I-United States Congress iyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, isebenza njengegatsha lomthetho kahulumeni wombuso. Limiswe yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, iSishaya - mthetho sinomthwalo oyisisekelo wokwakha imithetho, umela izithakazelo zezakhamuzi zaseMelika, futhi unikeza amasheke nezilinganiso ezibalulekile emagatsheni aphethe nawabehluleli. Ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yeSishayamthetho ibaluleke ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika nendlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo izigidi zokuphila.

UKhomishane usebenza njengendlu yomthetho ye-bidamaral, okusho ukuthi ihlukaniswa yaba amagumbi amabili ahlukene: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo esinamagumbi amabili asidalwanga ngengozi kodwa kunalokho savela ekucabangiseni ngokucophelela phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo wekhulu we-1787. I-Great Lestion (noma Ukuhlehla) yasungula ukuthi izihlalo eMzini zazizokwabelwa ngokwenani labantu, kuyilapho iSigebengu sasiyoba neziphathisi ezimbili ezimele eSihlalweni ngasinye, sinikeza umbuso ngamunye umelo olulinganayo kuyilapho siqinisekisa isilinganiso somuntu ngamunye endlu. Lokhu kuhlehlela izithakazelo zezifunda ezinkulu nezincane, kudala isimiso esiye sahlala amakhulu angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Iziteshi Ezimbili: Ukuqonda Indlu Nesigele

Indlu yabameleli: Isigungu sabantu

Inani labameleli bokuvota eNdlu limiswe umthetho obekwe cishe ngaphezu kuka-435, ngokwesilinganiso emelela inani labantu basezifundazweni ezingu-50. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhonza isifunda esithile sesifunda sesifundazwe sakubo, nemingcele yesigodi enqunywe inani labantu abathatha unyaka wonke. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhethwa ngeminyaka emibili ekhonza abantu basesifundazweni esithile. Lomjikelezo omfushane wokukhetha waklanyelwa ukuba ugcine amalungu eNdlu ehlangene eduze kakhulu nenani labo lokubala inani labantu abathatha izithuba ezihlukene.

Ukuze akhethwe, ummeleli kumelwe abe neminyaka engu-25, isakhamuzi sase-United States okungenani iminyaka engu-7 futhi isakhamuzi sikahulumeni asimelelayo. Lezizimfuneko ezilinganiselwe ngokuqhathaniswa zibonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokuthi iNdlu kufanele ibe igumbi elixhunywe ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Indlu yaklanyelwa ukuba ibe igumbi elingcono kakhulu lentando yeningi nelobupopulist, amalungu abhekene nokhetho oluvamile olugcina inecala lokuvota.

Ngalé kwamalungu angu- 435 okuvota, i House ihlanganisa nezihambeli ezingezokuvota kanye nekhomishane yakhona. Okwamanje, kunezinye izihambeli ezinhlanu ezimele i-Foood of Columbia, iVirgin Islands, i-Guam, i-Samoa, ne-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianal Islands, nekhomishane yezakhamuzi imelela iPuerto Rico. Izihambeli nekhomishane banamandla afanayo njengamanye amalungu eNdlu, ngaphandle kokuba bangavoti lapho iNdlungela ingeno injengeNdlu yabameleli.

ISigele: Umzimba Onesizotha

ISigele sithatha indlela ehluke kakhulu yokumelela. Ngengqikithi yamalungu ayikhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye sikhetha abasizi ababili ngokuqondile kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bomphakathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iWyoming, enezakhamuzi ezingaphansi kuka-60 000, inendlela efanayo neSigele sase California, nabantu abacishe babe izigidi ezingu-40. Ama-Senator asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha ahlanganayo, asho ukuthi igumbi elilodwa kuphela elinesithathu elikhuphukele ukukhethwa kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wokhetho. Lesimiso sokhetho esishaqikelezayo sakha lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "umzimba owenyukayo" ukunikeza ukuhleleka nokuqhubeka kwenhlangano.

Abahlaziyi baneminyaka engaba ngu-30 ubudala futhi banezakhamuzi iminyaka engu-9. Lezi zimfuneko eziphakeme zesizwe uma ziqhathaniswa nendlu ibonisa indima yeSigele njengomzimba onolwazi, owehlisa isimilo. Abahlaziyi balindeleke ukuba babe nolwazi olukhudlwana futhi bangathonywa kakhulu ukuncipha kombono othandwayo. Ngenani elincane lamalungu, bangathatha isikhathi sabo bacabangele futhi baxoxe ngokucophelela ngempikiswano.

Ukwehluka Okuyinhloko Kwamandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Amagumbi amabili alingana ngokuyisisekelo ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho. Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nencwadi efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ayinike uMongameli.

Indlu inemibuso eminingana ekhethekile ebonisa indima yayo njengegumbi eliseduze kakhulu nabantu. Zonke izikweleti eziphakamisa imali kumelwe zivele eNdlu yabameleli. Indlu inamandla okukhipha (ukumangalela okungaguquguquki) kuyilapho iSigele sizama ukujezisa. Lokhu kuhlukana kwamandla angenamthetho kwakha isimiso lapho i House isebenza njengomshushisi, iletha amacala, kuyilapho iSigele sisebenza njengejaji elinquma icala noma ubumsulwa.

ISigele, okwamanje, sinamandla aso azimele omthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvumela isivumelwano, ngevoti engu-2-3, izivumelwano ezenziwa igatsha eliphethe. ISigele siye salahla izivumelwano ezingamakhulu amaningi esiye sazicabangela, nakuba eziningi ziye zafa ekomitini noma zakhishwa umongameli. ISigele singabuye sithumele isivumelwano noma sithathe izinguquko esivumelwa isivumelwano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli "ukungagunyaziphathisi, futhi ngeSiluleko neSivumelo seSigele, umise amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi, nabaHluleki bomphakathi, nabaHluleki beNkakhulu, nabo bonke abanye abaphethe base-United States." ISishaya iSishaya - mthetho uhulumeni seSishayamthetho uhulumeni saso sonke isikhathi ukulondoloza amandla aso futhi ukwamukela noma ukwamukela isikhulu.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Uhambo Luqala: Ukwethula Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlelwe kabanzi, inezinyathelo eziningi nezithiyo ezingase zenzeke endleleni. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kungasuka emithonjeni eminingi − amalungu eSishaya-mthetho, uMongameli, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, abashicileli, noma izakhamuzi ezikhathazekile. Nokho, amalungu oMkhandlu kuphela angangenisa izikweletu ezingokomthetho. Endluni, amalungu afaka izikweletu ebhokisini lokhuni elibizwa ngokuthi "I-EPROGO" elisesitezini. ESihlalweni, abahlalo-mthetho bakhangisa izikweleti phakathi nehora ekuseni noma ngokwenza isimemezelo esingokomthetho phakathi nesimiso.

Umthetho ngamunye uthola isiqu esibonisa isizinda sawo nenombolo. Imali yendlu ibizwa ngokuthi "H.R." ilandelwa inani, kuyilapho intela yeSigele ithola i-"S." isiqu. Izinombolo zibizwa ngokulandelana kwazo phakathi nesimiso sengqungquthela seminyaka emibili. Ngokwesibonelo, iH.R. 1 ingaba incwadi yokuqala eyaziswa eNdlu phakathi neSishaya-Mhlangano esisha.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti: Lapho Amabhola Ehlala Noma Afa Khona

Ngemva kwesethulo, amafakthe abhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekayo esekelwe endabeni yabo yendaba. Umsebenzi omningi woMkhandlu wendlu noMkhandlu uyenzeka kumakomiti. Kokubili iNdlu yendlu neSigele kumi, ikhethekile, ingqungquthela, namakomiti ahlangene. Amakomiti akhona ahlala njalo futhi anikeza amalungu athatha izisekelo ezinde kakhulu. Amakomiti asebenza njengamahhashi omsebenzi weSishaya-Hulumeni, ahlola ngokuningiliziwe umthetho, abamba ukuqulwa, futhi enza izitulo egumbini eligcwele.

Amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi agxila kakhulu esikhathini sawo ekuhleleni nasekucabangeleni iziphakamiso zomthetho, kodwa amakomiti ahlanganyela kweminye imisebenzi, kanye. Uma umthetho usumisiwe, uMkhandlu unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukumiswa kwezimiso, futhi amakomiti awo ahola kulomzamo. Zombili lezi zikhundla zinikeza amakomiti awo amandla aphawulekayo nenkululeko yokuqondisa nokuhlola imibuzo yezimiso zomphakathi nemiphumela yawo.

Phakathi kwamakomiti, izikweleti ngokuvamile zibhekiselwa emakomitini angaphansi ukuze kubukezwe izenzakalo ezikhethekile. Ikomiti yangaphansi ingaba namacala lapho ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namalungu athakazelayo efakazela khona imiphumela yemali engase ibe khona. Ngemva kokuzwa nokuphenya, ikomiti encane ivota ukuthi izowuthumela yini lomthetho ekomitini egcwele. Ikomiti egcwele iphinde izihlole yona, ikwazi ukulungisa ngaphambi kokuba ivote ukuthi ibhale noma imvume yokubhalisa ikhefu noma cha.

Isigaba sekomiti silapho kufela khona izikweleti eziningi. Ezinkulungwaneni zezikweleti eziqalalwe esiqenjini ngasinye somhlangano, ingxenyana encane kuphela eke yazenza ingaphandle kwekomiti. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla aphawulekayo ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo futhi yiziphi ezihluphekayo ngaphandle kwesenzo. Lo msebenzi wokugcinwa kwesango uvumela amakomiti ukuba ahluze umthetho ongenasisekelo esanele noma ongenanzuzo.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Izincwadi eziqondisa ikomiti ngokuphumelelayo zithuthela phansi egumbini lazo ukuze zihlolwe amalungu agcwele. Nokho, izinqubo zokucabangela iphansi zihluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, zibonisa ubukhulu obungafani nezizinda zazo.

Ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ngalinye linegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, indlu neSigele ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela umthetho. Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu kuvumela iningi ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, ukucubungula ngezenzo ezisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abahlaziyi ngabanye amandla aphawulekayo okulawula inqubo.

Kule House, i-Misl Committee ifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izindleko zithathwa kanjani phansi. U-Speaker uphethe ikhalenda (iziphi izikweleti eziphikiswayo nalapho kwenzeka) futhi uthonye iKomiti yeNdlu Yemithetho ekunqumeni umthetho ozocatshangelwa. Imithetho yeKomiti ikhipha i-"rule" yecala ngalinye, isho ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi ukulungisa kunganikezwa yini, nezinye izindaba. Lendlela ehleliwe idingeka inikwe amalungu amakhulu endlu, ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile, igumbi liyokwehlela esiya esiphithiphithi.

ISigele sisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ukuphikisana kucishe kungabi namkhawulo eSigeqeni futhi wonke amalungu anethuba lokuhlanganyela kakhulu. Lelisiko lempikiswano engenamkhawulo libangela ukuba i-monibster inyuke, icebo le-procedrodual lapho abameli bangakhuluma khona ngokungenasiphelo ukuba babambe noma bavimbele ukuvota engokomthetho. Ukuqeda i-Rebelbuster kudinga ukuvuselelwa kwe-a, okudinga kakhulu amavoti angu-60 @a agconome process onikeza iqembu elincane i-evidult.

Kuwo womabili amagumbi, kudingeka iningi lalabo abakhona nabavotayo ukuba kudluliswe umthetho, nakuba iSigele se-Recinebuster sishaya imithetho eqinile efuna ama-60 emithetho eminingi.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Ngenxa yokuthi womabili amagumbi kufanele adlulise izinqubo ezifanayo zemali ngaphambi kokuba ibe umthetho, umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele kumelwe uxazululwe. Ngezinye izikhathi igumbi elilodwa lizomane lamukele inguqulo yelinye igumbi. Ngokuvamile, ikakhulukazi umthetho omkhulu, amagumbi amabili akha ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe yizo zombili izindikimba. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ixoxa ngenguquko evumelanayo ethunyelwa emuva kuzo zombili izikhundla ukuze ivunyelwe okokugcina.

Lemfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamaral isebenza njengenye i-cheke enqubweni yomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthola ukuncishiswa okuphelele ngezindlela eziningi. Kusho futhi ukuthi ngisho nezikweleti ngokusekela okukhulu ekamelweni elilodwa zingahluleka uma zingatholi ukuvunyelwa kwenye.

Isinyathelo Sobumongameli: Isinyathelo Sokugcina

Uma la maqembu esedlulise izinqubo zemali ezifanayo, ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze ihlolwe. UMongameli utusa ithonya enqubweni yokushaya umthetho. UMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Mhlawumbe ngokuphawulekayo, amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kwe-veto, uMkhandlu kumelwe ubeke isisekelo sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

UMongameli unezindlela eziningana lapho enikezwa ngesivumelwano. Okokuqala, uMongameli angasayina isikweleti, asenze umthetho. Okwesibili, uMongameli angasithumela isikweleti, asithumelele emuva eKhonseleni ngokuphikisa. UKhomishane angasidlulisa isikhwama sikamongameli nge-veto yama-35 evoti kuzo zombili izikhundla, nakuba lokhu kuyivela kancane. Okwesithathu, uMongameli akakwazi ukwenza lutho. Uma uKhomishana yenzekile, isibambiso ngokuzenzekelayo siba umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi ngaphandle kwesigqeqephu sikamongameli. Nokho, uma i-Congress Congress Coveralins ifa ngosuku lweshumi, isibambiso secala sazi sazomthetho sazimbili, isimende sazi saziwa ngokuthi "pet’.""

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezingqungquthela

Ukwenza Imithetho: Umsebenzi Oyinhloko

Njengakuwo wonke uMthetho-sisekelo, iNdlu yabameleli yase-U.S. yenza futhi idlulise imithetho kahulumeni. Indlu ingenye yamagumbi amabili oMkhandlu (enye iyiSigeqe sase-U.S.), futhi ingxenye yegatsha lomthetho kahulumeni. Lo msebenzi wokwenza umthetho uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zemithetho, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekuchitheni imali kuya ekuvikeleni impilo, imfundo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa.

Amalungu e-Congress aqala izinkulungwane zezikweleti zesimiso ngasinye esikhuluma cishe kuyo yonke indaba ecatshangelwayo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi, abameleli baletha izikweletu nezinqumo, banikeza izinguquko futhi basebenze emakomitini. Nakuba amaphesenti ambalwa kakhulu ezikweletu eziqalayo eba umthetho, inqubo yomthetho ivumela ukuba kube nengxoxo enkulu, ukuxoxisana, nokulungisa izihlongozo zezimiso.

Umfuziselo: Ukukhonza Abakhonzayo

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho akhonza njengabameleli bezithakazelo zabo nezinkathazo. Lo msebenzi wokulinganisa unezici eziningi. Amalungu alondoloza amahhovisi ezifunda zasekhaya noma ezifundazweni lapho amalungu ezisebenzi esiza khona abameleli ngezinkinga ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengezinzuzo ze-Social Security, izinkonzo zomavadhw, noma izindaba zokufuduka. Lenkonzo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "isicase," isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihambe nge-patroli kahulumeni.

Abameleli nabameli bamazwe basebenza futhi ukuletha imithombo nemisebenzi kahulumeni ezifundeni zabo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "ukuletha ekhaya i-backon" lokhu kungahlanganisa ukulondolozwa kwezimali zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi, izikhungo zezempi, izakhiwo zokucwaninga, noma ezinye izimali zikahulumeni ezizuzisa abameleli babo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenza esifundeni sikaCapitol Hill noma esifundeni sakhe / esommeleli, isimiso sommeleli simatasa kakhulu. Ngokuvamile kuqalwa ekuseni ngezihloko ezifushanisiwe, abameleli abaningi bahamba ngokushesha phakathi kwe-caucus nemihlangano yamakomiti nokulalela. Bavota ezikweletini, bakhuluma nezikweletu namanye amaqembu, babukeze iposi, izigxivizo zezindaba nemibiko ehlukahlukene. Umsebenzi ungaqhubeka kusihlwa ngezenzakalo zokwamukelwa noma ukugcinwa kwemali.

Ukugada: Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla Alawulayo

Enye yemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. UKhongolo-kahulumeni luye lwahlola ukungasebenzi kahle kwegatsha eliphethe egatsheni, futhi kwezinye izindawo emphakathini waseMelika (kusukela ngo-1792). Isidingo sokuphenya kwengqungquthela siseyisici esibalulekile sokuvimbela uhulumeni nokufundisa umphakathi. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, neminye imisebenzi yokwengamela, iSishaya-Mkhandlu siqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenzisa imithetho ehlosiwe nesebenza ngendlela ephumelelayo nengokokuziphatha.

Ikomiti ithatha izindlela eziningi. Amakomiti alalela njalo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifakaza ngemisebenzi yazo futhi ziphendula imibuzo yamalungu. ISishaya-mthetho singafaka izincwadi zePopena nofakazi, sifake imibiko ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, nezindaba ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. I-Rovern Accounting Office, inxusa leSishayamthetho, ukuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi sinikeze imibiko kumakomiti enhlangano.

Amandla esikhwama anikeza iKhongolose amandla aphawulekayo phezu kwegatsha eliphethe. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Congress kumelwe isebenzise imali efanele yemisebenzi kahulumeni, ingasebenzisa izimali zokuhlela ukuzwa nokukhipha izikweleti zemali ekuhloleni imisebenzi yezinhlangano futhi ibeke izimo ekuhloleni indlela izimali ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Lenqubo ye-Prophrasession inikeza amathuba avamile okubukeza nokuthonya imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Amandla Okuzifunela

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, iNdlu yabameleli inamandla okunikeza isikhulu sikahulumeni amandla okushumayeza. ISigele sinegunya lokusingatha amacala okuqulwa kwecala, ngokuyinhloko sikhonza njengejaji namajaji. I-aseating imelela ukuhlola kokugcina kwezikhulu zezikhulu nokwahlulela okwenziwa amakomiti abenza ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína.

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala eNdlu, ngokuvamile ngokuphenya kweKomiti yoMbuso. Uma ikomiti ithola ubufakazi obanele "bomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obuphakeme," idweba izihloko zokungagunyazi. Indlu egcwele ivota ukuthi ingeyabo yini, futhi i-oday i-odocted. I-asethiasethi ayimsusi isikhulu esikhundleni; imane nje iletha izikhalo ezingokomthetho.

Uma iNdlu ikhipha isikhulu, lendaba ibhekisa eSigele ukuze kuqulwe icala. Kusukela ngo-1789 iSigele siye sazama izikhulu zikahulumeni ezingu-20, kuhlanganise nomongameli abathathu. Icala leSigele lilandela izinqubo zokwahlulela, amalungu endlu ekhonza njengabashushisi (noma abameli) benikeza isiqinisekiso. Ukungagunyazi komongameli, iJaji eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme liphethe. Ikomiti ethatha amakomiti enkantolo amabili-3 ekhona kuyadingeka ukuba iboshelwe futhi ikhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi.

Iseluleko Nokuvuma: ISishaya - mthetho Siqinisa Amandla

Iseluleko seSigele namandla okuvuma kusinikeza indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni amagatsha aphetheyo nahluleli. UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye ezikhundleni zekhabethe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, imikhumbi yamanxusa, nezinye izikhundla eziningi, kodwa laba baqondisi bengenakuthatha isikhundla ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa kweSishayamthetho.

Inqubo yokugunyaza iqala ngokuqulwa phambi kwekomiti yeSigele esifanelekayo. KuyiNkantolo Ephakeme, iKomiti Yomculi iqhuba ukuqulwa okukhulu lapho ummeli efakaza khona futhi ephendula imibuzo evela kubaphathi be-senet. Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi kufanele yini ivume ukuqinisekiswa eSigeqeni esigcwele. ISishaya-mthetho sigcwele siphikisana ngokuhlobana nokuvota, kanye neningi elivamile elidinga ukuqinisekiswa.

Lamandla okuqinisekisa anikeza ithonya elikhulu ekwakheni igatsha eliphethe nejaji likahulumeni. Abaququzeleli bangasebenzisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukukhipha izibopho ku-minene, iziqobo ezithola ukuthi azimukeleki, noma iziqinisekiso zokuvimbela uMongameli kwezinye izindaba. Indima yeSigele ekugunyazweni kokwahlulela inikezwe ngokukhethekile ukuthi amajaji asemthethweni asebenza ekumiselweni ukuphila konke.

Amandla Empi Nesimiso Sakwamanye Amazwe

I-Constitution inikeza iKhongolose okuwukuphela kwamandla okumemezela impi. UMkhandlu uye wamemezela impi ngezikhathi ezingu - 11, kuhlanganise nokumemezela kwawo kokuqala impi neGreat Britain ngo-1812. ISishaya - mthetho savuma ukumemezela kwayo impi okusemthethweni phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yavuma ukunquma ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi futhi iyaqhubeka ihlela isimiso sezempi sase-U.S. ngokukhipha nokuqondisa.

Nakuba uMongameli esebenza njengoMphathi-Mphathi wamabutho ahlomile, uKhongolo lunegunya elibalulekile lomthetho-sisekelo ezindabeni zezempi. Ngalé kwamandla okumemezela impi, izimali zempi ngomthetho waminyaka yonke wezokuzivikela, ukumisa ubukhulu nokwakheka kwamabutho ahlomile, futhi kungabeka imingcele emikhankasweni yezempi ngomthetho.

ISigele sifeza futhi indima eyingqayizivele enkambisweni yakwamanye amazwe ngamandla aso esivumelwano. Lapho uMongameli exoxa nezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, ngeke zisebenze ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zisekelwa kabanzi futhi zinikeza iSigele amandla okuthonya izivumelwano.

Ukuhola Nenhlangano Yomphakathi

Izakhiwo Zobuholi Basekhaya

Indlu yabameleli inesimiso sobuholi obuholwa yisikhulu esiholwa yiSpeaker of the House. I House ikhetha uSpeaker (Ingxenye 1, 2) Olawula kakhulu. USpeaker ukhethwa yindlu egcwele ekuqaleni kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngasinye esisha futhi uvame ukuba umholi weqembu elikhulu. USheaker usebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho, wenza izabelo zekomiti, futhi ukhonza njengobuso bomphakathi weNdlu.

Ngaphandle kwe-Speaker, iqembu elikhulu likhetha uMholi weMajority okhonza njengomphathi omkhulu weqembu kanye nomphathi wesitemu, kanye noMphathi we-Major Wip osebenzela ukubala amavoti futhi aqinisekise amalungu eqembu ukuba asekele isikhundla sobuholi. Iqembu elincane ngokufanayo likhetha uMholi Omncane noMncinane uWip ohola imizamo yeqembu labo futhi athuthukise ezinye iziphakamiso.

Iqembu ngalinye futhi line-caucus noma ingqungquthela (i-Democrats isebenzisa "i-caucus" kuyilapho amaRepublican esebenzisa "imvume" ehlanganisa wonke amalungu eqembu. Lamaqembu ahlangana njalo ukuze axoxe ngezindlela, abaholi abakhethiwe, futhi enze izabelo zamakomiti. Ama-partitus afeza indima ebalulekile ekwakheni nasekumiseni imizamo yemithetho.

Isimiso Sobuholi Besigele

ISigele asinaso isikhundla esifana nesomSpeaker. ESigele, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa bavame ukusebenza ndawonye ekuthintaneni nawo wonke amalungu ukuze banqume isimiso. UMthetho-sisekelo ukhetha uMongameli ongumongameli onguMongameli weSigele, kodwa ngokuyinhloko lokhu kuyindima yemikhosi. UMongameli ongumKhosi umane engamele iSigele kuphela ngezikhathi ezibalulekile noma ukuvota ngokuphula isibopho.

ISigele sikhetha uMongameli uPro Tempore, ngokwesiko ilungu leqembu leningi elithatha indawo ende kunawo wonke, ophatha iSigele lapho uMongameli engekho. Nokho, uMongameli uPro Tempore unamandla alinganiselwe uma eqhathaniswa noMphathi weNdlu. Umbuso wangempela eSigeqeni uncike kuMholi weMajority noMholi we-Minova, okhethwa ngemibutho yabo.

UMholi weMajority ulawula isiteji seSigele, enquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ezithathwayo futhi nini lapho kuvota. Nokho, imithetho yeSigele inikeza izinyunyana ezinamandla abalulekile, ilinganisela ukulawula koMholi weMajority u-Phouse Scoumer. UMholi we-Minority usebenza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu weqembu eliphikisayo, esebenzela ukuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zeqembu labo futhi aphikise ihlolo lamaqembu abo lapho kufaneleka.

Isimiso Sekomiti

Amakomiti akha umgogodla wemisebenzi yokuhlela, avumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile kanye nokuziphatha okubukeziwe okuningiliziwe komthetho. Zombili lezi zinhlangothi zinezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti: amakomiti amile anezici ezithile ezihlala njalo futhi asingatha izindawo ezithile ezikhethekile, akhethe noma akhethelwe izinjongo ezithile noma ukuhlola, amakomiti ahlangene akhiwe amalungu azo zombili izikhundla, namakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa ukungafani phakathi kwezindlela zezikweletu zendlu neNdlu.

Amakomiti amile abaluleke kakhulu futhi anamandla. Endlini, amakomiti ayinhloko ahlanganisa uHlanzeko, iHlomelo, neZinkonzo ezihlomile, kanti iSigele sinezaziso zoMnyango, i-Ourorations, ne-Oudiary Committee. Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu, njengoba zinikeza amalungu ithonya ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso namathuba okukhonza izithakazelo zamalungu azo.

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu, zilawula uhlelo lwezinqumo zekomiti, zinqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, futhi zibheke phansi ekuhlolweni kwezindleko ezibikwe yikomiti yazo. Izihlalo ngokuvamile ziyilungu elikhulu kakhulu leqembu lekomiti ngayinye, nakuba abaholi beqembu ngezinye izikhathi bephambuka ekubeni bakhulu kakhulu ekwenzeni izabelo zesihlalo. Amalungu asebenza njengelungu leqembu elincane elikhulu ekomitini ngayinye, lihola imizamo yeqembu labo phakathi kwekomiti.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe Emkhandlwini

Inhlangano Yeqembu Nethonya

Isenzo sombuso sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e-caucus yabo noma ingqungquthela - ngqungquthela - thi, iqembu lamalungu egumbi elihlanganyela iqembu. Abaholi beqembu eMzini banemibuso ebalulekile namalungelo okumisa iziteji ezihleliwe futhi banqume ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezizocatshangelwa phansi.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe anendima enkulu ekuhleleni iKhongolo nokulawula imiphumela yemithetho. Ukuhlanganiswa kweQembu kuthonya izabelo zekomiti, izikhundla zobuholi, indawo yehhovisi, nokuthola imithombo yezimali. Amalungu avame ukuvota neqembu lawo ezindabeni eziningi, nakuba izinga lobunye beqembu lihluka kuye ngendaba nangezimo zezombangazwe.

Abaholi beqembu basebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene ukuze balondoloze ukuqeqeshwa kweqembu futhi baqhube izinhloso zabo zomthetho. Lezi zihlanganisa ukulawula izabelo zamakomiti, ukusakaza izimali zomkhankaso, ukunikeza noma ukungasekeli izintambo eziphambili zomthetho, nokusebenzisa ukunxenxa nokuxoxisana ukuze bakhe imifelandawo. Nokho, abaholi beqembu kumelwe balinganisele isidingo sobunye neqiniso lokuthi amalungu amelela izigodi nezifunda ezihlukahlukene kanye nezisusa ezihlukene zezombangazwe.

Uhulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi Nombuso Ongahlukene

Lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula indlu neSigele, noma lapho uMkhandlu ulawulwa yiqembu elihlukile kunoMongameli, umphumela uba uhulumeni ohlukene. Lesisimo sidinga ukuyekethisa okukhulu nokubambisana kwe-bipartis ukuze kubekwe umthetho. Uhulumeni ohlukene ungaholela ekuvuselelweni kwemithetho lapho izinhlangano zingatholi sisekelo esifanayo, kodwa futhi zingaveza nezimiso ezilinganiselwe, ezisekelwe ekuvumelaneni.

Ngisho nasezikhathini zokulawula iqembu elihlangene, imithetho yeSigele ye-birbuster idinga izinga elithile lokubambisana kwe-bipartisan ukuze kubekwe umthetho. Umnyango wama-60-vote wokunqoba i-nfiblibuster usho ukuthi iqembu elikhulu lidinga ukusekelwa okungenani kweqembu elincane ukuze liqhube izikwele phambili izikweletu eziningi. Lemfuneko ingalinganisela umthetho futhi iphoqelele, nakuba futhi ingenza i-binothi elizimisele ukuvimbela isenzo ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Izinqumo Nezifanekiselo Zenhlangano

Ukukhethwa Kwendlu Nokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo

Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili wonke amalungu endlu yabameleli ayakhethwa. Amalungu avota emithethweni esebenza eminyakeni emibili ezayo ekuqaleni koMkhandlu ngamunye omusha. Lomjikelezo wokhetho ovamile ugcina amalungu endlu evumelana kakhulu nemibono yawo futhi wenza iNdlu ithathe inguquko embonweni womphakathi.

Izigodi zesifunda ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zikhishwe ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi balingana ngokwenani labantu ezifundeni. Lenqubo yokuzimela ilawulwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ezingaholela ekusebenziseni imingcele yesifunda ukuze ithandwe neqembu elilodwa. I-Gerrymandering ingakha izigodi ezidukiswa kakhulu umncintiswano wokhetho, inciphise ukuncintisana nokumelela okungaphendukeki.

Inani lezihlalo ezibekelwa uhulumeni ngamunye ngenxa yezinguquko zenani labantu eziye zavezwa yilokhu kubalwa. Amazwe athola inani labantu angase athole izihlalo ezengeziwe, kuyilapho athi inani labantu lingase lilahlekelwe izihlalo. Lokhu kuvuna kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kwendlu kubonisa ukusakazeka kwenani labantu ezindaweni ezingaphandle.

Ukukhethwa Kwesigele Nomzimba Oqhubekayo

Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuphela yabameli ekhethwayo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili (izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zama-senamente zihlala zingamalungu amanje). Ngakho, iSigele singu-"umzimba ozinzile."ISishaya-mthetho asiyivumeli imithetho njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili njengendlu. Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kunikeza ukuzinza kwenhlangano futhi kuvumela iSigele ukuba silondoloze izinqubo namasiko angaguquki ngaphesheya kwamaBhunga.

Ukhetho lwezigele luvame ukuncintisana futhi lubiza kakhulu kunemijaho yezindlu, njengoba izinyunyana kumelwe zidlulisele isikhalo kuzo zonke izifundakazi kunokuba zibe yisifunda ngasinye. Imikhankaso yesigele ivame ukudonsa ukunaka nokuxhasa kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi ezizweni ezishintshanayo lapho ukulawulwa kweSigele kungase kube sengxemu. Leligama leminyaka eyisithupha linikeza abasizi inkululeko eyengeziwe yokuthatha izikhundla ezingathandeki noma ukwenza amavoti anzima ngaphandle kwemiphumela esheshayo.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Komkhandlu

Ukupholisa I - grick nokwehlisa Ilanga

Izingqungquthela ziye zahlukana futhi zahlanganiswa, amalungu ambalwa afuna ukufinyelela ezimisweni ezihlukene. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaholela ekubekeni imithetho eqinile, lapho izimpikiswano ezibalulekile zingabekwanga khona phambili ngoba amaqembu awakwazi ukufinyelela isivumelwano.

I-monibbuster yeSigele ishaya imithetho yokuvimbela i-producedrob ngokuvumela idlanzana elizimisele ukuvimbela umthetho ngisho nalapho unesisekelo esikhulu. Nakuba i-filbuster ikhuthaza ukucubungulwa nokuvikela amalungelo amancane, abagxeki bayiphikisa ngokuthi iye yaba ithuluzi elivamile lokuvimbela i-Congress ekubhekaneni nezinselele ezicindezelayo zesizwe.

Imali Nethonya

Izindleko ezikhulayo zemikhankaso yezinhlangano ziye zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya lemali kwezombangazwe. Amalungu kumelwe anikele isikhathi esiphawulekayo ekuqoqeni, okungase kuphazamise imisebenzi yawo yokushaya umthetho. abanikele kakhulu namaqembu akhethekile angenza inzuzo itholakale futhi abe nethonya ngeminikelo yomkhankaso, okuholela ekubuzeni ukuthi uMkhandlu umelela izakhamuzi ezivamile yini noma ngokuyinhloko ufeza izithakazelo ezicebile yini.

Iphazanyiswa yizinhlangano, izinkampani zezohwebo, amaqembu ezisebenzi zobufundisi, nezinye izithakazelo kuye kwaba imboni enkulu eWashington. Nakuba ukunxusa kunikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo nobuchwepheshe kubamisi-mthetho, kuphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingadingekile nangethuba lokuba isimiso silolongwe yizithakazelo ezinhle kunokuba silolongwe yinzuzo yomphakathi.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

ISishaya - mthetho sithola isilinganiso esiphansi sokuvunyelwa umphakathi waseMelika, izakhamuzi eziningi zibheka leli qembu njengelingahleleki, elingaqondakali, noma njengelingenazithakazelo ezikhethekile. Lokhu kungathembini koKhongolo kuphakamisa izinselele zokubusa kwentando yeningi, njengoba ukugxeka umphakathi kunganciphisa ukuthembisana komphakathi futhi kwenze kube nzima ngeKhomishane ukwakha ukusekela izimiso ezidingekile kodwa ezinzima.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, uMkhandlu uhlala uyinhlangano ebalulekile eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho, nakuba ivame ukuthatha kancane futhi ikhungathekisa, ivumela impikiswano enkulu, ukuxoxisana, nokuthuthukiswa kwezihlongozo zezimiso. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma yiliphi iqembu ekubuseni uhulumeni futhi sivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko yabo.

Ikusasa Lezingqungquthela

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqukela kwenye indawo, i-Congress kumelwe izivumelanise nezinselele ezintsha nezimo ezishintshayo. Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela amalungu axhumana ngayo nabantu abazimele, ukucwaninga, nokuphatha amahhovisi awo. Imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwamalungu nezakhamuzi, okungase kuqinise ukuma kwazo kodwa futhi kubangele ukucindezela nezinselele ezintsha.

Izinguquko ze-monographic zibuye zishintshe izakhiwo zeSishaya-mthetho, ngokwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zohlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, nesizinda. Lokhu kuhlukahluka okukhulayo kungaletha imibono emisha nezinto eziza kuqala enqubweni yomthetho, okungenza iSishaya-Mkhandlu sibe ummeleli othe xaxa sisonke.

Iziphakamiso zezinguquko ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezindawo, ukunciphisa ithonya lemali, nokuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwenhlangano kuyaqhubeka kuphikiswana. lezi zihlanganisa izinguquko zemithetho yezezimali, ukulungisa inguquko ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqanda ukuhlaziywa, ukulungisa imithetho yeSigele kuhlanganise neSigele, kanye nemizamo yokuqinisa amandla nobuchwepheshe bokwakha izivumelwano.

Ukuqonda Ingqungquthela: Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Izindawo

ISishaya - mthetho sisebenza njengesikhungo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sihumushela imibono nezithakazelo ezihlukene zamaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 330 enkambisweni yesizwe. Isakhiwo se-bidameral silinganisela ukumelela okusekelwe ezakhamuzini eziseNdlulweni ezimelelwe ngombuso olinganayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izakhamuzi nezithakazelo zikahulumeni ziyacatshangelwa.

Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu, enamaphuzu amaningi adinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso. Lesimiso sivikela ekuthatheni umthetho osheshayo noma ongacatshangelwe kahle kodwa futhi singaholela ekulawuleni nasekungabini nazenzo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho, uMongameli, nezinkantolo kudala isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ezivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni uhulumeni.

Amalungu eKhongolose athatha izindima eziningi − ummisi womthetho, ummeleli, ilungu leqembu, kanye nekomiti (ngenkathi ebhekene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo okuvela kubantu abazimele, abaholi beqembu, amaqembu ezithakazelo, kanye nezimiso zabo siqu. Ukuqonda lezi zimfuno ezincintisanayo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuziphatha nemiphumela.

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika nezombangazwe, ulwazi ngendlela esebenza ngayo i-Congress lubalulekile. UKhomishane wenza izinqumo ezithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekukhokheleni intela nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya emfundweni, ekulondekeni kwesizwe, nasekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Ngokuqonda inqubo yomthetho, izindima zabadlali abahlukene, kanye nezakhiwo ezihlanganisa ukuziphatha kokubuthwa kwesimiso sombuso, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi zibeke abameleli bazo icala.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana nomthetho owenziwa manje, vakashela [[FLT: 0].gov, webhusayithi esemthethweni ye-U.S. ukwaziswa kwemithetho ye-sigqebhezana elondolozwe yi-Library of Congress. Ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuthinta abameleli bakho, vakashela iNdlu yendlu. [[FLT:].gov[FLT] ne-.[FLT].. [[FLT:]] CP]-S[FLT] inikeza izinqumo zezehlo zemali ezisebenzayo zomthetho, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibuke umsebenzi wazohulumeni. Okokugcina, [FTLT]

Ukuqonda i-Congress akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo kodwa imfuneko esebenzayo yokuthembisa ukuba yizakhamuzi. Njengoba inqubo emelela abantu baseMelika ngokuqondile kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, i-Congress idinga ukunakwa, ukuhlolwa, nokuhlanganyela. Ngokufunda indlela uKhongolo-mfutho olusebenza ngayo, izakhamuzi zingasekela kangcono izithakazelo zabo, zihlole ukusebenza kwabameleli bazo, futhi zibe nengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula ngentando yeningi okuchaza ukuhlola kwaseMelika.