Ukulingana kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyinkinga eyinhloko yezombangazwe yanoma yimuphi umphakathi okhululekile. Uhulumeni kumelwe ube namandla anele okugcina ukuhleleka, ukunikeza izinto zomphakathi, nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, lawo mandla, uma enganqandwa, angasetshenziselwa ukucindezela abantu abahloselwe ukuba bakhonze. Ukuqeda lesi simo kudinga ukuhlelwa kwemingcele eyinkimbinkimbi nenqolobane yokwethenjwa komphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zici zisebenza kanjani akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo; kuyimfuneko yokuba isakhamuzi esinenkuphelo futhi esifundile.

Umklamo Womqondo Kahulumeni Olinganiselwe

Umqondo oyisisekelo kahulumeni olinganiselwe ukuthi umbuso wezombangazwe akufanele ugxilwe kunoma imuphi umuntu noma inhlangano. Kunalokho, kufanele wabelwe emagatsheni nasemazingeni amaningi kahulumeni, ngalinye lihlola amanye. Lo kwakhiwa kwakhiwe ngezimiso zokuhlukanisa imibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nohulumeni.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuhlukanisa UMbusi

Inkolelo-lwazi yanamuhla yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ihlobene kakhulu nesazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi Ukukhanyiselwa uMontesquieu, owaphikisa . Umoya woMthetho [ ukuthi inkululeko igcinwe kangcono lapho umthetho wemithetho, umphathi, namandla ohulumeni, kanye nemibuso yokwahlulela kahulumeni bebanjwa ngemikhakhakha ehlukene. Le misebenzi yathathwa ngamagatsha ahlukene aseMelika, ayibona njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekubusweni kobushiqela. Igatsha le-gesageo (Confell) lenza imithetho, igatsha eliphethe (umongameli) (inkantolo) iyenze iphoqeke, negatsha lokwahlulela (izinkantolo) liyichaza. Ngokuwabela lemisebenzi emagatsheni ahlukene, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu angawakho namunye agunya futhi angawagunyazeli.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukwahlukana okuqinile okutholakala ezimisweni zobumongameli njengase-United States kuphikisana nokuhlanganiswa kwamagunya atholakala ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom. Esimisweni sephalamende, umphathi uthathwa ngokuqondile esimisweni somthetho, akha ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwamagatsha amabili. Nakuba lokhu kuvumela ukwenza umthetho ophumelela kakhulu, kunciphisa futhi ukuxabana kwezinhlangano okusebenza njengesehlo emandleni empathini empala. Zombili lezizimo zempathili zinamandla nobuthakathaka, kodwa zihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo: ukuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwegunya okungagwegwegwegwesiwe.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukubambisana Okuphoqelelayo

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwamagunya kwabela amagatsha ahlukene imisebenzi ehlukene, amashekethi nokulinganisa [ kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye linethonya elinamandla phezu kwamanye, liphoqelela ukuba lisebenzisane futhi lincintisane. Umthetho-sisekelo unganikeza izibonelo ezivelele. UMongameli angawudlulisa umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-Mnyango, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowo nyaka nesikhulu. UMongameli unamajajinatha nabahluleli abaphezulu, kodwa iSikhundla kumelwe siwaqinisekise. [v:] [5] [5] Le komiti ingamemezela imithetho edluliselwe yiSishayamthetho nezenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli owembutho, ngokusekela amandla [FOFON:], ngokuzinye.[5] [5], ngokusekela abanye abantu.[5] [uhlulwa yi-fut] [e, u-furightase:[F] [ev] [east]

Umphakathi: Inhlolo - vo Yezwe Ngombuso

Imingcele yamandla ayigcini ngokumile kodwa futhi iqonde. I-Federalism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kwe-demokrati, uhulumeni wezwe nesifundazwe noma ohulumeni besifunda. Lokhu kwakha ukuhlola okunamandla egunyeni eliphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingaphansi kwezindawo ezimbili ezihlukene, ngasinye singasebenza njenge-cheke kwezinye. Amazwe angasebenza njenge " iziphathi-misebenzi zentando yeningi [, ukuzama ngezimiso ezihlukene ezingokwezempilo, imfundo, nemithetho yendawo ezungezile. Lesi sakhiwo esihloniphekile sivimbela uhulumeni wesizwe ekulawuleni zonke izici zokuphila ezifanayo futhi sinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungenayo ukuze zihlangane nohulumeni wabo.

Izikhali Zokulawulwa Uhulumeni

Lezi zimiso ezingokomthetho nezingokwezinhlangano zichaza imingcele ethile yesenzo sikahulumeni futhi zinikeza izindlela zokulungisa lapho leyomingcele inqanyulwa.

Ubumthetho - sisekelo Nokubusa Komthetho

Ithuluzi eliyisisekelo kakhulu umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe [[[FLT: 1] omisa umthetho "ophezulu" obopha wonke amagatsha kahulumeni. Umthetho-mthetho uyisisekelo sokuthi igunya likahulumeni lichazwa futhi lilinganiselwe ngalomthetho ophakeme. Akukho mthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha esingaphula umthetho, ngisho noma uthandwa. Lona umongo womthetho womthetho : umqondo wokuthi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ungaphansi komthetho. Imithetho-mthetho yemithetho yezomthetho ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okuzisusa, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amalungelo athile abalulekile angenakushintshwa yi-propatiodmentalmentation.

Izincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu Nemithetho Yamalungelo Abantu

Izimemezelo ezisemthethweni zamalungelo abantu ngabanye ziklanyelwe ukuveza indinganiso yokuzibusa okungenakuhlaselwa uhulumeni. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi edumile njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana, kanye nesivikelo sokubunjwa kwemithetho efana nelungelo lokuhlola nokuvikela amalungelo angenangqondo. Izindleko zamalungelo abantu namuhla, njengale i-Canadian Chater of Rights and Freedom noma i-Aft Bill of Rights yase-Afrika] yeze yokuhlola nokuwaphula ngokungenangqondo , futhi ihlanganisa amalungelo aqondile emfundo, indlu, nokukhathalela impilo, ukubopha umsebenzi esimweni sokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngokufaka umthetho omthetho, yenza isithiyo esobala, isithiyo emelene nezenzo ezingokomthetho ezimelene nemithetho ezingokomthetho ezithiwe.

Izivikelo Zemvelo Nenqubo Efanele

Isimiso sibalulekile, kodwa nenqubo. Ngokomlando, ukuvikela kwenkululeko ngokuvamile kuxhomeke emininingwaneni yezinqubo zomthetho. Inqubo elindelekile [ ifuna uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile nezimisiwe ngaphambi kokuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuqaphela izikhalo, ilungelo lokuzwa, ilungelo lokuzimela, ilungelo lokudlulisela izimpawu ezingokomthetho, kanye nelungelo lokudlulisa. Ezinye izixwayiso ze-proctementation zihlanganisa [[FLT:] [FLT:] [FFF]], [FLT:], okubangela imithetho yokuzinza ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe, ukuphoqekelisa; [FLT] imithetho ephakeme] [5], i-futvolunterrence, ichaza i-Greasethi yombuso we-Genethiwe-FM] [F], futhi i-FMT] i-osethi:[5], i-FM.[5], echaza i-osethi: "injini engaphezulu], engaphezulu

Ukwethenjwa Umphakathi: Imali Ebalulekile Yokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Izimiso zomthetho nezinhlangano zodwa akwanele. asikho isimiso sikahulumeni esingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwemvume nokuthembana okusebenzayo kwabantu baso.

Izinga Elibili Lokwethemba: Ukubambisana Nobuqotho

Ithemba lezombangazwe aliwona umuzwa owodwa. Lihlala ezinsikeni ezimbili ezihlukene: ukulingana kanye ne[FLT]]. Izakhamuzi zithemba uhulumeni wazo ukuba anikeze izinkonzo eziyisisekelo . Okufana nokulondeka, izisekelo, impilo yomphakathi, ngokuphumelelayo nempumelelo. Lokhu kuthemba [ ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi[.] Uhulumeni ohlulekayo ukulawula umnotho, ukusabela enhlekeleleni engokwemvelo, noma unikeza ukuphepha komphakathi uyolahlekelwa ukuthemba kwabantu bawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyinikelele izinhloso zawo ezinhle.

Kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuthembela kuthembekile.] Inkolelo yokuthi uhulumeni uyokwenza ngokwethembeka, ngokungakhethi, futhi unesithakazelo emphakathini kunokuba ufune inzuzo yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nemingcele esiye saxoxa ngayo. Uhulumeni ohlonipha imingcele engokomthetho, uhlonipha amalungelo amancane, futhi ubheka izikhulu zakhe ezinecala lokonakala kuqinisa ukwethemba umphakathi. Uhulumeni odelela imithetho yakhe siqu, awuwunaki umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, noma izenzo zokuwuchitha ngokufihla. AmaScandra, ukubekwa ngokwezigobe zezombangazwe, nokuqondwa kokonakala kwezimiso zezombangazwe kuqeda amandla alokhu kuthenjwa kobuqotho.

Isisekelo Sezenhlalo Njengesisekelo Sokwethenjwa

Ukuthethelela kwefilosofi yalobu buhlobo kutholakala emfundisweni yesivumelwano sezenhlalo. Abacabangi abanjengoThomas Hobbes, John Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau bafuna ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu abanengqondo bevuma ukunikela inkululeko yabo ethile egunyeni elibusayo. Kulolu hlobo lwesivumelwano, abantu bavumelana ngokusemthethweni ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, enkululeko, nasempahleni. Uma uhulumeni ephula uhlangothi lwawo lwemali, abantu banelungelo lokumelana nalo futhi bathathe isikhundla esikhundleni salo. [FLT:] Le mibandela iwumbhede wokuthenjelwa umphakathi.[FLT:] [FLT] Izakhamuzi zizimisele ukulalela umthetho futhi zikholelwa ekukhokheni intela ngenxa yezenzo zabo. [FLT:]

Ukwanda Kokwethenjwa: Ukulinganisa Ukuthambekela Kwembulunga Yonke

Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuye kwehla kakhulu cishe kuyo yonke imibuso yentando yeningi ethuthukisiwe. Ukuhlola okunjenge- Edelman Trust Barometer nokuhlola [[FLT:]] i-Pew Research Center [ njalo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abambalwa namuhla bakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wabo uthembekile, uyasebenza, noma uyasabela ezidingweni zabo. Lokhu kuncipha kuqhutshwa yizici eziningi: ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwezomnotho, imiholo ehlukene futhi ngokuvamile ehlukanisayo, nokuhluleka okucatshangwayo kwezinhlangano zezentengo zezombangazwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zesikhathi eside njengokushintsha isimo sezulu nenguquko yemali. Uma ukukhokhwa kwethemba kubangela ukuncishiswa okuyingozi. Uma izakhamuzi cishe kunciphiswana kwezentengo yomphakathi, futhi kusekelana kakhulu, futhi kusekela ngokuzithandela, futhi kusekelana abaholi abaholi abaholi abakhonzi bethembisa "oddrad" abakhonyukisweyo."

Izenzakalo Ezivelele Ezingokomlando Ekulinganiseleni Amandla

Umlando ugcwele izikhathi ezibucayi lapho imiphakathi izama ngokuphumelelayo (noma ngokungaphumeleli) ukuphoqelela igunya eliwubushiqela.

I - arc Ende Esuka EMagna Carta Iya Ekuvukeleni Okukhazimulayo

Isenzakalo esibalulekile sakuqala kwakuwukubekwa uphawu kukaMagna Carta ngo-1215. Nakuba le ncwadi yayivame ukuboniswa, yayiyisivumelwano esisebenzayo sezombangazwe esaphoqelela iNkosi uJohn yamaNgisi ukuba ivume ukuthi amandla ayo ayengaphansi komthetho. Yamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi ayinakukwazi ukukhokha izintela ngaphandle kwemvume yamabhayisekili ayo futhi akukho muntu okhululekile oboshelwa "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yayo noma umthetho wezwe." Lo mbhalo wamuva uyisiqalo esiqondile senqubo yanamuhla. [[FLT:]] iSikole samalungelo [[FLT:] [FOLT] samalungelo [12], salandela iGOlity, ngokulandela i-Gloult, waqhubeka ngokuvimbela imithetho yemithetho ye-mostst noma ngokuvala umthetho we-parvence, noma ngokuvimbela imithetho ye-parvement (indlu]) yesizwe) ngokusekela isihlalo sesizwe. [inqulumo yombuso. [[FLT]]]]]]

Umzamo WaseMelika: Ukulinganiselwa Okungenalusizo Komthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo we-United States ka 1787 wawuwumzamo wokuqala wanamuhla wokwakha uhulumeni wezwe osekelwe ngokuphelele ekhelini elibhalweyo lamagunya alinganiselweyo nabalikiwe. Abasunguli babesola kakhulu amandla akhethekile. Badala isimiso sezinhlangano ezihlukene zokuhlanganyela amandla, nesimiso sezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izimiso zokuqala eziyishumi, ezaziwa njenge- BIBY yamalungelo [[ (1791]), yenezelwa ngokuqondile ekukhulumeni izinkathazo ze-Anti-Fédalist ezazisaba uhulumeni omusha wesizwe ukuba ungene inkululeko ngayinye. Loluhlelo lwabonakala lusebenza njengesibonelo esivelele sezizwe ezinhlobo olulinganayo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wangemva Kwempi Nokudlondlobala Kwamalungelo Abantu

Unya olukhulu lweMpi Yezwe Yesibili nemibuso yobushiqela yaseJalimane lobuNazi ne-Italy yobuFascist kwaholela ekucabangeni okujulile ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomphakathi. UDeclaration of Human Rights [ (1948)) yamisa indinganiso yembulunga yonke yesithunzi sabantu. EYurophu, ukumiswa kwe [FLT:] [u-Eupan]] iNkantolo yamalungelo abantu [[ yanika izakhamuzi izakhamuzi i-spectalal forum forum [[[[FLT] ukuze zigcine ohulumeni bazo siqu benecala lokuphulwa kwamalungelo. [FLD:4] Umthetho oqinile] [FOLD] [5] [1949] owenziwe ngokunyeleleyo engxenyeni yomthetho womthetho ongokomthetho we-mthetho ne-"indease-" ihlanganise izimo ze-mthetho ze-demothemo ye-ose.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Kulempicabadala

Umlando uyaqhubeka uhlela uhulumeni olinganiselwe, ubhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu neziyintsha ekhulwini lama - 21.

Isifundazwe Esiyizibalo: Ukwanda Kwamandla Nemithetho Yomthetho

Inguquko yemitapo inesiphiwo esingazange sibonwe sohulumeni sokuhlola nokuqoqana kokwaziswa. IsAmbulo ngezinhlelo zokuhlola okukhulu ze-National Security Agency (NSA nezinye izinhlangano zobuhlakani siye saqokomisa igebe elikhulu phakathi komthetho ezincwadini namakhono obuchwepheshe bamazwe. Amandla okuhlola ukuxhumana, ukunyakazisa, nokuhlaziya ulwazi lomuntu siqu sidala ukungalingani okuyisisekelo phakathi kwesazi sezakhamuzi nombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa [kuka-[FLT: 0]] kwamandla empucushini ezincwadini kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe. Amandla okuqondisa noma ukuqondisa izinqumo zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokugwetshwa kobugebengu, ukuhleleka, ukuhleleka komthetho, nokuphatha imicimbi engokomthetho. Uma i-algolistism ihluleka ukuzuzisa noma ukuphethwa kwemisebe, ingasibekela kanjani isinqumo esibhekene noma ukuvivinyanisa imibandela engokomthetho womthetho ongokomthetho.

Ukusekela Intando Yeningi Nokubusa

Mhlawumbe inselele enzima kakhulu namuhla ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwezimiso zentando yeningi nezinhlangano ezikhona ngaphakathi. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuphambuka kwezentando yeningi, akuvamile ukuhlanganisa ukubusa ngesivinini sezempi. Kunalokho, kwenzeka kancane kancane, njengoba abaholi abakhethiwe bekwenza buthaka ukuhlolwa kwemibuso yabo. Bangamisa izinkantolo nabaqotho, bacindezele abezindaba, balulaze inkonzo yomphakathi, babhale imithetho evunayo ukuze bazithande, futhi banciphise amaqembu aphikisayo. Emazweni anjengeHungary, iPoland (ngaphansi kukahulumeni owandulelayo), ne-Turkey, imingcele yomthetho we-mthetho incikelwe ngaphandle lapho izakhiwo zentando yeningi zihlala endaweni. Lokhu "ukulawula imibuso yentando yeningi" noma "ukulawula izikhali" ukukhomba ukubusa kwezimiso ezimweni eziphansi, nokuncitshiswa ezivame ukubonakala ngokuncitshiswa kwemithetho embusweni yezombangazwe. Uma kuvikelwa imingcele engcono kakhulu.

Ukubusa Kwembulunga Yonke Nenkinga Yobukhosi

Izinselele eziningi ezibucayi kakhulu esikhathini sethu .Izinguquko ezicindezelayo, izibhadane, imithetho yezimali, nobugebengu bomhlaba wonke. Ukuzisusa kudinga ukubambisana ngezinhlangano nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Nokho, lezi zakhiwo zokubusa zembulunga yonke ngokuvamile zisebenza ekususweni kwezimiso zezokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela ohulumeni besizwe. Zingabonakala zimfiliba, zingabalwa, zingabalwa, futhi zikude nezakhamuzi ezithintekayo. Lokhu kudala [[FTLT:0] intengo yentando yeningi [ evuselela imfuno yesizwe ne-pultist. Ukucindezela phakathi kwesidingo sesidingo sezenzo eziphumelelayo zembulunga yonke kanye nokugcinwa kobukhosi bezwe nokugcinwa kwesimiso sokubusa kwentando yeningi kusisusa impi yekhulu lama-21, kusibangela ukulwa kwezwe elingu-" ukuhlanganisa i-"

Ukuqinisa Ukwanda Kokulinganiselwa Nokwethenjwa

Imingcele kahulumeni nokwethenjwa umphakathi akuphikisani; basekelana. Uhulumeni owehlisa amandla awo wakha ukwethembana ngaphezu kokweqisa. futhi uhulumeni othembekile cishe uyoba nemingcele ehlonishwa abantu bawo siqu.

Indlela Imingcele Eyakha Ngayo Ukwethembana

Lokhu kuyindida eyinhloko yentando yeningi ekhululekile: ukubopha izandla zakho siqu kukwenza uphumelele kakhulu. Ngokuzimisela umthetho-sisekelo, umthetho, nokuhlonipha amalungelo, uhulumeni uthumela uphawu olunamandla lokuthi ingathenjwa ngamandla. Lokhu kudala isimo esizinzileyo nesiqinisekile sezakhamuzi namabhizinisi ngokufanayo. Bayazi ukuthi imithetho ngeke ishintshwe ngokusemthethweni. Bayazi ukuthi bayazi ukuthi bayazi ukuthi bangenza uma bephilile. Lokhu kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi kuyisisekelo sokukhula kwezomnotho, ukuzinza kwezenhlalo, nohlobo olujulile, ukuthemba okuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ucele imihlatshelo phakathi nenhlekelele. Njengoba isazi sezombangazwe uFrancis Fukuyama siphikisa, isimo kumelwe sibe namandla ngokwanele ukuba sigcinwe imithetho yaso, kodwa kumelwe futhi kuvinjelwe umthetho womthetho nomthetho, abantu babhekane nayo.

Indlela Ukwethemba Okusekela Ngayo Ukulinganiselwa

Ngokuphambene, ukuthenjelwa komphakathi okunamandla kunikeza umoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze umthetho-sisekelo uqhubeke. Uma izakhamuzi zithemba uhulumeni wazo, zizimisele kakhulu ukwamukela "umbono wesibili" wejaji elingahleliwe elishaya umthetho othandwayo. Zizimisele kakhulu ukwamukela ukubambezela kwezentengiselwano ezidingekayo ngenqubo efanele. Zisengozini kakhulu yokwaneliswa ushintsho oluqhubekayo kunokuphoqelela umuntu onamandla ukuba "alungise izinto" ngokudlula izindlela ezivamile. Uma ukuthembana, isidingo sezenzo ezingapheli siyanda. Abantu bangavuma ukuhweba ngenkululeko ngenqubo efanelekile, noma ukusekela abaholi abathembisa ukukhipha nge "locklock" ne "tepeendiumst" ye-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. I-oce i-oce i-oced ehlolwa ukusongela izakhiwo ezivamile.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Ohlala Njalo

Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona impumelelo ehlala njalo noma umshini ongase uqhutshekiswe futhi ulibaleke. Ukuncishiswa kwethemba lomphakathi kudinga ukuqapha njalo, ukunakekelwa, nokuvuselelwa. Izakhiwo ezibekwe endaweni ngezizukulwane ezidlule .Izakhiwo zidinga ukubonakaliswa kwazo ngokomthetho, izinkantolo, namalungelo, zenza kube nohlelo olubalulekile, kodwa kuqine kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomthetho wezethemba nomthwalo womphakathi ozisekelayo. Ukuwohloka kokwethenjwa komphakathi kungusongo olubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu kulunga. Ukwakha kudinga ohulumeni ukuba babonise kokubili impumelelo nobuqotho, futhi kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekuphileni komphakathi wemiphakathi yabo. Ukuvikelwa kohulumeni nokubuyiselwa kokwethenjwa komphakathi akuyona imisebenzi ehlukene; kungumsebenzi ohlala njalo kumandla onke angenakuqinisekisa inceku yomphakathi, inceku ekhululekile, futhi ayikho.