinhlanganisela, nezimiso zobuchwepheshe zisekela zonke izinqubo zikahulumeni
  • Izivumelwano:[ amahhovisi okwaziswa omphakathi alawula ukuxhumana kwemidiya, ukuxhumana komphakathi, kanye nokubopha umphakathi
  • Ihhovisi lomphakathi: omabhalane bakaMasipala balondoloza amarekhodi angokomthetho, baphatha okhetho, bahlela izicelo zezicelo zomphakathi, futhi basekele indikimba yemithetho

Ukubusa Kwenhlangano Nokubika Ubuhlobo

Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wenhlangano kamasipala sichaza indlela uhulumeni wendawo ahlelwe ngayo − owenza lokho, obika ukuthi kungubani, nokuthi iminyango nezinkonzo zisebenza kanjani ndawonye. Phezulu, umelela igunya, umthwalo wemfanelo, futhi ubika imigqa.

Kuhulumeni bomkhandlu we-manager, isigaba sabefundisi senhlangano sigeleza sisuka emkhandlwini wedolobha siye kumphathi wedolobha, bese sibhekisa emakhanda edolobha, futhi ekugcineni siye kubaphathi abahlukanisayo nabaphathi abaphethe isigaba esiphambili. Imeya ihlala ngesilinganiso esifanayo namanye amalungu omkhandlu ngokwegunya, nakuba ikhonza njengesikhulu esiphethe idolobha.

Kuyizimiso eziqinile zemeya yezomthetho, umphathi wedolobha uhlala phezu kwesigaba sokuphatha, nezinhloko zemithombo ezibika ngokuqondile kumphathi-dolobha noma ngesikhulu sokuphatha. Umkhandlu wedolobha usebenza njengegatsha elizimele, usebenzisa imisebenzi yokushaya umthetho nokwengamele kodwa ungaqondisi ukuqondisa iminyango.

Ukubika ngokucacile ubuhlobo nezakhiwo zenhlangano kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana:

  • Ukulandisa komsebenzi nemiphumela
  • Ukukhulumisana okuqinile nokusebenzelana kwemizwa
  • Cacisa imigqa yegunya ekwenzeni izinqumo
  • Ukwabiwa kwenkokhelo nokuphatha okuphumelelayo
  • Ukubona ngale kwezakhamuzi nabagcini

Indima Yezincwadi Zikahulumeni

Ishadi liyincwadi yomthetho echaza inhlangano, imibuso, imisebenzi, nezinqubo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni wedolobha. Ishadi lisebenza njengomthetho-sisekelo wohulumeni bendawo, limisa uhlelo abasebenza kulo.

Amadolobha angase asebenze ngaphansi komthetho ovamile, okusho ukuthi alandela amalungiselelo amisiwe ngemithetho kazwelonke, noma ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wasekhaya onikeza inkululeko enkulu yendawo. Kuye ngombuso, ohulumeni bendawo bangasebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wabo siqu, ngaphansi kwezwe, noma uhulumeni ungaba nenhlanganisela yohulumeni bendawo abagunyaziwe nomthetho jikelele.

Imithetho yasekhaya ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ihlele izakhiwo zikahulumeni, imibuso, nezinqubo ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zendawo kanye nezintandokazi. Amalungiselelo ebhukwana avamile:

  • Uhlobo lukahulumeni nokusakaza imibuso
  • Ukumiswa nokukhethwa kwendikimba yemithetho
  • Amandla nemisebenzi yemeya noma yomphathi omkhulu
  • Inhlangano ephethe nesakhiwo somnyango
  • Izinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwemali nemali
  • Izimiso zezisebenzi nezokusebenza
  • Ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala, ukuthatha i - arendendum nokukhumbula amalungiselelo
  • Izinqubo zokulungisa ishadi

Izinguquko ngokuvamile zidinga ukuvunyelwa umvoti, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko eziyisisekelo ezakhiweni zikahulumeni wendawo zibonisa lokho okuthandwa umphakathi.

Igunya Likahulumeni Ohulumeni Bendawo

Ngokungafani nobudlelwane bombuso wombuso okhona phakathi kukahulumeni wase-U.S. nezifunda (lapho kugunyazwa khona), ohulumeni bakamasipala abanawo amandla angaphezu kwalawo abawanikezwa yimibuso yabo. Lesi simiso, esaziwa ngokuthi u-Dillon’s Rule, simisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zikahulumeni onalawomandla anikezwa ngokuqondile umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho wombuso.

Izwe linegunya eliphakeme futhi ligunyaza ukuba lihlangane namazinga aphansi enkonzo kahulumeni nokuhambisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni nezinhlelo ezisebusweni balo. Izwe futhi linegunya lokusho ukuthi izibalo zingazinika kanjani intela izakhamuzi zalo futhi zibala izibalo zemibuso ezinayo.

Lobubuhlobo bendawo busho ukuthi izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo, imibuso, kanye nemisebenzi kuyahluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Lokho idolobha elingakwenza kwesinye isifundazwe kungase kwenqatshelwe noma kudinge ukuvunyelwa uhulumeni kwesinye isifundazwe. Ukuqonda loluhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenza nohulumeni bendawo noma ofunda nabo.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni Nezindlela Zokuxhumana Nezindawo

Ubunkimbinkimbi nokuhlukana kukahulumeni wendawo kuye kwaholela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokubambisana kohulumeni bendawo e - United States ngokuvamile kwakha "izikhungo zohulumeni", "izinhlangano zesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sezwe] noma "izinhlangano zohulumeni". Lezi zinhlangano zisebenza njengezinhlangano zokuhlela zendawo futhi njengezindawo zokuhlobana kwezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokwesifunda, kodwa ngokuvamile azinamandla ezihlotsheni zelungu ngalinye.

Ohulumeni bendawo nabo bayabambisana:

  • Izivumelwano zikahulumeni: izici eziphakathi kwezindawo zokulawula ukuhlanganyela izinkonzo, izakhiwo, noma imithombo
  • Iziphathimandla ezihlonze: Imisebenzi eyenziwa ohulumeni abaningi ukuxazulula izinselele ezahlanganyelwayo
  • Izivumelwano zokusizana: Amalungiselelo osizo oluphuthumayo phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe i-oves.
  • Izigodi zenkonzo: Izinhlangano eziningi ezimelene nemithetho ezinikeza izinkonzo ezithile
  • Izinkonzo eziqinisiwe: Ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi ethile ngaphesheya kwemingcele yezwe

La malungiselelo okubambisana avumela ohulumeni bendawo ukuba bafinyelele ezomnotho ezilinganayo, babhekane nezindaba zesifunda, futhi balungiselele izinkonzo ngendlela ephumelelayo kuyilapho belondoloza izimpawu zikahulumeni ezihlukene.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Nokuhlanganyela Kwasobala

Uhulumeni wendawo ophumelelayo ufuna ukuba isakhamuzi sihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo futhi sithembisene.

Imihlangano Yeningi Nezindlebe

Imikhandlu yedolobha namabhodi esifunda aqhuba imihlangano yasobala yasikhathi sonke lapho izakhamuzi zingaqaphela khona ukuhlobana, zinikeze ukufakwa, futhi zigcine izikhulu zinesibopho sokulandisa. Izindawo eziningi zinikeza isikhathi sokukhulumela obala ngezinto ezihleliwe nezivamile. Ukuzwa komphakathi ezindabeni ezithile ezinjengokutholwa kwemali, izinguquko zokuhlela, noma imisebenzi emikhulu ivumela ukufakwa komphakathi.

Izibhodi Nezimemezelo

Amabhodi amisiwe ezakhamuzi kanye namakhomishane anikeza amakhono nomphakathi wemibono ngezihloko ezikhethekile. Lezi zindikimba zivame ukutusa izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zemithetho, nakuba ezinye zinegunya elilinganiselwe lokwenza izinqumo ezicini zazo zomthwalo wemfanelo.

Izindlela zokukhetha

Ukhetho oluvamile lwezikhulu zendawo lunikeza indlela eyisisekelo yokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Abavoter bakhetha amalungu omkhandlu, amameya nezinye izikhulu ezizomelela izithakazelo zawo nezindinganiso. Amanye ama-collet asebenzisa futhi izinyathelo zokuvumela umvoti ukuba enze isinqumo esiqondile ezindabeni ezithile ngokuthatha izinyathelo, ngokuthatha i-tempendium, futhi akhumbule.

Izinyathelo Zokuhlanganyela Emkhakheni

Ohulumeni bendawo banamuhla basebenzisa amasu akhuthaza ukuthembisana amahholo asemadolobheni, izinkampani zomphakathi, ucwaningo lwe - Internet, ukuxhumana kwezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kanye nezinqubo zokusebenzisa imali ezihlukene.

Izinselele Enhlanganweni Kahulumeni Wasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo babhekana nezinselele eziningi zokuhlela kuleli khulu lama - 21:

Izinqamu

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo basebenza ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu kwemali, imithombo yemali elinganiselwe nesidingo senkonzo eyandayo. Intela egunyazwe uhulumeni nemali echithwayo, ukuncipha kosizo lukahulumeni, kanye nokunqandwa kwemithombo yezezomnotho ezikhona ngezinkonzo nemisebenzi. Le zinselele zemali ziphoqelela ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ezinzima ngamazinga enkonzo, izisebenzi, nangamali egciniwe.

Iziyalezo Zokuguga

Izakhiwo eziningi zendawo yaseMelika − imigwaqo, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, izimiso zendle , imishini yokulungisa noma ukubuyisela. Izindleko zokuhlela ukunakekelwa kwezindawo nokuhlaziywa kwezimiso zanamuhla ezibekelwe isikhathi ukuhlangabezana nezindleko zemali yanamuhla ezicindezelayo futhi zidinga ukuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokutshala indle isikhathi eside.

Ukushintsha Izibalo Zeminyaka

Ukwenyuka kwenani labantu, kuhlanganise nokuguga, ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo, nokuhlelwa kwezindlu, kudinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bavumelane nezinkonzo namasu okuthembisana. Ukuqonda nokusabela ezidingweni zomphakathi ezihlukahlukene kubekela inselele ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo okungokwesiko.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa

Ushintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe ludala amathuba nezinselele kuhulumeni wendawo. Ukuthunyelwa kwemisebenzi yezemishini, ukuncishiswa kwemininingwane, ubuchwepheshe beze-inthanethi, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile basedolobheni kudinga ukutshala izimali eziyisisekelo nangamandla ezisebenzi. Ukulinganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi edinga ukuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwempahla ngokucophelela.

Ukusebenzelana Kwezici Eziyinkimbinkimbi Kahulumeni

Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenzise ubudlelwane obuyinkimbinkimbi nohulumeni, ngokuvumelana nemithetho, izimali, nokuhlela izimiso ezisezingeni eziningi zikahulumeni. Imithetho engekho nemfuno engqubuzanayo kungacindezela amandla nemithombo yendawo.

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi Nokuhlanganyela

Ukukhetha uvoti endaweni, ukungayihlanganyeli emihlanganweni yomphakathi nokungaqiniseki ukuthi uhulumeni uzophumelela kudinga ukuba izikhulu zendawo zisebenze kanzima ukuze zibonise ukubaluleka, ukubonakala kokukhanya nokusabela.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Enhlanganweni Kahulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo abaphumelelayo bahlanganyela izici nemikhuba eminingi yokuhlela:

Ukuthunywa Okucacile Nesiqondiso Esiqondile

Ohulumeni bendawo abaphumelelayo bamisa imisebenzi ecacile, imibono, nezinto eziza kuqala eziqondisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo.

Ukuphathwa Kwezingcweti

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusetshenziswa abaphathi bedolobha, abaphathi be-ochwepheshe, noma abaqondisi beminyango abaqeqeshiwe, ohulumeni bendawo abaphumelelayo basebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha ezingochwepheshe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubekwa kobufakazi obusekelwe ekwenzeni izinqumo, ukulinganisela komsebenzi, intuthuko eqhubekayo, nokunamathela ezindinganisweni zobuchwepheshe nezimiso zokuziphatha.

Imisebenzi ebonisa ngale

Ukubonisa gca kubangela ukuthembana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zihlanganisa imihlangano ekhululekile, amarekhodi omphakathi afinyelelekayo, ukubika okucacile kwezimali, amabhodi okudlala, nokukhulumisana okuqhubekayo ngemisebenzi kahulumeni nezinqumo.

Ukubusa Okunethonya Elikhulu

Uhulumeni bendawo ophumelelayo ukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, izisebenzi, nabaxhasi bomphakathi. Ukuphula izintambo phakathi kweminyango, ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ekuxazululeni izinkinga, nokubambisana nezinye izinhlangano kuthuthukisa amandla nemiphumelo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ohulumeni bendawo abangcono kakhulu bayaqhubeka bevumelana nezimo, bezimisele ukuhlola futhi bathuthukise izakhiwo zabo, izinqubo, nezinkonzo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela izinto ezintsha, ukufunda kwezinye izindawo, nokujwayela izimo ezishintshayo nezidingo zomphakathi.

Ukutshala Imali Kubantu

Ukuphumelela kukahulumeni wendawo kuxhomeke eziqashweni ezinekhono, ezishukunyiswayo. Izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zitshala imali ekutholeni umsebenzi, ekuqeqesheni, ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi, nasekuthuthukiseni impucuko emsebenzini.

Ukushintsha Nokushintsha Kombuso Wendawo

Ngezikhathi ezithile imiphakathi icabangela izinguquko ezakhiweni zikahulumeni ngenxa yokukhula, izinselele, noma ukushintsha kwemibono. Ezimweni lapho kwenziwa izinguquko zokwakha nokwakheka, lapho izizathu ezivamile zokwenza ushintsho olunjalo zihlanganisa ukwanda noma ukunciphisa inani lamalungu omkhandlu, ukushintsha indlela yokukhetha umphathi - dolobha, nokushintsha igunya lomphathi - dolobha.

Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zingase zihlanganise:

  • Ukushintsha kusuka kolunye uhlobo lukahulumeni kuya kolunye (isib., umphathi-maya kuya kumkhandlu-kamanala)
  • Ukwamukela noma ukubuyisela umthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya
  • Ukulungisa ubukhulu noma indlela yokukhetha yendikimba yemithetho
  • Ukushintsha amandla nemisebenzi yemeya noma yomphathi - dolobha
  • Ukuhlela kabusha iminyango yokuphatha
  • Ukwakha noma ukususa amahhovisi athile noma izikhundla

Izinguquko ezinjalo zidinga ukuxoxa kabanzi ngomphakathi, ukubukeza izinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo, nokuvunyelwa yivoti. Izinguquko eziphumelelayo zibonisa ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwezidingo zomphakathi, ukutadisha imikhuba emihle kakhulu, kanye nesithembiso sababambi besivumelwano.

Ikusasa Lenhlangano Kahulumeni Wasendaweni

Inhlangano kahulumeni wendawo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yezimo ezishintshayo namathemba. Izimo eziningana zithonya ikusasa:

Ukuguqula Izibalo

Ubuchwepheshe bushintsha indlela ohulumeni bendawo abasebenza ngayo futhi basebenzisane ngayo nezakhamuzi. Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ye-inthanethi, izinhlelo ezihamba nge-inthanethi, imvume yobuchwepheshe, kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi cishe indisa ukukwazi ukufinyelela nokusiza. I-metalytics nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kunikeza amathuluzi amasha okwenza izinqumo nokulungisa inkonzo ngendlela engcono.

Ukulondolozwa Nokululama

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinhlekelele zemvelo nezinselele zendawo ezungezile kudinga ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bavumelane nokuzinzisa kwezakhiwo nokusebenza kwenhlangano. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukumisa izikhundla ezintsha noma iminyango egxile ekulondolozeni isimo sezulu, ekulawuleni isimo sezulu esiphuthumayo nasekuzivumelani nesimo sezulu.

Ukulingana Nokuhlangana

Ukunaka okukhulayo kokuhleleka nokufakwa ezinhlanganweni kuthonya inhlangano kahulumeni wendawo. Ukugxeka kudala amahhovisi okulingana, kuhlela izinhlelo ezihlelekile kanye nezimiso zokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi kusebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zenhlangano nemikhuba kusiza wonke amalungu omphakathi ngokulinganayo.

Ukubambisana Kwesifunda

Njengoba izinselele zidlula imingcele yezindawo, izindlela zesifunda zokuqondisa nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ziyakhula.

Ubuchwepheshe Bezinto Ezihlangene Nezindima Zazo

Amathuluzi amasha nezindawo zokuhlangana zomphakathi zishintsha indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni wendawo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali, ukuqoqwa kwezindawo, namahholo asebenza ngemishini kwakha amathuba amasha okubusa okuhlanganisa, nakuba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutholakala ngokulinganayo kusebalulekile.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Uhulumeni Wendawo

Imithombo eminingi yezimali isiza izakhamuzi, abafundi nochwepheshe ukuba baqonde inhlangano kahulumeni wendawo:

  • INhlangano yesizwe yamadolobha:[ Inikeza ukucwaninga, imithombo, nokuqeqesha kuhulumeni kamasipala http://wwww.lc.org[]
  • International City/Livery Management Association:[ inikeza ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe nemikhuba emihle kakhulu kubaphathi bakahulumeni bendawo http:///cma.org[
  • U.S. Censure Bureau: ishicilela imininingwane ebanzi ehlelweni likahulumeni nasemalini http://wwww.census.gov/tops/public-gassion/projectation/convector-orgation.html
  • iqoqo likamasipala wesifundazwe: Bhekisa ukwaziswa okuqondile kwezwe nokusekela ohulumeni bendawo
  • Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni e-akethe: nikeza amashadi enhlangano, iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho, kanye nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezikhundla ezithile

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda inhlangano kahulumeni wendawo kubalulekile ukuze uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi nasemphakathini. Izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni wendawo waseMelika zibonisa uhlelo lwemithetho engokomthetho olunikeza igunya phezu kokubusa kwendawo, intuthuko engokomlando, nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zemiphakathi ehlukahlukene.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlelwe njengezindawo ezibalwayo, omasipala, amalokishi, noma izigodi ezikhethekile, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenza ngaphansi kwemeya-council, umanikha-mkhandlu, ikhomishane, noma izinhlelo zemihlangano yedolobha, ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganyela injongo efanayo yokukhonza imiphakathi yabo nokusingatha izidingo zendawo. Izindaba ezithile zenhlangano zingezilutho kunanoma yini zinikeza ukubusa okuphumelelayo, okunesibopho, nokusabela.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekana nezinselele namathuba, izakhiwo zikahulumeni wendawo zizoqhubeka zivumelana nezimo. ohulumeni bendawo abaphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilabo abalondoloza izakhiwo ezicacile zenhlangano, abasebenzisa izindlela zokuphatha ezingochwepheshe, abasiza izakhamuzi, futhi bahlale bevumelana ngokwanele nezimo ezishintshayo.

Kubantu bendawo, ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wendawo ohlelwe ngayo kunikeza isisekelo sokuthembisana ngokuphumelela. Ukwazi ukuthi ubani owenza izinqumo, indlela izinqubo ezithathwa ngayo, nokuthi zingaba kanjani izinkathazo noma izinhloso kwenza ukuba izikhulu nezisebenzi zendawo zikwazi ukuthatha iqhaza elibalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi.

Ngokuqonda indlela labohulumeni abahleleke ngayo nendlela abasebenza ngayo, sonke singaba nengxenye ekubuseni abantu bendawo okunamandla, okuphumelela ngokwengeziwe.