Isiqalo: Okwenza Izinqumo Zikahulumeni Zibaluleke Kuwe

Kunoma imuphi umMelika oneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65 ubudala uncike eMnyangweni wezempilo obalulekile. Izigidi zabafundi zithembele kuPell Grants ukuze zikhokhe ikholiji. Imigwaqo eshelelayo ohamba kuyo, ukuhlola ukuphepha esitolo sakho, nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi ezibamba izisebenzi phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, yonke imiphumela eqondile, ukukhetha okwenziwa ngamabomu yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezinhlelo aziveli ngomlingo. Ziwumkhiqizo wokugcina wenqubo ehleliwe, ngokuvamile enzima, yezokwenza izinqumo ezihilela izomnotho, imicimbi yezombangazwe, ulwazi, nomphakathi. Ukuqonda kahle ukuthi izinhlelo zezinhlelo zohulumeni zinquma kanjani ukuxhasa nokuzilawula ukuba usebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni ukuze uqondise lezi zinhlelo futhi uzenze ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi uhlanganyele enqubweni ngokwayo.

Uhambo olusuka enkingeni yesocioti kuya kuhlelo lukahulumeni olusebenza ngokugcwele lwaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo we-policy. Lomjikelezo unikeza uhlelo lokuqonda izinyathelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilelekile [1] kusukela ekutholeni uhlelo oluhlobanayo lokuhlola ukuthi lusebenza ngempela yini. Lesi sihloko siphula umjikelezo, sihlola izici eziyinhloko ezithonya abenzi-sinqumo, futhi sihlole izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlelo eziklanyelwe ukusiza izakhamuzi.

Izici Zomkhomo Ezilawula Izinqumo Zomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe uhlelo, abakhi bezimiso kumelwe bahlole izinhlobonhlobo zamandla ancintisanayo.

Amaqiniso Angokomnotho Nezinkinga Zohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Impoqo enkulu kunoma yisiphi isimiso sikahulumeni yimali yokuhlela. Ohulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahulumeni, umbuso, noma indawo, abanayo imali abangenayo (ngaphandle kokuboleka, okudala imingcele yayo). Zonke iziphakamiso zomthetho kumelwe ziphendule umbuzo: "Kuzokhokhwa kanjani lokhu?" Lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela ekusebenziseni imali enzima. Ukuxhasa ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempilo somuntu omusha oyisigelekeqe kungadinga ukuqopha imali esekelwe ezisekelweni ezisekelwe kumthetho ezikhona noma ekuphakamiseni intela.

Izinhlangano ezizimele njenge- Ihhovisi Lohlelo lokuhlela (CBO) zifeza indima ebalulekile lapha. Zinikeza "amashumi amahlanu" emithetho ehlongozwayo, ziveza izindleko zohlelo eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi. Lezi zilinganiso ngokuvamile zenza noma zephula umthetho. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa lemininingwane ebanzi ukuhlela izinhlelo ezinikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu ekukhokheleni umkhokhi wentela.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nokukhohlisa

Kuyintando yeningi emelelwa abameleli bentando yeningi, intando yabantu inesilinganiso esikhulu. Ukushintshashintsha kombono womphakathi − njengokusekela okukhulu ekulungiseni ukwahlulela kobugebengu noma ukwehlisa izindleko zemilaliso kadokotela — kuphoqelele ukuba impikiswano ephambili kumthetho wemithetho. Abenzi bemithetho bavumelana kakhulu nezidingo zabantu babo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhetha.

Ngaphandle kombono womphakathi ongavumelekile, ihlelwe ngamaqembu aneziqu (njenga-ARP, i-Sierra Club, noma i-Creaty) inethonya elikhulu. Lamaqembu anikeza ubuchwepheshe, aqhube imikhankaso yokukhangisa, futhi athumele abavoti ukuba basekele noma baphikise izinhlelo ezithile. Ukucindezela phakathi komzwelo womphakathi omkhulu nesithakazelo esibanzi kuyisici esichazayo sezwe lezenziwa.

Ukukhula Nokuhola Kwezombangazwe

Iqembu lezombangazwe eliphethe liletha umqondo oqondile futhi lihlele izinto eziza kuqala etafuleni. Iningi elingase libeke intela enqunyiweyo, kuyilapho iningi lingase lifune amanetha okuphepha okungokwenhlalo kanye nokutshala umphakathi. umongameli noma uMbusi ngokuvamile uhlela umsindo, esebenzisa ipulatifomu yabo ukusekela izinhlelo zokusayina (umz., i-Affordable Care Act, i-Inflate Reduction Act).

Umholi wemithetho (uSithethi we House, iMajority Leaders) ulawula ikhalenda futhi anqume ukuthi iziphi izikweletu ezithola ivoti. Lokhu kugcinwa kwesango lezombangazwe kusho ukuthi ngisho nemibono ethandwayo ingafa ngaphandle kompetha enamandla esendaweni efanele.

Ubufakazi, Ukwaziswa, Nokuhlaziya Okukhaliphile

Ukubusa kwanamuhla kushukunyiswa kakhulu ukwaziswa. "Ukwenza inqubo esekelwe kumthetho" kuwumkhuba wokusebenzisa ukucwaninga okunzima, ukuhlola okulawulwa ngokungenazimiso, nokuhlaziya ngokwezibalo ukuze kubonwe ukuthi iziphi izinhlelo ezisebenzayo ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Institutitute of Education Sciences[ ihlola ukungenela kwemfundo ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zokufundisa eziveza imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Qetha amathangi (njenge-Brookings Institution, i-Health Foundation, ne-RAND Nhlangano) inikeza imiyalo eminingi yezimiso. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni njenge-Ofisi yokuQeqelela ukuqulwa komthetho (GAO) ukufundisa ukuphenya nokuhlola, ukunikeza iSishaya-Mnyango ukuhlaziywa kokuthi izinhlelo ziyasebenza yini futhi ziphumelela. Abenzi bomthetho bathembela kule mininingwane ukuze bagweme ukuphinda amaphutha ehholo nokuthethelela ukusetshenziswa kwemali yokukhokha intela.

Ukuqonda Umjikelezo: Isiqondiso Esilandelanayo

Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso somphakathi akuvamile ukwenzeka ngobusuku obubodwa.

Isiteji 1: Agenda-emiswayo

Kungani enye indaba ithathwa inganakiwe enye ishaywa indiva? Izimpawu eziningana zingabangela inkinga ekuhleleni:

  • [[UMHLABA] I-Crisris noma inhlekelele: Inhlekelele engokwemvelo enjengeSiphepho uKatrina noma inkinga yempilo yomphakathi njengobhadane lwe-opioid ibangela isidingo esisheshayo sokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.
  • [ Ukunakekela kwe-Media: Ukucophelela kwezindaba kungaguqula indaba esendaweni (njengetyala lomfundi) libe yinto yokuqala ezweni.
  • Izenzakalo zokuthungatha: Isenzakalo esisodwa, esishaqisayo singashintsha umbono womphakathi ngobusuku obubodwa.
  • I-Advocacy eqinile: A isisekelo esiphezulu sezinhlamvu, izingcingo, nokubhikisha kungaphoqelela abakhi bomthetho ukuba benze.

Phakathi nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, inkinga iyachazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga yokutholakala kokudla, ukutholakala kokudla, noma imfundo ngokondleka? Inkinga ihlelwa kanjani ukuthi yimaphi amakhambi acatshangelwayo kamuva.

Izitembu 2: Ukumiswa Kwesimiso

Uma nje sekuhleliwe, kuqala ukufuna amakhambi. Yilapho kuvulelwa khona imiqondo ibe yizihlongozo zikakhonkolo. Abadlali abahlukahlukene bayahileleka:

  • Imithetho ye-Profectment Actives: ama-bureadat phakathi kweminyango (umz., Impilo neNkonzo Yobuntu, uMnyango wemfundo) udweba ulimi lwezobuchwepheshe nezimiso ezisekelwe ebuchwephesheni babo.
  • [ Abameli kanye nomphathi wabo: Amalungu oMkhandlu noma izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zezindleko zokulungisa izintambo, ngokuvamile ngokufaka kwabangenisi kanye namathangi okucabanga.
  • [ Amandla neMikhandlu: Uhulumeni angahlanganisa iqembu lochwepheshe ukuze ahlole umagazini futhi atuse izenzo ezithile.

Kuxoxwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha. Ingabe loluhlelo kufanele lunikeze izakhamuzi imali eqondile?

Isisekelo 3: Ukwenza izinqumo nomthetho

Lokhu "kunzima"---* ukuthatha isihlongozo esivunyiwe. Kumthetho kahulumeni wase-U.S., lokhu kudinga ukuhamba nge-plogin eyinkimbinkimbi:

  1. [ Committee Review: Imali yabelwe ikomiti (umzk., iKomiti yezemali yeSigele) lapho idingidwa khona, ilungiswe, futhi kukhulunywe futhi "ibikwa" egumbini eligcwele noma ibulawe.
  2. [[INQANAWA:0] Impikiswano ye-Floor and Vote: Indlu egcwele noma iSigele siphikisana. AmaFilibuster kuSigeqe angadinga ukuqashelwa okukhulu okungama-60 ukuze kudluliswe umthetho omningi.
  3. Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa: Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti ehlangene iveza ukungezwani.
  4. [ Imvume esebenzayo: Isivumelwano sokugcina sithunyelwa kuMongameli (noma uMbusi) ukuze sisayinwe. Isikhulu singasayina emthethweni noma kuwo. Iveto ingangangagcwaliswa ngamavoti amabili-3 kulawo makamu.

Kuleli qophelo lapho izici zezombangazwe (izici zomphakathi, imibono yomphakathi, ukusekela) zingqubuzana khona nemithetho yemithetho.

Isigaba 4: Isenzo

Ukudlulisa umthetho kumane kuyisiqalo. Ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuhumusha inhloso yokushaya umthetho ngezinkonzo ezingokoqobo emhlabeni. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukwenza inqubo yomthetho..

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zibhala iziqondiso ezichaza kahle ukuthi ubani ofanelekela, ukuthi angasetshenziswa kanjani, nendlela uhlelo olusebenza ngayo. Umphakathi ungaphawula kaningi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo ngezindawo ezinjenge .gov. Ukufakelwa kubhekene nezinselele ezinjenge:

  • I-Bureaucatic Capasatactatic : Ingabe i-'ikhompathimenti inezisebenzi ezanele nobuchwepheshe obungalawula uhlelo?
  • Imithetho yeVatgue iholela ekufinyezweni okungavumelani.
  • [ Izimo ezingalindelekile: Uhlelo oluklanywe ekuwohlokeni kwezomnotho lungasebenza ngendlela ehlukile kwezomnotho ezichumayo.

Izigidi zezakhamuzi zisebenzisa i - computer ukuze zihlangane ngokuqondile nohulumeni.

Isitezi 5: Ukuhlola Nokudla

Alukho uhlelo olubekwe etsheni; ohulumeni bayakubuza njalo ukuthi: “Loluhlelo luyasebenza na? Ukuhlola kuhlanganisa ukulinganisa imiphumela ebekwe emigomweni emisiwe. Abadlali abayinhloko kuleli zinga bahlanganisa:

  • Ihhovisi likahulumeni lokulandisa (GAO): Imisebenzi njengengalo yophenya yeSishaya-mthetho, ukuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo.
  • Imishini ehlolayo (IGs): ifakelwe ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ukuqeda ukukhwabanisa, udoti, nokuxhaphaza.
  • [ Abacwaningi abazimele: Ukwehluleka kanye nokucabanga kufundisa umphumela wohlelo.

Imiphumela yokuhlola ibuye ibuyele emuva esitejini esihleliwe. Uma uhlelo lutholaka lungasebenzi, lungashintshwa, lususwe, noma lunqanyulwe. Lokhu kwenza uhlelo lube yi-ecryply eqhubekayo kunokuba lube umugqa oqondile.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezinhlelo Zomphakathi

Ohulumeni basebenzisa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene eziklanyelwe ukusiza izakhamuzi.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Ukukhathazeka kwezempilo kungenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- Medicare (yasebekhulile), Medicaid[ (kubantu abaphansi kakhulu kanye nemikhaya), kanye ne- uhlelo lwezempilo lwe-Mishuwalenser (CP) lunikeza ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni kokwelapha izigidi zabantu baseMelika. Isinqumo lapha sihilela ukuxoxa nezinkampani zomshuwalense, izibhedlela, nezinkampani zokuthaka imithi ukuze zilawule lapho zinakekela izinga lokunakekela.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Esebenzayo

Kusukela kuK-12 kuya kusizo lwezezimali zasekolishi, imfundo iyitshe eliyitshe lesisekelo lokusekela kukahulumeni. Uhlelo uPall Grant lunikeza iziphakamiso ezisekelwe ekutholeni imfundo ephansi. Izinqumo eziphathelene nenqubo yemfundo zivame ukuhilela izimpikiswano ezimayelana nokulawula kwezwe, ukuhlola okuvamile, nokuxhasa ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi ngokusekela phambili kwemfundo yezemfundo.

Ukulondeka Kwezomnotho Nomshuwalense Wezenhlalo

Lezinhlelo zisebenza njengenetha lokuphepha kubantu ababhekene nobunzima. SACY] SPAP inikeza iholo lomhlalaphansi, kuyilapho umshuwalense wokungasebenzi [ unikeza ukusekela kwesikhashana kwezisebenzi ezilahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo. SNAP [Uhlelo lwezentengiselwano olungokwezimo olungenisa amanzi olungenisa amanzi anele] [[FLT], owayaziwa njengezitembu zokudla, usiza ukuthenga ukudla okuphansi kwemikhaya. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukuvezwa ngemithetho eqinile futhi zibekwa ezingenisweni zezombangazwe ngokuphathelenembukwazo zobungako kanye nezinzuzo zayo.

Intuthuko Yezindlu Nezenhlalo

Izindlu eziphephile nezingakhokhwa ziyisidingo esibucayi. Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinjenge Ukukhetha 8 Izindawo Zokukhetha zisiza imindeni ekhokhayo ephansi eqasha amakhaya emakethe. Ukuthutha kwe House nentuthuko yeUrban (HUD)[FLT] futhi nezimali zemisebenzi yezindlu zomphakathi kanye neziphakamiso zomphakathi. Izinqumo lapha zithonywa kakhulu yizentengiselwano yezindawo zangempela kanye nemithetho elawulayo.

Isimo Sendlela Yokukhetha Nezimiso Zokuklama

Njengoba kunezidingo eziningi kangaka nemithombo elinganiselwe, ohulumeni banquma kanjani ukuthi yimuphi umklamo okhethekile okufanele bawukhethe? Basebenzisa izinqumo eziningana ezibalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Ukulahlekelwa Nokubuya Kwemali

Abenzi bezimiso babheka izinhlelo eziveza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yezindleko eziphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqhathanisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zenkinga efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe kushibhile ukwakha amajele engeziwe noma ukusekela imfundo yobuntwana ukuze kuncishiswe ubugebengu? Uhlelo olubiza kakhulu lungakhethwa uma longa imali eningi esikhathini eside (umz., ukuvikelwa kwempilo).

Ukungakhethi Nobulungisa

Ohulumeni kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi uhlelo lusakaza izinzuzo zalo ngokulinganayo emaqenjini ahlukene amanani abantu. Ingabe ukuphulwa kwentela kuyabasekela abacebile? Ingabe ikholiji linikeza abafundi basemaphandleni impumelelo njengasemadolobheni? Ukukhetha [[[FLT: 0]] ukungalingani kuvame ukudinga ingcebo esetshenziselwa imiphakathi ethile eyake yagcinwa ngokomlando, okungaba inselele eyinkimbinkimbi nebucayi.

Ukungabi Naso Isimiso Sezombangazwe Nesezisebenzi

Uhlelo oluphelele ephepheni alunamsebenzi uma lungenakudluliswa noma lunganikezwa. umbuzo: "Lokhu kungadlula kuKhongolose? Ukungaqondi kwe-athonsi kubuza: "Inhlangano ingayisebenzisa ngempela lento ngaphandle kokuphuka?] Uhlelo olunzima kakhulu ukuba luchaze noma kube nzima kakhulu ukulusebenzisa ngokunokwenzeka luzoba nezinga eliphansi lokuhlanganyela namazinga amaphutha aphakeme.

Ubufakazi Bokuphumelela

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, umniningwane uyinkosi. Izinhlelo eziye zavunyelelwa ukuba zisebenze ezifundweni eziqinile zivame ukuxhaswe futhi zandiswe. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ukusekela-kusekelwe" noma "data-driven" inkambiso. Ukusetshenziswa kokulingwa okulawulwayo (RCTS) enkambisweni yezenhlalo kuye kwakhula kakhulu, kuvumela ohulumeni ukusebenzisa isisekelo esifanayo sesayensi ezinhlelweni zezenhlalo ezisiza amakhemikhali ezisizayo ezidakamizweni ezintsha.

Indlela Ongahlanganyela Ngayo Nale Nkambi

Inqubo yokwenza isinqumo ingase ibonakale ikude, kodwa kunezindlela eziningana izakhamuzi ezingayithonya ngazo. Ukuhlanganyela nenqubo yokwenza imithetho kungenye yezindlela eziqonde kakhulu. Uma i-sethi kahulumeni ihlela imithetho emisha yohlelo, ikhipha isaziso kuFederal Register futhi imema izinkulumo zomphakathi. Lokhu kukhulumela kungaguqula futhi kushintshe imithetho yokugcina.

Ukukhuluma kukhetho lwendawo, lombuso, nohulumeni kuyindlela edlula zonke. Ukuqonda lapho abazobhapathizwa bemi khona ezimisweni ezithile (njenge-Social Security okanye Medicare) kukuvumela ukuba wenze ukukhetha kolwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthinta abameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze uxoxe ngendaba yakho siqu ngendlela uhlelo olwasiza ngayo (noma lwehlulekile) unikeza uhlobo lolwazi lomuntu olungenakuthathwa izibalo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yendlela ohulumeni abanquma ukukusiza ngayo iwukuhlelwa kwenani eliyinkimbinkimbi lemali esetshenziswayo, amandla ezombangazwe, ukucindezela komphakathi, kanye nokwaziswa okunzima. Ukuqonda umjikelezo wesimiso (ukusukela ekuhleleni izinhlelo ukuze uhlole) / ukuveza ukuthi lezi zinqumo aziyona into ezenzekelayo. Ziwumphumela wesinyathelo esihlelwe kahle, esingahlelekile, sobudemokhrasi. Ngokufunda abenzi bezimiso zomthetho abasebenzisa ukukhetha nokuklama izinhlelo, uzuza amathuluzi okusekela ngokuphumelelayo izinkonzo ezidingwa umphakathi wakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufaka isicelo sosizo noma uvota nje kukhetho olulandelayo, lolu lwazi luyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuguquleni izinhloso zikahulumeni ezweni langempela.