Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Elithathu

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuyisisusa sokubusa kwaseMelika, esiklanyelwe amaFramers ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ekubuseni umbuso. Kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nasemazingeni endawo, lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho, ukuphoqelelwa, nokuchaza kuhlala kuhlukile kodwa kunciphene. Isimiso sinezimpande zaso eziya kuMontesquieus #217; Umoya woMthetho [[, [umthetho], owathi inkululeko ilondolozwa kahle kakhulu uma i-geoggrac, i-comparation, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela igcinwa ihlukene. U James Maconson ihlelwe kulokhu [FLD:] no - Factlist.[4FLT], [53], ixwayisa ngokuhlangana kwamandla embusweni wonke. Namuhla, eUnited States kusuka edolobhanawase-U.[8]

Ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo, abaphethe amagatsha amathathu, umuntu kumelwe aqale athathe imithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo eyabelwe igatsha ngalinye. libeka imithetho yegatsha ikha izimali, ifanele, futhi imele igatsha elikhethayo. i-asecureated metation [ iphoqelela imithetho, ilawula izinhlangano, futhi iqhube inqubo yangaphandle ezingeni likahulumeni. [[FLT:] Igatsha] lichaza imithetho ehlukanisayo, ixazulula izimpikiswano, futhi libuke inqubo ye-propatition noma yeze-aunigcompation. Le misebenzi ayilingani, ihlola futhi ivimbela amanye amagatsha.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Umbuso Ophambili

Ohulumeni bendawo bayizinga eliseduze kakhulu legunya kubantu abaningi baseMelika. Baphatha izindawo, ukuphepha komphakathi, indle, imigwaqo yendawo, amapaki, nezikole. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. ungakhulumi ngokuqondile ngohulumeni bendawo, badalwa ohulumeni bamazwe ngaphansi kwesimiso se Dillon ̱ uMthetho , ophethe ukuthi omasipala banegunya eligunyaziwe kuphela. Ezinye izifunda zikahulumeni zinikeza umthetho wasekhaya, zinikeza ohulumeni bendawo i-equality, kodwa isakhiwo se-branch sihlala sivumelana.

Igatsha Lemithetho Yasendaweni

Igunya elisemthethweni endaweni yakhona livame ukuba semkhandlwini wesifunda. Lemikhandlu imisa imithetho yezindawo ezilawula yonke into ezindaweni zempahla. ibhodi yabaphathi [, noma [ umhlangano [[FLT]] wezomkhandlu [. Lemikhandlu imisa imithetho yendawo elawula yonke imithetho elawula yonke intela yempahla. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu wedolobha ungadlula umthetho owenzisa izakhiwo zezemizi yomphakathi, noma ivumela ukuhlelwa kwemali emishayeni emikhulu. Ezindaweni ezifana neNew York noma eLos Angeles, ikomiti yezokuphatha, izinhlangano zezengame, futhi ihlole izinhlangano zezentengobo yeze yeze yezentengo yezentengo yedolobha, lapho izibonelelo zeze izibonelelo zezentengo.

Igatsha Eliphethe Indawo

Amandla aphetheyo endaweni avame ukuqhutshwa umlawuli (kuhlelo lwemeya-council) noma umqondisi/i-manejampal (kwizimiso zenhlangano kamasteri). Izimpawu zemeya noma imithetho, umisa abaphathi besifunda njengabaphathi bamaphoyisa nabaqondisi bomphakathi, futhi abaphathi bemisebenzi yemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ezimisweni ze-mayamu; emagunyeni-mayela, amandla ahlanganyelwa nomphakathi. Izikhulu zezifunda ziphatha imisebenzi efana nokhetho, intela, intela, neminyango emishano yezempilo emincane, umongameli wedolobha noma umphathi wedolobha, ngokuvamile, nemisebenzi elinganiselwe yemisebenzi yezisebenzi zezembutho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Lasendaweni

Izinkantolo zendawo zisingatha ukwaphulwa kwemithetho kamasipala, ukwaphulwa kwemithetho, nezingxabano ezincane zomphakathi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo eziphethe , amaphoyisa amacala enkantolo [, , [[FLT]] nezinkantolo ezingokomthetho [iziwumthetho] [i-FLT:4] ezingokomthetho]. Ezinhlangothini eziningi, lezinkantolo ziyimakelele yokuqala yecala lobugebengu ngaphambi kokuba zithuthele ezinkantolo zenkantolo. Zibuye zifake izimpikiswano zempahla yendawo, izimpikiswano zezindawo zendawo, nezincane. Okubalulekile, abahluleli bendawo ngokuvamile bayakhethwa noma bamiswe ngokuqondile, bamiswa yizikhulu zendawo, zibekwe ngokuqondile emphakathini emphakathini.

Uhulumeni WoMbuso: Izisebenzi Zentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenza ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wabo siqu, okungamelwe kungqubuzane noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Umbuso ngamunye unombusi, isishaya-mthetho, nomphathi wesizwe, kodwa isimo esikhethekile siyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nebraska ine-undamaral (i-kambar) yomthetho we-kaya eyodwa, nakuba imibuso eminingi inezimiso ze-bidameral. Ohulumeni banegunya elikhulu ngemfundo, ngokuhamba, ngokunakekela impilo, umthetho wobugebengu, kanye nezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano. UJaji uLouis Brandeis uchaza ngokudume ngokudume njengo #820; iziphathiso zentando yeningi yentando yeningi (”[FLDY];[FLDY] ngenxa yokuthi bangazama izimiso zempilo ze-mishuwalshomethi ye-inshometic [ezinye]) noma ukunikeza i-mothensi engokomthetho.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho LoMbuso

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi i-General Assembly, Legislative Assembly, noma nje i-Legistration) zidala imithetho esebenza ezweni lonke. Zinendlu yabameleli (noma i-Assembly]) ne [[FLT]] ISAHAMBILE] [[[FLT]] , namalungu akhethwe ezifundeni. Ama-gastilaturesting amisa intela, avumela izimali zikahulumeni, aqinisekisa ukumiswa kwe-gernarlatoration, futhi asebenzisa ukuqondisa ngezinhlangano ezihlola izinhlangano zezwe. Isibonelo, ikomiti yemfundo yemfundo ingaba nokuzwa kwezekwenziwama kwezesikole ngonyaka. Isifundazwe esiningi sihlangane, nakuba ezinye izigaba zesifunda seminyaka ngaphandle kwe-texamet.

Igatsha Eliphethe Uhulumeni

umlawuli omkhulu wezwe, okhethwe ngabavoti ngokwesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile iminyaka emine). Umbusi u̱ unamandla ahlanganisa ukusayina noma ukukhipha izikweletu, ukumisa iziyalo zezikhulu, ukumisa amalungu ekhatheki (isikhulu sikahulumeni, unobhala-zwe, njl.), ukuyala umbuso wesizwe, nokunika intethelelo. Ngokungafani nomphathiswa we-U.S., ababusi bavame ukuhlanganyela amandla empawini yesikhulu nezikhulu ezikhethiwe njengomphathi-mphathi we-gester, ummeli, nomlawuli wezomthetho, nesimiso se-combutho saziwa njengesikhulu sezwe [[FOLT].[FFFFF:3] [FFF]

Igatsha Lokwahlulela LoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho nemithetho-mthetho. Zisingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho e-United States, kuhlanganise nomthetho womkhaya, izingqungquthela, izigebengu, namalungelo empahla. Isakhiwo sihlanganisa izinkantolo zenkantolo zecala [ (ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphezulu noma zesifunda), [izinhlangothi] [izinkantolo zecala] [izinhlangothi ezingokomthetho zokudlulisa izikhalo], [[FLT]] inkantolo ephakeme (isimo esibizwa njengeNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo]). Izwe lingakhethwa (ingxenye noma isigaba noma i-partan), noma izinhlelo ezikhethwe ngombusi wezimiso zecala ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ze-Misrisbane.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Ifulegi Kazwelonke

Uhulumeni kahulumeni i-’ amagatsha amathathu achazwa eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi asebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso samandla adwetshiwe nashiwoyo. Abasunguli basungula igatsha ngalinye ngemingcele eqondile: I-Congress ayinakwenza imithetho (ngaphandle kuka-veto), futhi amagatsha amathathu achazwa kokubili. Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliyinhloko ekuvikeleni isizwe, isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ezentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, ezentengiselwano, kanye nemali. Imibuso yawo ilinganiselwe kulabo abasohlwini loMthetho-sisekelo, kanti i-Deleteth Rendementation igcina wonke amanye amagunya emazweni noma kubantu.

Igatsha Elinomthetho Ozimele

UKhomishane uyiSishaya-mthetho we-bitadral esine- Indlu yabameleli Amalungu angu-435 ahlukaniswa abantu) kanye i-Senate[ [amalungu angu-100, isifundazwe ngasinye]. Indlu iqala izikweletu zemali futhi inamandla okungahlangani izikhulu zikahulumeni. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (amajaji aphezulu, amalungu amakhathektha, amanxusa), ivumela izivumelwano, futhi yenza ukuqulwa. I-Congress Congress ̱ umsebenzi oyinhloko uwukwenza umthetho, kodwa futhi yenza ukuhlolwa, izinhlangano zezikhulu zezomthetho ngezindlebe nangezimpompompo, nangendlela yokulawula izikhungo zezelela ngamandla emfunje. I-GeneGeneticstion (Isigaba se-Geneticststst, i-Artic, i-Foctive, i-Foctive, i-Foctives, i-Fo

Igatsha Eliphethe Ngohulumeni

President ye-United States isebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni futhi iholidi kahulumeni, ikhethwa njalo eminyakeni emine. UMongameli uphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, ukhipha iziyalezo zemithetho (ngokulawulwa kwezokwahlulela), uyala amabutho ahlomile, izivumelwano (ethobela iSishaya-gear evumelwayo), futhi umisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa ne- Cabinet[ iminyango ephethe (iqondenenkambiso yokwahlulela), njenge-Defest, i-Comment, i-Comment, i- Justicel) nezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Aviceal Agencyer Agency ne-Freance. uMongameli &817; i-dentinethi ye-Foceston yezindawo ezimbili, i-evicend yemist.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela Elizimele

Ijaji likahulumeni linenkantolo yeSishayamthetho ehlangene neNkantolo yeSikhathi [iNkantolo] (izinkantolo zezeNkantolo) (izinkantolo) ezikhethekile (izinkantolo) kanye [izinkantolo ezingu-9] nezika eziphansi kakhulu. Abahluleli abamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSishaya-mthetho, izinqumo ezisebenza ukuphila konke phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Izinqumo eziPhakathi zeNkathi (inkantolo ye-Applity Applity), kanye nezinkantolo ezikhethekile (umgaqo-kathi) (umkl. [uKL.5], iNkathi yemithetho yemithetho evimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yezezenyunyana.[5]

Ama - erch Nokulinganisela Kwangaphandle Kwamazinga

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamagatsha ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni kudala isimiso esinamandla sokulandisa. Nazi izinqubo eziyinhloko ezigcina ukulingana:

  • Igunya phezu kwesikhulu: Emazingeni kahulumeni nombuso, izishaya-mthetho zinganqoba amaveto, izikhulu ezizimele, igodliwe ngemali, futhi zenqabe ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa. Ngezinga lendawo, imikhandlu ingalawula i-meyarial vetoes (ngokuvamile ngenkani enkulu).
  • Inzele ngokomthetho:[ Abaqondisi bangakhipha umthetho, bameme izikhawu ezikhethekile, futhi basebenzise iziyalo eziphetheyo ukudlula iziphakamiso eziphuthumayo (zingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho).
  • Inkantolo zingamisa imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho-sisekelo noma ezedlula igunya. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zingenza okufanayo ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe.
  • [[QURT:0] Imithetho esemthethweni phezu kokwahlulela: Imithetho ingamisa (noma ukuqedwa) izinkantolo eziphansi, imise ukubusa, futhi ivume noma inqabe omahluleli. IziKhomishane zingaveza nezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zokugumbuqela izinqumo zokwahlulela.
  • [[QULT:0] Isenzo ngokwahlulela:[ Abaqondisi bamisa amajaji (afuna ukuvunyelwa) futhi banikeze ukuthethelelwa noma ukuzwelana (esifundazweni nasemazingeni kahulumeni).

Lokhu kuhlola akusebenzi nje phakathi kwezinga elilodwa kodwa futhi naphakathi kwamazinga. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza imithetho kahulumeni uma iphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni noma noMthetho-sisekelo (uSupremacy Claus). Ngokuphambene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza umthetho kahulumeni lapho kuhileleke izimbangela zikahulumeni zesenzo, zihlolwe ngokucatshangelwa kokugcina yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zesenzo Somxhumanisi

Ukuhlola izimo ezithile kubonisa indlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo:

  • Indawo ephakathi: Umkhandlu wedolobha udlula umthetho womsindo ngemva kokukhononda cishe ngasekupheleni kobusuku. Umphathi-dolobha uyakuphawula, kodwa umnyango wamaphoyisa (ukubulala) kumelwe ukuqikelele. Owesinye isakhamuzi esikhonjiwe ngaphansi komthetho obekela umthetho inselele enkantolo kamasipala. Umahluleli angawusekela umthetho noma awushaye phansi uma wephula imithetho kahulumeni noma umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Isimo: Isishaya-mthetho saseCalifornia sidlulisa umthetho omisa izisulu zokukhishwa kwe-carbon. Umbusi uyawuphawula, futhi ibhodi lemithombo yezomoya yombuso (inhlangano yokubulala) ikha ihlela imithetho yokuwusebenzisa. Iqembu lezemboni liqungatha iziqu, liphikisana nomthetho ngemithetho yombuso ehlanzekile. Inkantolo ephakeme izwa icala futhi ishaya imithetho yokuthi umthetho uyasebenza ngaphansi komthetho, kodwa futhi iphawula ukuthi ukukhishwa kweminyango yezentengiselwano kungasebenza.
  • Inqaba: IKhomishane idlula i-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010, inegunya elifuna umshuwalense wempilo. Ngemva kokumiswa kwezakhiwo eziningi ibeka inselele kumthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme, i-FLICFY] National Federation of Independent v. Sebelius[ [20], isekela isibopho njengokusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwe-Cresssscesss ̱ ilinganisela amandla okukhokha intela kodwa i-Mdiad ilungiselelo lokwandisa. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhlola kwe-propatialticalss, kuyilapho igatsha liqhubeka ukuqinisekisa umthetho owenziwa ngenkantolo elungiswe yinkantolo.

Ubuhlobo Obuphakathi Kuhulumeni Nemishini Yamagatsha

Amagatsha amathathu awasebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa phakathi kwamazinga; asebenza ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivame ukunxusa uKhongolo-mkhandlu ukuba luxhase noma lunikeze usizo lwezinkonzo zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni bangasebenza nezinhlangano ze-odministrate phakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo, behlanganisa FEMA. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukusebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni, njengalapho zifaka amalungelo omphakathi agunyaziwe ngaphansi kuka-42.S.C. ngo-1998. Isimiso se-[FLT:] phederalm [i] iqinisekisa ukuthi izinga ngalinye lohulumeni liyaqhubeka nobukhosi kuyilapho lihlonipha imingcele yabanye.

Enye indawo ephawulekayo yokucindezeleka yi- National Guard. UMbusi uyala ugada (igatsha elibulalayo) phakathi nesikhathi sokuthula, kodwa uMongameli angabusa (ngaphansi koMthetho we-Insurrection) ngenxa yezimo eziphuthumayo. Kulesimo, umphathi wezwe udlulisa igunya lombuso okwesikhashana, isheke elenziwe nguMthetho-sisekelo ̱ izigijimi zezempi.

Isiphetho: Ukugqashuka Okuhlala Njalo Kwemibuso

Kusukela emkhandlwini wedolobhana elincane kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., isakhiwo esineziqu ezintathu esinemikhakha eqinile sinikeza indlela eqinisekisiwe yokwabela amandla nenkululeko. Ohulumeni bendawo bayisebenzisa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomphakathi; ohulumeni bayisebenzisa ekwenzeni ucwaningo lwezimiso ezihlukene; futhi uhulumeni uthembele kuyo ukuze ulawule isizwe esiyizigidi ezingu-330. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo kuzo zonke izinga lokuvikela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukugcina isibopho sikahulumeni futhi ziqaphele lapho isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehloselwe yona.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola eUSA.gov ukucubungula amagatsha amathathu , umbhalo ogcwele weU.S. , kanye neNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe ye-Gajini i-̱ umongameli wezindlu zomthetho . Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ekusetshenzisweni okuqhubekayo kokuhlukanisa kwemibuso ngaphesheya kukahulumeni waseMelika.