Ukuqonda Amandla

Ukungezwani phakathi kohulumeni bendawo nezwe kusekelwe esimisweni sikahulumeni we-U.S., esabela igunya emazingeni amathathu. Ohulumeni boMbuso basekela ubukhosi bomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo (_FLT:'amandla, izifundazwe, amalokishi, izidalwa zikahulumeni, zithatha amandla aso kuhulumeni, kanti ukubusa kwezwe]. Ngaphansi kwezimiso ze- [i-Dillon]] [iSigungu-Dion's [[], ohulumeni bendawo banezindawo ezinikezwa yizwe kuphela, kanti ukubusa kwezindawo zokuhlala] [[FLT]]] imibuso egcwele ukuba ikwazi ukuzibusa ngokwayo, njengoba lezi zenzo zabo zingangqubuzaniswa umthetho womthetho. Izifunda ezingu-40 zezindawo ezithile, kodwa izinqunyuko zezindawo zendawo ezikhona ngokuncikeleleka kwemigomo yezindawo zezindawo zendawo, imposo yezindawo zezindawo zezindawo ezihlukene, ezihlukene, ezihlukene, ezihlukene, eziwu

Izingxabano Zamadolobha Angcwele

Ukulungisa ISan Francisco Nokulungisa KweCalifornia

Isimiso sendlu yasethempelini leSan Francisco siqala emuva ku-19, lapho idolobha lishaya umthetho ovimbela izisebenzi zasedolobheni ukuba zisebenzise imithombo yezimali ukuze zigunyaze imithetho kahulumeni yokufuduka. Ngo-2017, iCalifornia yahlanganisa lendlela nomthetho Kalifornia Values Act [SB 54],, isithiya ukubambisana phakathi komthetho kanye neziphathimandla zokufuduka. Inhlangano ye-Trump yaphindiselwa yi-ku-ku-costarnian, iphikisa ngokuthi i-SB 54 ephikisa umthetho kahulumeni. Inkantolo enkulu yasekela umthetho weCalifornia, kodwa impi yagcizelela imingcele ye-Equalustra ezindaweni zokufuduka.

IDenver Ne - Shift yaseColorado

IColorado inikeza indaba ehlukile. I-Denver iqhubeke isikhathi eside ilandela isimiso somthetho wengcwele, kodwa ngo-2019 isishaya-mthetho sakhipha isishaya-mthetho esifuna imibuso yendawo ukudumisa i-U.S. Ukunqanda nokulawula i-Crotommenter. I-Denver yanikeza icala lombuso, isho ukuthi umthetho wephula umthetho wasekhaya. IColorado Supreme Coloradorado yagcina ngokunquma ukuthi umthetho uphule imithetho yendawo yokufuduka, uphoqelele uDenver ukuba axhase. Lesi sinqumo saqokomisa indlela ohulumeni abangayisebenzisa ngayo ukunqanda isivikelo sendawo yokukhulekela, ngisho nalapho labo bantu bethola ukusekelwa okukhulu kwendawo.

Ukuwa Ngokomthetho Nangokwezombangazwe

Izimpi ezinjalo zidala ukungaqiniseki ngezakhamuzi ezingabhaliwe kanye nobudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho kanye nemiphakathi yabafuduki. Abasekeli bezimiso ezingcwele baphikisa ukuthi bathuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi ngokukhuthaza izisulu nofakazi ukuba baqhubeke ngaphandle kokwesaba ukudingiswa. Abaphikisi bathi balulaza umthetho kahulumeni futhi bafaka ukhuseleko lwesizwe engozini. I-dock of jan. I- ibonisa indlela ubuzwe obulawulayo obungaguquguquki[ obuhlala ngayo buyindawo eshayisa phambili, nohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile benza njengamaphayona enqubeleneo yenkambiso engokwembusweni yesizwe kuphela ukuze ibhekane noma i-patle.

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile: Ukukhulula kwezindawo zomphakathi. Ukukhululwa koMbuso

Ukuvinjelwa Kwepulasitiki Engaphansi Kwedolobha LaseNew York

Ngo-2018, iNew York City yamisa imali engamashumi amahlanu emali ekhokhwayo emasakeni epulasitiki ukuze inciphise ukungcola nokulahlwa. Nokho, uhulumeni waseNew York State, wabheka lendlela njengesimiso esiyisixhaphazi esingadida abathengi futhi sibulale amabhizinisi amancane. Ngo-2020, umbuso washaya umthetho owenqabela izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa eyodwa ezindaweni ezibanzi kodwa waze wahlehlisa ngokuqondile noma izindleko zendawo noma ukuvinjelwa. Idolobha laseNew York kwadingeka ukuba liyibuyisele inkokhelo yalo. Indaba yembula amandla avamile: ishaya inyathelo lokwakha izindinganiso zeyunifomu, kodwa ngokwenza kanjalo bangavimba izinyathelo zendawo ezisebenzela indawo ezungezile.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezindawo EColorado NaseTexas

I-hydrdaulic fractive (ukuvimbela) iye yabangela izimpi ezinkulu zendawo. EColorado, ama-safensi anjengoBoulder noLongmont avimbele ukubhabha phakathi kwemingcele yedolobha. Ikhomishani kahulumeni yalutha le-oyile negesi yabekela lokhu kuvinjelwa inselele, futhi ngo-2016 iColoradorado Suptance Court yaqeda ukuvinjelwa kukaLongmont, ukubusa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni unegunya lokulawula u-oyela negesi endaweni yakhona. Nokho, ngo-201966 umthetho kahulumeni wakhipha umthetho onikeza ohulumeni bendawo igunya elikhulu lokulawula izingozi zezindawo. Ngokufanayo, eTexas, amadolobha anjengoDenton wazama ukuvala i-frack ngo-2014, kodwa i-parvement yadlulisa umthetho wokuvinjelwa okunjalo, iveza isidingo sezimiso zemithetho yomthetho kanye nokuzimonga. Lezimo zezentengo zibonisa indlela izinhlangano zezindawo zendawo zendawo ezivamile zendawo.

Isimo Sezulu Sasendaweni Sisengozini

Muva nje, izifundazwe ezinjenge Florida ne-Arizona ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela ohulumeni bendawo ekuvimbeleni ukuxhumana kwegesi engokwemvelo ezakhiweni ezintsha − ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokusebenza kwesimo sezulu. Ngo-2021, isishaya-mthetho saseFlorida samisa umthetho onqabela ukuvinjelwa kwegesi yemvelo yendawo, ukubekwa kwemithetho emadolobheni afana neTallahassee. Izinyathelo ezifanayo zokuzibekela kwezinye izizwe zinamandla alinganiselwe okuvimbela ukukhishwa kwegesi ezakhiweni, okubangela ukuba kube nengxenye enkulu yegesi ezindaweni ezishisayo zasedolobheni. Ohulumeni bendawo baphikisa ukuthi basemaphetheni okuvimbela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu nokudinga ukuvumelana kwesimiso sogesi, kuyilapho bethi inqubo yamandla kufanele ibe yenzeke ngokufanayo ukuze kugwenywe ukudayiswa kwezindawo zemaketherishi.

Impi Ye - covid - 19 I - Covid Erhwebelanayo Empini Yomphakathi

ITexas Nesifihla - buso Esabangela Impi

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni baphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe ngeziyalezo zokufihla ubuso nokuvala ibhizinisi. ETexas, uMbusi uGreg Abbott wakhipha umyalo ophethe onqabela iziqondiso zokufihla ubuso zendawo ngoMay 2021. Amadolobha amaningana, kuhlanganise no-Austin no-Dallas, amelana nomyalo, waveza izinombolo ezikhundla zamacala. Uchungechunge lwamacala alandela, ekugcineni iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseTexas isekela umbusi, ikhipha lowo mthetho onikeza umbusi wesimo esiphuthumayo ukuba alahle imithetho yempilo yendawo. Ingxabano yashiya izakhamuzi zididelekile ngokuphathelene nemiyalo esetshenziswa futhi zanikela ukuba zinciphise izinga lokugoma ezindaweni lapho izikhulu zendawo zazizizwa zinomuzwa khona ukuthi ziwukungaboni.

Ukuhlasela Kwezembobo Zesikole EFlorida

IFlorida yaba yindatshana yezinkinga zezwe zemfundo nempilo yomphakathi lapho uMbusi uRon DeSantis ekhipha umyalo wokuvimbela izifihla - buso zesikole. Umbuso wasongela ukugodla ukuxhasa ngemali ezifundeni ezazidinga izifihla - buso (ngokwesibonelo, i-Alchau County ne Broward County). Amabhodi esikole asheshisa, futhi nakuba ijaji likahulumeni kamuva lanquma ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke agunyaze isigwebo sezimali ngaphandle kokuzwa, impi yantengaza izinyathelo zokuvikela phakathi nesivinini esibulalayo. Impi yabonisa indlela i-Alachuatua County County engenza ngayo ukusabela kwempilo yomphakathi yendawo, ikakhulukazi emazweni anamandla amakhulu empatho.

Imfundo Engokwemfundo: Ukukhokha Imali, Ukulawula Indawo

Izinsalela Zezifihla - buso Ezikoleni ZaseFlorida

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uhulumeni wezwe waseFlorida waphoqelela kakhulu izimemezelo zesikole zendawo ngezimfuneko zokufihla imbobo. Lendaba yaba yisimemezelo esikhuthaza abasekeli bokulawula bendawo abaphikisa ngokuthi amalungu esikole, akhethwa abazali bendawo futhi alandisa, kufanele enze izinqumo zempilo emiphakathini yabo. Ukuma kukahulumeni kwakuwukuthi abazali kufanele babe nesinqumo sokugcina, hhayi iziteshi zesikole. Lempicabadala yefilosofi yaqokomisa ukucindezeleka okukhulu phakathi kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni nokusabela kwendawo, okungadluli kakhulu kwezinyathelo zempilo.

Ukuvinjelwa Komjaho Obucayi Nezinjini Zokuzisebenzela Zendawo

Enye impikiswano yemfundo yeqembu elishisayo yimfundiso yezinhlanga nezomlando. Izifunda eziningi, kuhlanganise neTexas, iOklahoma, neTennessee, ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela indlela othisha abangaxoxa ngayo ngemiqondo enjengesimiso sobandlululo nelungelo. Izifunda zesikole emadolobheni athuthukayo ziye zahlehla. ETennessee, ibhodi lesikole eNashville yathatha isinqumo esilahla ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni ekufundiseni izindaba ezithile, iphikisa ngokuthi iphazamisa inkululeko yemfundo. Indlu yombuso yazimela ngokusongela ngokugodla imali. Impi yezifundo zesikole ezindaweni ezisemuva iye yaba yimpi yomthetho womthetho wokulawula isikole enquma ukuthi abafundi bafunda inhloko-kosizwe noma umphakathi wendawo.

Ukuxhasa Kwemali Kwendawo

Ohulumeni bakahulumeni bavame ukusebenzisa imali njengesikhali sokuphoqelela ukukhokhwa. Ngo-2021, i-Iowa yanikeza umthetho ofuna ukuba amasifunda esikole anikeze ikhulu elingu 100% ku-perpers akhetha ukufunda; izigodi ezihlulekile ukuvumelana nemali kahulumeni elahlekile. Ngokufanayo, eNew Hampshire, uhulumeni waso wasongela ukusika usizo ezifundeni zesikole ezisebenzisa imiyalelo yokugoma abafundi. La maphuzu awezimali abangela ithonya elihlasimulisayo, avimbela ukuhlola kwendawo ngisho nalapho imiphakathi ifuna imithetho ehlukile. Umphumela ungalahlekelwa izindleko zokwenza izinqumo zendawo, njengoba ibhodi yendawo ilinganisa izindleko zokulwa neziqondiso zikahulumeni ngokulwa nezifiso zayo.

Ezinye Izindawo Zokukhanyisa: Izindlu, Intela, Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izindlu: Ukuzitika Ngendle

Imithetho yokulawula intela yendawo iye yabhekana nomthetho onzima. Ngo-2022, isishaya-mthetho saseTennessee sadlulisa iziphakamiso ezivimbela amadolobha ukuba abeke intela yokulawula, ngokuphumelelayo kubulala umthetho ohlongozwayo eNashville ohloselwe ukunqanda ukuqasha intela. Imithetho efanayo yokukhulula ikhona ezifundazweni ezingaba ngu-30, ngokuvamile evikelwa umnini wendawo namaqembu ezindawo. Abaxhasi bemithetho yokukhokha izikhulu baphikisa ukuthi ukuqasha kwemithetho yokulawula isakhiwo songa futhi banciphisa izakhiwo; abasekeli bendawo baphikisana ngokuthi amadolobha kuphela angathinta ngokushesha izintela zezimakethe ezimaketheko ezishisayo. Lokhu kunamandla ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikhula ngokushesha kakhulu lapho ohulumeni bendawo ngokuvamile bethuthuka kakhulu kunemithetho engoko.

Ukukhokha Intela: Ukuthengisa Intela Nezindawo Zombuso

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu ezintela zentela zentela ezikhokhwayo, kodwa amazwe amaningi avala amazinga endawo noma ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zentela. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Alabama, umbuso unciphise ikhono lamadolobha lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, uphoqelela iBirmingham ukuba inciphise izinkonzo. EWashington, umthetho ka-2019 wakhipha izintela zendawo ze-soda ngemva kokuba uSeattle efake intela yokuphuza ushukela; ukuhamba kukahulumeni kwasekelwa imboni yeziphuzo. Le mithetho inciphisa intela yokuzimela futhi ingenza imiphakathi ithembele ezinkokhiyeni zempahla ezingekho emthethweni esikhundleni sokulawula ukulingana kwezindawo, ukumelana nokungalingani.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi: Ukwehluleka Kwezinguquko Kwamaphoyisa

Ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-202020, amadolobha amaningi acatshangelwa noma amiswa izinqubo zokunciphisa imali yamaphoyisa, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukwenza amabhodi abaphathi abangabukho-buthweni. Ukusabela, njengeFlorida, Missouri, neTexas kwamisa imithetho eqeda izinguquko zamaphoyisa endawo. Imithetho yaseFlorida, ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha avinjiwe “ayawa ezindaweni ezikhona" amaphoyisa anciphisa ukuphepha. / /aye awehla ngokungena ezikhungweni zomphakathi, futhi afaka izijeziso ezikhulwini zendawo ezinciphisa izimali zemali ngaphansi kweminyango ethile.

Izingcindezi Zokubusa Nezenhlalo

Imiphumela enqwabelanayo yalezi zimpi inzima. Izimpi ezingokomthetho zokuncishiswa kwemali yendawo; idolobha lase-Austin lichithe cishe izigidi ezingu-R2 ezikhokhelwa ukuvikela imvume yalo yokufihla imbobo. Ukudideka ukuthi yimiphi imithetho elawula ukukhohlakala komphakathi nokulalela, / abaholi bangawushaya indiva womabili ama-odanti, bekholelwa ukuthi isimiso sobuhlobo phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi nezikhulu zikahulumeni zingaphazamisa ukubambisana ezindabeni ezidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene, njengezethutho noma ukusabela ngenhlekelele. Ngokuyinhloko, lamandla aphakamisa imibuzo ngesimo sedemokhrasi: lapho imibuso yezwe ilulaza imithetho ethandwayo, bangawukhipha uhulumeni abavoti basedolobheni abangase babe nokuthanda okukhulu okuhlukile ezindlini ezindlini ezisemaphandleniyo.

Intethelelo futhi iqeda ukungalingani kwendawo. Izifundazwe zingavimbela ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kwendawo kuyilapho imibuso ekhululekile ingaqeda izimiso zendawo ezithatha indinganiso, kodwa ukuthambekela okugcwele kusekubekeni amandla esilinganisweni sikahulumeni. Lokhu kungashiya imiphakathi encishiswe ngokwezinga eliphansi emadolobheni [1] ngokuvamile igcwele emadolobheni ngaphandle kwamathuluzi okusingatha izidingo zawo eziqondile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlengwa kwamandla ezwe kungaqinisekisa izinga lokudlala emabhizinisini futhi kuvimbele umsebenzi ombaxabayo wemithetho evimbela ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda ukubusa kweMelika. Ukucindezela phakathi kwegunya lombuso nelombuso akukusha; kuye kwaba isici sobuzwe kusukela ekusungulweni. Kodwa enkathini yokubekwa kwezombangazwe okukhulu, ukuhlengwa kuye kwaba icebo lokuphoqelela ohulumeni bamazwe ukuba baphoqelele iziphakamiso zokubusa ezihlukene kuwo wonke amazwe, ngokuvamile ukusekela izici ezinkulu zendawo. Imiphumela idlulela ngalé kwesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukunquma I - Féderalism Entsha

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ibhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele − kusukela ezinhluphekweni zezindlu kuya ezinkingeni zesimo sezulu esishintshayo − ikhono lohulumeni bendawo lokusabela ngokuphumelelayo liyoxhomeka ekuzimiseleni kwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukunikeza noma ukuzigoma. Ucwaningo oluxoxiwe lapha lubonisa ukuthi ukulwa kwamandla akuyona izinkolelo ezicatshangelwayo kodwa kuphila ngemiphumela engokoqobo. Bembula ukuthi izingxabano zendawo zilinganiselwe ngokulawula okungokomthetho futhi zingezona imibono ephikisanayo yokuthi ubani okufanele abuse futhi kuzuze yena.

Phambili kokubheka izinguquko zingahlanganisa izikhuselo ezicacile zomthetho-mthetho ezisemthethweni ezilawula ukubusa ekhaya, ukubukeza ukumiswa kwegunya elibekwe ngaphambili, noma ngisho ukungenela kukahulumeni ukuze kunqandwe ukuhlengwa kwezwe ezindaweni ezinjengempilo yomphakathi. Nokho, izinguquko ezinjalo zibhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe eziwumqansa. Okwamanje, abaholi bendawo kumelwe bahambe ngezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile bafune izindlela zokuvikela igunya labo. Abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi bangazuza ekuqondeni lamandla angezona i-arcane trivia engokomthetho kodwa njengemibuzo eyinhloko yamandla, i-ehistory, kanye nesibopho somphakathi. Ikusasa lokubusa liyololongwa ngendlela esiphendula ngayo.