Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Ubuhlobo Bombuso WaseMelika

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiyingqayizivele sokubusa lapho amandla esasazwa khona phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wohulumeni wombuso ngamunye. Lelilungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuthi i-constalism, lakha ubudlelwane obunamandla obuhlela indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo, izinkonzo zinikezwa, futhi izakhamuzi zisebenzelana nohulumeni wazo nsuku zonke. Ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni base-United States bahlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha izwe ngokuphumelelayo, besebenza ndawonye ukulungiselela izinkonzo, ukuphoqelela imithetho, nokugcina ukuhleleka. Lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhamuzi zithola ukusekelwa ezikudingayo kokubili amazinga esizwe nawendawo, zisungula isimiso esibanzi sokubusa esihlanganisa amakheli amaphuzu asukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya emfundweni yendawo.

Ukuqonda indlela la mazinga amabili kahulumeni asebenzelana ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni idemokrasi nempilo yomphakathi waseMelika. Ubuhlobo phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso buye bavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, ukuvumelanisa nezidingo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, izimo zezomnotho, namaqiniso ezombangazwe. Lokhu kulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kuhlela izimpikiswano zemithetho, izinqumo zomthetho, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni nombuso. Lapho ukusungulwa koFata kuhlanganisa lencwadi ngo-1787, basungula ngamabomu isimiso esasingavimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa kuyilapho beqinisekisa ukubusa okuphumelelayo esizweni esikhulu nesihlukene. Le nqubo yomthetho ngokomthetho iveza kokubili izifundo ezifundwe ekubuseni kweBrithani namaqoqo abhekene nezinselele ezatholwa ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zombuso, ezazisungule uhulumeni onamandla.

Amandla Asembusweni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza imibuso eqondile ebaliwe kuhulumeni kahulumeni, ebekwe ngokuyinhloko eSiphakamisweni I, isiqephu 8. Lamandla aphelele esilinganisweni sikahulumeni futhi ahlanganisa igunya lokunyathelisa nokukhokha imali, ukulawula intengo yezizwe nezizwe, ukugcina amabutho ahlomile, ukumemezela impi, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, nokusungula izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Uhulumeni uphethe amandla akhethekile phezu kokufuduka nokuguqula abantu kanye nokuguqula imvelo, ikhono lokwenza izivumelwano namazwe akwamanye amazwe, negunya lokumisa imvume nesivikelo somthetho.

Lamagunya adwetshwayo aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungaxazulula izindaba ezidlula imingcele yombuso futhi zidinga izimiso zesizwe ezifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuba nemali eyodwa yesizwe kunemali kahulumeni ehlukene amashumi amahlanu kusiza ezentengiselwano nezingantengi zomnotho. Ngokufanayo, ukulawulwa okusemqoka kwezimiso zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezindaba zezempi kwenza i-United States ikwazi ukukhuluma ngezwi elilodwa ezigabeni zomhlaba wonke futhi ixhumanise isivikelo sesizwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Amandla Ohulumeni Bakahulumeni Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi kuMthetho-sisekelo sigcine yonke imibuso enganikezwanga ngokuqondile uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nabantu. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi i-odonal ilondoloza inkululeko ephawulekayo ekulawuleni amasimu abo kanye nabantu. Ohulumeni boMbuso banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa nokugcina izimiso zemfundo yomphakathi, ukuqhuba ukhetho (kuhlanganise nokhetho lukahulumeni), ukuqondisa ukuhweba ngezindawo, ukumisa uhulumeni wendawo, nokuqondisa impilo nesivikelo somphakathi phakathi kwemingcele yabo.

Amazwe futhi anegunya elikhulu lokumisa imithetho evikela impilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amandla okulawula imisebenzi, ukumisa imithetho yokwakha, ukumisa imithetho yezimoto, nokuphatha amalungelo empahla. Amazwe angamisa futhi izimiso zawo siqu zenkantolo ukuze achaze imithetho yezwe nemithetho-mthetho, amise imithetho yobugebengu nesijeziso, futhi alawule umthetho womkhaya onjengomshado, isehlukaniso, nelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana.

Amandla Amanje: Igunya Elihlanganyelwayo

Ngalé kwemibuso ekhethekile ephethwe yisigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni, kukhona imibuso ehlangene kokubili ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni abangayisebenzisa ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lamagunya ahlanganyelwe ahlanganisa igunya lokukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuboleka imali, ukumisa izinkantolo, ukwenza nokumisa imithetho, ukushaya amabhange nezinhlangano, nokuthatha ifa lempahla yomphakathi ngezinjongo ezidumile (ngokukhokha imbuyiselo nje). Womabili amazinga kahulumeni angakha imigwaqo, adale izinkantolo eziphansi, futhi achithe imali ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle evamile yababo.

Ukuba khona kwamandla avumelanayo kudala amathuba okubambisana kodwa kungaholela futhi ezingxabanweni lapho imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ihlukana. I-Supremacy Claus ka-Constitution (Artle VI, Claus 2) imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala uma kunempi eqondile phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Nokho, ukunquma ukuthi izingxabano ezinjalo zikhona nini nokuthi zingaxazululwa kanjani kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano eqhubekayo engokomthetho nezombangazwe kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Imishini Yokubambisana Kwesifunda

Ukuba ngokoqobo kokubusa kwaseMelika kudinga ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinqubo ezihlukahlukene nezinqubo kuye kwavela ukuze kuvumelane, okwenza ukuba womabili amazinga kahulumeni akwazi ukusebenza ndawonye ezinkingeni zesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi okungekhona okungasingathana nako kuphela ngokuphumelelayo.

Izinhlelo Zokuhwebelana Nezokuxhasa

Enye yezinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubambisana kwesifundazwe sikahulumeni yisimiso sezimali zikahulumeni ezinikeza izimali kuhulumeni nendawo. Lezi ziphano ziza ngezindlela eziningi, ngalinye elinezilinganiso ezihlukene zobubonisi bukahulumeni nombuso. Imisebenzi yokwakha ihambisana nemithetho ekhethekile, nezindlela ezithile zokunakekela impilo.

inikeza izipho ezithintwe ezivumela ukuvumelana ngokwengeziwe ngokunikeza izimali ezindaweni ezibanzi zezimiso ezinemingcele embalwa kahulumeni. Izwe lithola lezi zipho zokusingatha izidingo ezivamile njengokuthuthukisa umphakathi, izinkonzo zomphakathi, noma impilo yomphakathi, futhi linokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izimali ezikhona endaweni emisiwe. Lendlela ibonisa ifilosofi yombuso obambisanayo owethemba ohulumeni ukuqonda nokusingatha izidingo zabo ezikhethekile zezwe ngesikhathi isaqhubeka ithuthukisa imigomo yesimiso sezwe.

uk, nakuba kuyinto evame kakhulu namuhla kunamashumi eminyaka adlule, umelela enye indlela yokuxhasa imali lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni esakaza khona imali eziphethe ezinemingcele emincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifuna ukunikeza [ amazwe afuna ukunikela imali yawo siqu ukuze athole amadollar kahulumeni, adala i-screenter lapho womabili amazinga ohulumeni athengise imali ngokwezimo eziza liboso ezihlukene. Isibonelo, uMdicaid usebenza njengohlelo oluvumelanayo lapho uhulumeni wezwe uhamba khona ngokunakekela impilo yabantu abaphansi abahlawulwayo, nesilinganiso esifanayo sikahulumeni esisekelwe emalini eholweni esitholakalayo.

Izivumelwano Nezibopho Ezihlangene Zasebuthweni

Izwe lingangena ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho nohulumeni ukuze lixoxe ngezinkinga ezihlanganyelweyo nezizohlelwa. Ama-interstate Communes, adinga ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano lapho andisa amandla kahulumeni ngezindleko zegunya likahulumeni, avumela imibuso ukuba isebenze ndawonye ezindabeni ezidlula imingcele kahulumeni. Lemifakela idingida izindaba ezihlukahlukene njengamalungelo amanzi, izisekelo zokuhamba, ukubambisana kochwepheshe kokuhlanganisa izinhlangano zomthetho.

IPort Authority of New York neNew Jersey, eyasungulwa ngo-1921, ibonisa indlela izinhlangano ezihlangene ezingakha ngayo izinhlangano ukuze zilawule imithombo ehlanganyelwe. Ngokufanayo, i-Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Super Provice ibusa ukudluliswa kwecala nokuqondiswa kwemingcele yombuso, iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaqondiswa yizigwebo bangathatha indawo ethile kuyilapho belondoloza ukulandisa.

Ukudamba Nokuhlengwa Kwabantu

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungathatha isinyathelo esiqondile ngokuyaleza ngo-"FLT:3] okusho ukuthi kunezimfuneko ezithile ezingokomthetho noma izinhlelo. ifaka imiyalelo egunyaziwe [ nemali kahulumeni ukuze isize izifundazwe zivumelane, kuyilapho i-odrogiald egunyazweyo [ ibeka izimfuneko ngaphandle kokwenza izimali, ngokuvamile idala ukungezwani phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni nohulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMelika anokuphazamiseka okuthatha i-Act, idinga umbuso nohulumeni bendawo ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezakhiwo zenkonzo zomphakathi, imele ukugunya elikhulu elidinga ukutshala imali enkulu nezindawo zendawo.

Ukukhululwa kwenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni uwephula ngokuqondile noma uwephula ngokuphelele umthetho wezwe endaweni ethile. Intethelelo iyenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni usho ngokucacile ukuthi uthatha indawo yomthetho wezwe, kuyilapho ugwetshwayo uyenzeka lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi kangangokuthi awushiyi thuba lomthetho kahulumeni omelene nezinjongo zikahulumeni. Izinga lokuhlengwa nokufaneleka kombuso kuhlala kuyimpikiswano ephikisanayo eMelika nemithetho yezwe, ngempikiswano yokuthi i-conometic noma i-motion ifeza isithakazelo somphakathi kangcono.

Izindawo eziphethe i-Programu yoKhavielwano lweSizwe

Ukuqonda indlela lokhu kubambisana okusebenza ngayo emikhakheni ethile yezimiso ezithile kubonisa imiphumela ewusizo yokubusa kukahulumeni ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke.

Imfundo: Umsebenzi Kahulumeni Ngokuyinhloko Osekelwa Uhulumeni

Isimiso semfundo sibonisa ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwegunya lombuso nokuhileleka kukahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo awuyichazi imfundo, uyenze ibe amandla agciniwe emibuso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi. Ngenxa yalokho, izifunda zinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa nokugcina izimiso zesikole zomphakathi, ukumisa izindinganiso zohlelo lwezifundo, ukunquma izimfuneko zokufundisa, nokuxhasa izindleko zemfundo zeK-12.

Nokho, uhulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile yokusekela ngokusekela ngemali nangesiqondiso sesimiso. I-Elementary and Secondary Education Act, yaqala ukudluliswa ngo-1965 futhi yagunyazwa ka-1965 (ngokukakhulu i-All Students Reseed Act) inikeza izimali ezikoleni ezisiza abafundi abathola imali ephansi kuyilapho zimisa izimfuneko ezithile zokulandisa. I-Externet ne-Expressiality Education Act enikeza abafundi abakhubazekile imfundo yasobala futhi efanelekile inikeza izimali zezwe elisekela lemisebenzi.

Ukuhileleka kwemfundo ephakeme futhi kudlulela nasemfundweni ngoPell Grants, izinhlelo zabafundi ababolekwa imali, kanye nokucwaninga okuxhaswa ngamayunivesithi. UMnyango Wemfundo uqoqa ukwaziswa, ucwaninge, futhi unikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe ukuze ubeke izifunda kuyilapho umisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi enqabela ukucwasana ezikhungweni zemfundo. Lobubu buhlobo buvumela amazwe ukuba alondoloze inqubo yemfundo kuyilapho ezuza emfundweni kahulumeni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinto ezithile eziza kuqala ezweni, njengamathuba alinganayo emfundo, zithuthukiswa kuwo wonke amazwe.

Ukunakekela Impilo: Ukuhlanganyela Umthwalo Wemfanelo Nezinhlelo Zamalungu

Ukuhlolwa kwempilo kumelela enye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubambisana kukahulumeni wesifundazwe, kanye nezinga lohulumeni abadlala indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni imali, ukuqondisa, nokunikeza izinkonzo zezempilo. Medicaid[, uhlelo lwesifundazwe esikhulu kakhulu, lunikeza imfihlo yempilo kubantu abathola imali ephansi, abesifazane abakhulelwe, abantwana, abantu abadala, nabantu abakhubazekile. Uhulumeni wamazwe umisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zesimiso futhi unikeze izimali ezihambelanayo, kuyilapho amaqembu enquma imibandela ethile ekhethekile elungiselelweni likahulumeni, futhi unquma ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezingokwanele ukuhlanganisa abantu abakhulelweyo ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sikahulumeni.

I-Affordble Care Act yandisa ukuhileleka kukahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo kuyilapho ilondoloza izindima zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Izwe lingakhetha ukuthi lingandisa i-Medicaid eligigation, lisebenzise izimakethe zalo siqu zempilo noma lisebenzise intengo kahulumeni, futhi lilawule amapulani omshuwalense athengiselwa emingceleni yalo (ngokuzithoba ezindinganisweni ezilinganiselwe zikahulumeni). Lendlela ibonisa ukuthi i-guasterism ivumela amazwe ukuba alungise izinhlelo abese imiphakathi yawo kuyilapho ethuthukisa imigomo yesizwe yezempilo enwebelwe kakhulu.

Impilo yomphakathi idinga futhi ukubambisana okuseduze kwezwe nombuso. I Centers for Disease Control and Prevention isebenza neminyango yezempilo kahulumeni ukuze ihlole ukuqubuka kwezifo, izinhlelo zokugoma nokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Ohulumeni basekela igunya eliyinhloko ezindinganisweni eziningi zempilo yomphakathi, njengokukhipha imingcele nemithetho yezebhizinisi phakathi nezinkinga zempilo, kuyilapho uhulumeni unikeza imithombo, amakhono, kanye nokubambisana kombuso phakathi kwezindawo zombuso.

Izakhiwo zokuhamba: Ukwakha nokulondoloza amanethi esizwe

Izakhiwo zesizwe zokuthutha zixhomeke ekusebenzelaneni okukhulu nohulumeni wezwe. NgoMnyango Wezokuthutha, unikeza izimali ezinele zokwakha nokulondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu ngeHighway Trust Fund, exhaswa ngentela kahulumeni kaphethiloli. Nokho, uhlelo, umklamo, nokwakha izakhiwo zemigwaqo emikhulu, kugcinwa imigwaqo emikhawulweni yayo, kanye nokuxhasa izimali zikahulumeni ngemithombo kahulumeni.

I- Interstate Highway System, enye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu emlandweni, iyisibonelo sokubambisana kukahulumeni nesifundazwe. Uhulumeni waxhasa amaphesenti angu-90 ezindleko zokwakha zokuqala futhi uyaqhubeka unikeza izimali ezinkulu zokulungisa nokuthuthukisa, kuyilapho imibuso ilawula imisebenzi yokwakha, igcine imigwaqo emikhulu, futhi iqhube imithetho yezimoto. Amazwe athola futhi izimali zikahulumeni ezimisweni zokuthutha zomphakathi, izikhumulo zezindiza, nezakhiwo zesitimela, nakuba egcina isilinganiso esikhulu sokuhlela nokusebenza kwalezi zimiso.

Isimiso sokuhamba sihlanganisa nokubambisana kokubambisana. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa izindinganiso zokuphepha kwezimoto, izimfuneko zokukhipha igesi, nemithetho yezentengiselwano esebenza ezweni lonke, amalayisense okushayela, izimoto ezibhalisayo, isilinganiso sejubane emigwaqweni engekho hulumeni, futhi uphoqelela imithetho yezimoto. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kwenza isimiso sokuhamba sezwe ngenkathi kuvumela amazwe ukuba abhekane nezimo zawo ezihlukile zendawo nenani labantu.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile: Ukubuyiselwa Okuhlangene Nokuphoqelelwa

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sidinga ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni ngoba ukungcola nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile kudlula imingcele kahulumeni kuyilapho kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yendawo. I-Nvironmental Protection Agency imisa izinga lomoya wezwe nelezinga lamanzi, ilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, futhi iphoqelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile ewuhulumeni. Nokho, imibuso ingamisa futhi iphoqelele lezindinganiso zikahulumeni, futhi amazwe amaningi athathe iziqondiso eziqinile zendawo ezungezile kunezidingo zikahulumeni ezidingekayo.

I-Ceac Air Act ne-Ceac Water Act iveza ukubambisana kwezimiso zikahulumeni zendawo ezungezile. Lemithetho imisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni kuyilapho igunyaza izifundazwe ukuba zithuthukise amapulani okufeza izinhlelo nokuphoqelela imithetho. Amazwe abonisa ukuthi angahlangabezana nezimfuneko zikahulumeni athola ububusi.(igunya lokuqondisa izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile emingceleni yawo. Lendlela ivumela amazwe ukuba alungise izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile ngokwezimo zawo ezithile kuyilapho eqinisekisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo ezweni lonke.

Ukulawulwa kwemithombo yemvelo kuhilela nokuhlanganiswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ulawula amapaki esizwe, amahlathi, kanye namazwe omphakathi, ulawula ukuzingela nokudoba, ulawula amapaki kahulumeni, nokulawula amalungelo amanzi (ikakhulukazi emazweni asentshonalanga). Umthetho wamandla uhlanganisa womabili amazinga kahulumeni, izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqondisa ukudluliswa kwamandla ezwe namandla enuzi kuyilapho izifunda zilawula izinga lamandla avusemzimbeni kanye nezimiso zokuma kwezulu ezihlelwa ngokwandayo.

Ukwahlulela Kwezigebengu: Izimiso Zokubambisana Nokubambisana

IUnited States igcina izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho kahulumeni nombuso, ngayinye inemithetho yayo siqu, izinkantolo, nezinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho.

Izinhlangano ze-FBI, DEA, ne-ATF zihlola amacala kahulumeni, kuyilapho ama-Atttorney amacala aqulwayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Nokho, amacala amaningi angaphula kokubili umbuso nomthetho kahulumeni, futhi imfundiso ehlangene yokubusa ivumela kokubili umbuso nombuso ukuba ulwele ukuziphatha okufanayo ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili.

Ukubambisana kwe-Federal yesifunda somthetho wobugebengu kuhlanganisa amabutho ahlangene ahlasela ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ubudlova bamaqembu, nobuphekula; ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwayo ngemishini enjengeNational Crime Information Center; kanye nezimali zikahulumeni zokugcinwa komthetho wezwe nomthetho ngokwezinhlelo ezinikeza izinhlelo. Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza ukuqeqeshwa, izinkonzo zezentengiselwano, kanye nosizo lobuchwepheshe kuhulumeni nasezinhlanganweni zendawo. Lobu buhlobo buthuthukisa amandla okugcinwa komthetho kuyilapho buhlonipha indima eyinhloko yezwe ekulondolozeni ukulondeka komphakathi nokuphatha ubulungisa bobugebengu.

Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela

Ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo nasezimweni eziphuthumayo kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa ukusabela kwenhlekelele kahulumeni futhi inikeza usizo lwezimali emazweni nasebantwini abathinteka yizinhlekelele ezinkulu. Nokho, ohulumeni bendawo basebenza njengezisebenzi zokuqala futhi balondoloze umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokulawula isimo esiphuthumayo ngaphakathi kwezindawo zabo.

Lapho izinhlekelele zidlula imibuso kanye nemisebenzi yendawo, ababusi bangacela izimemezelo zenhlekelele zikahulumeni, ezivula imithombo yemali nezimali. I-FEMA isebenza nezinhlangano zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo ukuze ziqondise imizamo yokusabela, zinikeze izindlu zesikhashana, ukususwa kwemfucumfucu yezindawo, nokusekela ukubuya kwesikhashana kwesikhashana. I-National Guard, esebenza ngaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni phakathi nezimo ezivamile kodwa ingabekwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, ifaka isibonakaliso sokubambisana kombuso kahulumeni wezwe ekusabeleni ngenhlekelele.

Ukulungiselela okuphuthumayo kuhilela futhi ukubambisana kwesifunda sikahulumeni nesifunda. UMnyango Wezokuvikela i Homeland unikeza izimali nesiqondiso sokusiza amazwe alungiselela izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, nezinye izimo eziphuthumayo. Amazwe asungula amalungiselelo okusabela okuphuthuma, ukuqeqesha, nokunakekela izinto ezidingekayo eziphuthumayo kanye nemishini ngokusekela kukahulumeni. Lendlela ebekwe ekwakheni i-menu yesimo esiphuthumayo iqinisekisa ukuthi imiphakathi inamakhono okusabela ngokushesha ngesikhathi ikwazi ukufinyelela imithombo kahulumeni uma kudingeka.

Izingxabano Nezingxabano Esifundazweni Sendawo

Naphezu kwezindawo eziningi zokubambisana okuphumelelayo, ubuhlobo be-hulumeni buhlanganisa futhi izingxabano eziqhubekayo nezingxabano. Lezingxabano zibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngokulinganisela okufanelekile kwamandla esimisweni sikahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile zihilela imibuzo ebalulekile yesimiso ethinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi.

Izimpikiswano Ngaphezu Kwegunya Lombuso Nobukhosi Bukahulumeni

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izimpikiswano ngobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni nobukhosi bombuso ziye zaguqula inkulumo yezombangazwe nemfundiso engokomthetho. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezwe uye wanwebeka ngaphezu kwegunya lawo lomthetho ngokomthetho, wangenela emibuso okufanele iqhubeke nemibuso. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isinyathelo sikahulumeni siyadingeka ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zesizwe, kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo emazweni.

Lezimpikiswano zivame ukugxila kuyiCommerce Claus, enikeza uMkhandlu amandla okulawula izentengiselwano zase-State. Ukuchaza kweNkantolo Ephakeme le nkulumo kuye kwahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi kufundwa kabanzi ukuze kuvunyelwe imithetho kahulumeni futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuchazwe kancinci kakhulu ukuze kulondolozwe uhulumeni. Icala lamuva nje libhekisele ukuthi uhulumeni ungazifuna yini abantu ukuba bathenge umshuwalense wezempilo, ulawule imisebenzi ethinta kakhulu ezohwebo, noma izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba basebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Ukulungisa Imali Nemithwalo Yemali Engakhangi

Ohulumeni boMbuso bakhononda kaningi ngezimfuneko ezingagunyaziwe − izimfuneko ezithi kusetshenziswa izinqubo noma izinhlelo ngaphandle kokunikeza imali eyanele yokukhokhela izindleko. Lemiyalo ingacindezela izimali zikahulumeni futhi iphoqelele ukuba iphambukise imithombo kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Nakuba iMandadais Reform Act ka-1995 ifuna ukuba uMkhandlu ucabangele izindleko zemithetho emisha, uqukethe okuhlukile futhi awuwupheli lomkhuba.

Izibonelo zemithetho ephikisanayo zihlanganisa izimfuneko ngaphansi koMthetho wokukhubazeka waseMelika, i-Cease Air Act, nemithetho yemfundo ehlukahlukene. I-United States iphikisa ngokuthi uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ufuna ukumisa izimiso zesizwe, kufanele unikeze imithombo edingekile ukuze isetshenziswe. Uhulumeni uyavuma ukuthi ezinye izimfuneko zidingekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma kuxakwe izinkathazo zesizwe, futhi lowo othi uzuza ezimisweni zikahulumeni ngisho nalapho kumelwe zinikele imithombo yemali.

Izingxabano Zemithetho Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Lapho kuphikisana nemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni, kulandela izimpi ezingokomthetho ezivamile. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa izingxabano ngokugcinwa kwezindawo, ukufakwa kwensangu ngokomthetho, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nenqubo yokunakekela impilo. Amanye amazwe aye agunyaza insangu ukuba isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni naphezu kokuthi umthetho kahulumeni uyibheka njengento elawulwa ngokungemthetho. Izifunda zikahulumeni eziningi ziye zamisa "isimemezelo" izinqubo ezivimbela ukubambisana komthetho kahulumeni wokuthunyelwa kwabantu ekuthuthweni kwezindawo zokufuduka, kuyilapho uhulumeni usongela ukuthi uzonqabela ukuxhaswa kwemali kulemithetho.

Ingabe uhulumeni ungakuphoqelela ukubambisana nohulumeni ohlangene? Izinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni lezimpikiswano, ukuchaza imingcele engokomthetho nomthetho futhi zinqume imingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuhlolweni koMthetho-sisekelo, ukuvumelanisa nezimo zezomnotho, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, namafilosofi ezombangazwe. Ukuqonda le nguquko kunikeza umongo wempikiswano yamanje mayelana nombuso wombuso futhi kusiza ekubikezeleni ukuthi isimiso singaqhubeka kanjani sikhula.

Uhulumeni Ozimele: Izindikimba Ezihlukene Zegunya

Phakathi nengxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19, i-United States yayisebenza ngaphansi kwesibonelo sombuso wombuso ohlangene, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi "layer kheaism". Lendlela yabheka ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni njengonezingxenye ezihlukene zegunya ezihlukene nezingahlangani. Uhulumeni wezwe wagxila ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, ezentengiselwano zamazwe, nezinye imibuso ezibaliwe, kuyilapho imibuso yayiphatha umthetho wezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yayiwachaza ngokulinganiselwe futhi ivikele ubukhosi bukahulumeni ekungeneleni kombuso.

Lenkathi yaba nezingxabano ezinkulu ngenxa yombuso wombuso, ikakhulukazi iMpi Yombango, eyaxazulula umbuzo wokuthi imibuso ingase ithathe i-Union. Impi yangemva kwe-Civil ilungisa (i-13th, 14th, ne-15) igunya likahulumeni ukuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni kwezwe, nakuba lezi zimo ezigcwele zazingeke zifezeke kuze kube yikhulu lama-20 leminyaka.

Ubumbano Lwasemhlanganweni: Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelwayo

IGreat Depression and New Deal Era yaphawula ukushintshwa kwe-construction, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-mable kheaism" ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nombuso. Ngokubhekene nenhlekelele yezomnotho, uhulumeni wandisa indima yawo ezindaweni ngaphambili ezazibuswa yimibuso, kuhlanganise nemithetho yezomnotho, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kanye nokusebenza. INkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela lokhu kwanda, ichaza amandla ezwe ngokubanzi futhi yamukela ukuhileleka okukhulu kwezwe ezindabeni zikahulumeni.

I-sociation uhulumeni ugcizelela ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, lapho womabili amazinga esebenza ndawonye ekuxazululeni izinselele zenqubo. Lesisibonelo siqaphela ukuthi izinkinga eziningi zidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwenqubo nokuthi imithombo kahulumeni ingasiza ekunikezeni izinkonzo nokusebenzisa izinhlelo. Ukukhula kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinikezayo phakathi nalenkathi kwakha izisusa ezingokwezimali zokuba imibuso ivumelane nezinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni kuyilapho ilondoloza ukuvumelana okuthile ekufezeni.

Uhulumeni Omusha: Ukubuyela E - United States

Kusukela ngawo 1970 futhi kuqhubeke phakathi nawo 1990, abaholi bezombangazwe abahlukahlukene bakhuthaza "New Federalism" ``i-efforts' ukubuyisela amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo kohulumeni. Lenhlangano ifuna ukunciphisa imibuso kahulumeni, iguqule izimali eziphelele zingeziphakamiso, futhi yenza ukuba izifunda zivumelane ngokwengeziwe ekusebenziseni izinhlelo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi izigodlo ziseduze kakhulu nabantu, ziqonda kangcono izidingo zendawo, futhi zingasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi" izama izindlela ezihlukene.

Izinhlelo ze-Federalism ezintsha zahlanganisa inguquko yezenhlalakahle ngawo-1990, eyaguqula ukunikezwa kwemali yosizo lukahulumeni ukuba lube izithiyo zezipho ezinikeza izivumelwano ezivumelana kakhulu nezinhlelo. Eminye imizamo yagxila ekunciphiseni iziqondiso zikahulumeni, ukulinganisela imiyalo engagunyazwanga, negunya elilawula izindawo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso. Nokho, lenhlangano yaba nemiphumela ehlukene, njengoba ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kwaqhubeka kwanda kwezinye izindawo njengoba kwazenza kwezinye izindawo.

Inhlangano Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ubuhlobo Obuvamile Ne - Partisan Polareation

I-socialism yanamuhla ibonisa kokubili ukubambisana okungokoqobo kanye nokuhlanganisa i-cropational. Ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bayaqhubeka besebenza ndawonye ezimpikiswaneni eziningi, beqaphela ukuncintisana kwabo nezinzuzo zobudlelwane. Nokho, ukuhlanganisa imibuso yezombangazwe kuye kwaqinisa izingxabano phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula izinga ngalinye. Amazwe alawulwa yiqembu elilodwa angamelana nezimiso zikahulumeni ezithuthukisiwe yilinye iqembu, kuholele ezinkingeni zomthetho nasezingxabanweni zezombangazwe.

Umthetho wombuso wamuva uveza futhi isimiso sobuzwe esikhulisweyo. Amazwe aseye aba aba abasunguli bezimiso ezibalulekile ezindaweni ezinjengokushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuguqulwa kwezempilo, imithetho enciphile, nesivikelo samalungelo abantu. Uma isenzo sikahulumeni sinqanda ukuvinjelwa kwe-propatial jock, izifunda ngokuvamile zigcwalisa incithakalo, zidala uhlelo oluqinile lwezimiso oluhluka kakhulu ezweni. Lokhu kuhlola kwezwe kungazisa isimiso sikahulumeni futhi kuvumele izindlela ezihlukene zokuthatha izivumelwano zokuhlala ndawonye, kodwa futhi kungadala ukudideleka nokungalingani.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekufushaniseni Isifunda Sesizwe Se - Relations

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo nasekuchazeni imingcele phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nezwe. Izinqumo zenkantolo zimisa ubuhulumeni ngokunquma ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezindabeni ezithile nokuthi izingxabano phakathi komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni kufanele zixazululwe kanjani.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Amacala amaningana eNkantolo Ephakeme amise kakhulu uhulumeni waseMelika. MCulloch v. Maryland (1819) aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni unawo amandla asikiselayo angaphezulu kwalawo ahlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo futhi akhona angakwazi ukuphazamisa imisebenzi engokomthetho kahulumeni. Gebbons v. Ogden[ [1824]) wachaza kakhulu intengo yezentengiso uClaus, inikeza iKhomishane ye-karreakthery amandla amakhulu okulawula intengiselwano yezentengiselwano.

Phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal, amacala anjengaye NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1937] noWickard v. Filburn [ [1942] umbuso wezwe owandisiwe kakhulu ngaphansi kwentengiselwano ka Claus, uvumela ingqungquthela ukuba ilawule imisebenzi ethinta kakhulu ezentengiselwano yezwe ngisho noma ingenzeka ngokuphelele phakathi kombuso owodwa. Lezi zinqumo zazenza ukuba kube nomthetho kahulumeni wobuhlobo bezisebenzi, ukukhiqiza, neminye imisebenzi eminingi yezezomnotho.

Izenzakalo zamuva kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi ziba negunya elilinganiselwe likahulumeni. United States v. Lopez (1995]) wabulala umthetho kahulumeni ovimbela izibhamu eduze nezikole, wathola ukuthi weqisa amandla entengiselwano kaKhongolo. Prespz v. United States (1997) yakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ungeyale izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zisebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni zombuso ukuze zisebenzise izinhlelo ze-Intelligence wist wiser v. [[FLT] Sebelus wasekela i-Affordnation's creareact's's (2010) njengomthetho owesisekelo wokusebenza kwentela kodwa olinganiselwe we-Bhungalomu ngokomthetho wesizwe esimweni sokusekela inzuzo sesimiso esisha esikhona esingokomthetho sesimiso sesizwe sokubambisana. [[FLT.]

Ukuchazwa Kokwahlulela Nefilosofi Yezombangazwe

Imibono yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuphathelene nomthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile ibonisa amafilosofi okwahlulela abanzi. Labo abasekela ukunqatshelwa kokwahlulela nokubekwa kuqala bathambekele ekuchazeni amandla kahulumeni ngokulinganiselwe futhi bavikele ubukhosi bamazwe, bephikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wamisa uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalalwe. Amalunga amukela indlela yoMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo athambekele kakhulu ekuchazeni amandla kahulumeni ngokubanzi, bebheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengovumelana nezimo ezishintshayo nezidingo zobuzwe.

Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene zokuchaza ziholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngeziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezimayelana nezindaba ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, nokwahlulela kobugebengu. Njengoba ukwakheka kweNkantolo kushintsha, kanjalo uhulumeni wayo wezombuso ungathinta ukulinganisela kombuso phakathi kohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni nezimiso abangaziphishekela.

Izibonelo Eziwusizo Zokubambisana Kwesifunda

Ukuqonda ukubusa kwezwe kudinga ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile zendlela ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni abasebenza ngayo ndawonye ekuxazululeni izinselele zangempela zezwe. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa izinzuzo nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso sikahulumeni.

Ukuxhasa Izikole Zomphakathi

Izimali zemfundo yomphakathi zibonisa ukubambisana kohulumeni kwamanani amaningi. Ohulumeni banikeza ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemali yemfundo ye-K-12, cishe ngamaphesenti angu-45 kuya kwangu-50 ngokwezwe lonke, nakuba lokhu kuhluka kakhulu ngokombuso. Ohulumeni bendawo, ngokuyinhloko ngentela yempahla, banikela cishe amaphesenti angu-45 emfundo. Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza cishe amaphesenti angu-8 kuya kumaphesenti ayishumi emali yemfundo ephelele, kodwa lo mnikelo kahulumeni ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukulingana nokusekela imiphakathi ethile.

Imali yokufundisa elungiselelwe uhulumeni isekela ngokuyinhloko abafundi abaswele ngesihloko Engibanika sodwa, abafundi abakhubazekile nge-IDEA ngokwezimali, kanye nabafundi basekholiji abathola imali encane ngemali kaPell Grants kanye nemali ebolekwayo yabafundi. Le zinhlelo zikahulumeni zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abafundi abasemaqenjini ampofu nezikhungo zentela ezilinganiselwe bathola amathuba emfundo. Nokho, izimali ezixhaswa uhulumeni zihambisana nezimfuneko, njengokuhlola izimfuneko, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi, okuthi abanye babheke ukuthi bangabahluli kanti abanye babheka njengezikhuseli ezidingekile.

Lokhu kubambisana kuvumela amazwe ukuba alawule izifundo, iziqu zothisha, nemisebenzi yesikole kuyilapho ezuza emfundweni nasebuchwebeni bukahulumeni. Izwe linganezela izimfuneko zikahulumeni ngezindinganiso nezinhlelo zawo, amise izimiso zemfundo ezibonisa izindinganiso zendawo nezinto eziza kuqala kuyilapho egcwalisa imigomo yezwe yokuthola imfundo nezinga eliphezulu.

Ukusabela Ezinhlekeleleni Ezingokwemvelo

Ukusabela kwenhlekelele engokwemvelo kubonisa ukubambisana kukahulumeni-sifundazwe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. Lapho kugadla iziphepho, imigodi yemlilo, izikhukhula, noma ezinye izinhlekelele, abaphenduleli bokuqala (izikhulu zempi, izicisha - mlilo, nezisebenzi zezokwelapha) zokwenza usizo olusheshayo. Izinhlangano zokuqondisa izimo eziphuthumayo zendawo zihlela imizamo yokuqala, ukuthutha, nezikhungo zezimo eziphuthumayo. Ohulumeni bathumela imithombo eyengeziwe, i-National Guard, futhi bahlanganisa ukusabela ezingxenyeni ezithintekile.

Uma izinhlekelele zidlula amakhono kahulumeni, ababusi bacela izimemezelo zenhlekelele kahulumeni. Lapho i-FEMA igunyaziwe, ihlanganisa ukusesha nokuhlenga, izakhiwo zesikhashana, ukunikeza usizo, usizo lomphakathi, usizo lokulungisa izakhiwo, nokusekela izingozi. Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Army Corps of Engineers, uMnyango wezeMpilo nezezinkonzo zobuntu, ne-Small Business Administration zinikeza ukusekela okukhethekile.

Lesi simiso sokusabela esigqunywe ungqimba siqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lufika ngokushesha emithonjeni yendawo lapho lusiza ukuba kutholakale imithombo kahulumeni uma kudingeka. Nokho, ukusabela ngenhlekelele kwembula futhi ukungezwani ebuhlotsheni bezwe nombuso, njengoba kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokungagunyazi kosizo lukahulumeni, ijubane lokusabela kukahulumeni, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokubambisana kwenhlangano kahulumeni kanye nokuzinqumela kombuso ekulawuleni imizamo yokululama.

Ukuphoqelela Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uveza ukubambisana kombuso. I-EPA imisa i-National Ambentient Mooty Sound Sound yezinto ezingcolisayo ezinjenge-ozone, i-ozone, ne-carbon monoxide. I-United States ibuye iveze amasu okuhlela okuhlela uHulumeni okuchaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela ayozifinyelela ngayo lezi zindinganiso, icabangela ukuma kwazo okukhethekile, izimboni, nemithombo yokungcola. I-EPA ihlola futhi ivumela lamacebo, futhi isebenzisa futhi i-octive i-rective iziqondiso.

Izwe elinezinhlelo ezivunyelwe lithola isikhundla esiphakeme .igunya lokuqondisa izinhlelo zezemvelo zikahulumeni ezisemingceleni yalo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zezemvelo zivumela ukukhipha umbiko, zihlola, futhi ziphoqelele ukuphamba, nge-EPA. Izwe lingathatha izindinganiso eziqinile kunezinga eliphansi likahulumeni, futhi eziningi zingenza, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nobungako bomoya, ukungcola kwamanzi, nokungcola okuyingozi. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, iye yathola iziphakamiso zezimoto zokusungula izindinganiso eziqinile kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni, futhi eminye imibuso ingakhetha ukusebenzisa izindinganiso zeCalifornia.

Lendlela ivumela ukuvikeleka kwendawo ukuba kuvumelane nezimo zendawo kuyilapho kuqinisekisa izivikelo zesisekelo sesisekelo ezweni lonke. Nokho, kungadala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwamabhizinisi asebenza ezifundazweni eziningi futhi kuholele ezingxabanweni lapho uhulumeni nohulumeni uhlehla, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezimpikiswano ezinjengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, lapho amanye amazwe aye athatha khona izinhlelo ezinonya kuyilapho isenzo sikahulumeni silokhu siguquguquka.

Ukunikeza Izinhlelo Zokunakekela Impilo

Izinhlelo zokunakekela impilo zibonisa kokubili izinzuzo nezinselele zobungane bezwe likahulumeni. I-Medicaid, eyasungulwa ngo-1965, iye yakhula yahlanganisa amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70, iyenza ibe uhlelo lwezomshuwalense lwezempilo olukhulu kakhulu ezweni. Uhulumeni umisa izimfuneko eziyisisekelo zokukwazi ukukhokha nokuhlanganisa, kodwa izifunda zinezinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu ekuklanyweni kwezinhlelo. Amazwe anquma amazinga emali akhethekile (nemifantu) elawulayo esemthethweni, inqunywe ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezikhethelwe ukukhokha imali, futhi asebenzise uhlelo.

Uhulumeni uhamba nohulumeni kahulumeni ophethe iMedicaid esebenzisa inqubo esekelwe emalini kahulumeni ngamunye, izifunda ezimpofu kakhulu zithola amazinga aphakeme kahulumeni okulingana (asukela kumaphesenti angu-50 kuya kwamaphesenti angu-75). Lokhu kubambisana kuvumela uhlelo ukuba luvumelane nezimo zikahulumeni kuyilapho luqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abathola imali ephansi ezweni lonke bayakwazi ukunakekelwa kwempilo. Nokho, futhi kudala umehluko omkhulu ekuhlanganiseni amazwe, amanye amazwe anikeza izinzuzo ezibanzi nokwemboza abantu abengeziwe kuyilapho abanye benikeza izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe.

I-Affordcuble Care Act kaMedicaid ibonakalisa ukuntengantenga kwemithetho yombuso. Umthetho wawufuna ekuqaleni ukuba kukhululwe izigebengu zeMedicaid ukuze zandise bonke abantu abadala abanomvuzo ofinyelela ku-888% wezinga lobumpofu obuphakathi, uhulumeni ukhokhele abantu abasanda kufaneleka amaphesenti angu-90. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi i-Congress angeke iqhubele amazwe ukwandisa uMdicaid ngokusongela ukuvimbela izimali zeMedicaid ezikhona. Ngenxa yalokho, iMedicaid yaba nokwanda kwenani elihlukene, futhi iye yenza ukukhetha okuphawulekayo, yenza ukuncitshiswa kwezindawo zokuthola impilo ezingokwezimo ezisekelwe ekuphileni kwabantu.

Ithonya LobuFenisi Ekuphileni Kwezakhamuzi Kwansuku Zonke

Isimiso sikahulumeni sithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwamaMelika ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqonda ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezikhulu ezisekela izinkonzo ezizamukelayo nemithetho eziyilandelayo. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukubaluleka kombuso kahulumeni futhi zihileleke ngokuphumelela kakhulu nohulumeni bazo.

Ukungezwani Ngamalungelo Nezinkonzo Ngaphesheya Kwe - United States

Umbuso uveza umehluko ophawulekayo emalungelweni, izinkonzo, nesivikelo esitholakala kubantu baseMelika kuye ngokuthi bahlalaphi. Imithetho yoMbuso ibusa izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nomshado nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, amalungelo empahla, ukuvikela abathengi, imithetho yemisebenzi, nezijeziso zobugebengu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izenzo ezingokomthetho komunye umbuso zingavinjelwa komunye, futhi izinkonzo ezikhona kwelinye izwe zingabe zingekho kwenye indawo.

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yeholo elilinganiselwe iyahluka ngokwezwe, eminye imibuso ibeka amazinga aphakeme kakhulu kunombuso ohulumeni kuyilapho eminye ihluleka ngokwendinganiso kahulumeni. Ukuhlelwa kwezimfuneko zobuchwepheshe kuyahlukahluka ezizweni zonke, kuthinta ikhono lezisebenzi lokuthatha indawo ethile. Izindinganiso zemfundo nemali yesikole kuyahluka kakhulu, kudala ukuhluka kwemfundo nethuba. Ukufinyelela kwezempilo ngokwengxenye kuxhomeke ekutheni amazwe aye andisa iMedicaid nokuthi alawula kanjani izimakethengiso zomshuwalense.

Lokhu kuhluka kubonakalisa isimiso esiyinhloko sombuso wezwe esithi zingavumelanisa izimiso ezithandwayo nezidingo zabantu. Nokho, futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungalinganiyo, njengoba amathuba nesivikelo somuntu ngamunye kuxhomeke kakhulu esifundeni sakhe sokuhlala. Isenzo somphakathi singanciphisa lezi zici ngokumisa izindinganiso zobuzwe, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo kulinganisela ukuzikhethela nokuhlola kwezimiso.

Amaphuzu Amaningana Okufinyelela Nokulandisa

UFederalism unikeza izakhamuzi amaphuzu amaningi okuthola uhulumeni nezindawo eziningi zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. AmaMelika angahlanganyela nezikhulu zendawo, zikahulumeni, nohulumeni, amavoti kuzo zonke izigaba, futhi afune izinguquko zenqubo ngezindlela zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene. Uma isigaba esisodwa sikahulumeni singasabeli, ngezinye izikhathi izakhamuzi zingafinyelela imigomo yazo ngelinye izinga.

Lesi simiso semigangatho eminingi sidala futhi amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa. Izakhamuzi zingabamba izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezisezingeni ngalinye ezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngekhono lazo, futhi ohulumeni emazingeni ahlukene bangahlolana amandla abo. Abameli bezwe bangabekela inselele izimiso zikahulumeni enkantolo, kuyilapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingahlola ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela futhi kuvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Nokho, amazinga amaningi kahulumeni angadala futhi ukudideka ngokuthi imuphi uhulumeni onecala ngezindaba ezithile futhi enze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuba ziphendule izikhulu. Uma kuphakama izinkinga, izikhulu ezisemazingeni ahlukene zingasolana kunokuba zithathe icala. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kobudlelwane bohulumeni kungafihla izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo futhi kwenze kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo ihlelwe futhi ihlelwe kanjani.

Ukushintsha Nokuzama Ukwenziwa Kwesimiso

UFederalism uvumela ukuba kusetshenziswe izifundazwe njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ukuhlola izindlela ezihlukene nokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho komunye nomunye. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kukahulumeni kungasakazekela kwezinye izifunda futhi kwazise inqubo kahulumeni, kuyilapho ukuhlola okuhlulekile kusekwe. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaveza izinqubo ezibalulekile ezindaweni ezinjengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, inguquko yezempilo, isimiso semfundo, nobulungisa bobugebengu.

Ngokwesibonelo, imishado yobulili obufanayo esemthethweni phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lokulingana emshadweni ezweni lonke. Izwekazi lasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi koMthetho we-Affordhable Care Act. Izimiso zendawo ezungezile ezinjengokuvuselelwa kwamandla nezinhlelo zokuhweba ngemfucumfucu ngokuvamile zaqala ezingeni likahulumeni. Ukuhlolwa kwenguquko ye-Welfare ezindaweni zamazwe kwathonya umthetho wenguquko yezenhlalakahle kahulumeni ngawo-1990.

Leli khono lokuhlola livumela ukuba izimiso zihlolwe ngezinga elincane ngaphambi kokuba izwe lalo lithole umntwana futhi likwazi izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlala ndawonye, ukuhlanganisa umehluko wezindawo ngokwezintando nezimo. Nokho, kungadala futhi inqubo ehlukene ebangela ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezamabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye, futhi kungashiya izakhamuzi zamazwe athile zingazitholi izinkonzo noma izinkonzo ezitholakala kwezinye izindawo.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo ZobuFrenti BaseMelika

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21, isimiso sikahulumeni kumelwe sijwayele ukusingatha izindaba ezivelayo kuyilapho silondoloza ukulinganisela phakathi kobunye besizwe nokuhlukahluka kukahulumeni. Izimo nezinselele eziningana ziyohlela ikusasa lobuhlobo besifundazwe.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlukaniswa Kwezigaba

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwaguqula izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, ezinezikhundla zegunya likahulumeni nombuso ngokuvamile kuye ngokuthi yiliphi iqembu elilawula isigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni. Lapho iqembu labo lilawula uhulumeni, abashokobezi bathambekele ekusekeleni isenzo sikahulumeni, kodwa bagcizelela ubukhosi bukahulumeni lapho iqembu eliphikisayo liphethe amandla kahulumeni. Le "partisan unist" ilulaza inkulumo-mpikiswano esekelwe kuyi-gconf ngokunikezwa okufanele kwegunya likahulumeni futhi ingaholela ezikhundleni eziphikisanayo ezindabeni zombuso wezwe.

Ukuhlaziywa kwandisa izingxabano phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni abaphethe amaqembu ahlukene. Amazwe angamelana nezimiso zikahulumeni hhayi nje kuphela ezisekelweni zikahulumeni kodwa nangenxa yokungavumelani kwemithetho ehleliwe. Lokhu kunamandla kungaqeda ukumiswa kwemithetho futhi kuholele ekuthatheni imingcele ebanzi njengezwe nempi kahulumeni enkantolo phezu kwemingcele yeziphathimandla zabo.

Ukusingatha Izinselele Zesizwe Okuthola Isinyathelo Esihlangene

Izinselele eziningi zanamuhla − kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusongela kwe - Internet, ukusabela kobhadane, nokungalingani kwezomnotho − ukuhlanganisa ukulwa nokulwa okuhlangene phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Lezi zimo zingadinga ukubambisana kwezwe noma kwezizwe zonke, kodwa futhi zinezici eziphawulekayo ezingcono kakhulu ezikhona lapho izifundazwe nezindawo zibhekene khona.

Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokubambisana kukahulumeni nokuvumelana kwezwe kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni ngokuphumelelayo lezinselele. Ukulawula okukhulu kakhulu kukahulumeni kungavimbela ukusungulwa kwezinto futhi kuhluleke ukuveza ukuhlukahluka kwendawo, kuyilapho ukuzibusa okukhulu kakhulu kombuso kungaholela ekuphenduleni okunganele nasezinkingani ezikhululekile lapho amanye amazwe ezuza khona emizamweni yabanye ngaphandle kokunezela ngokulinganayo.

Izingcindezi Zemali Nezimali Ezihambisana Nezohulumeni

Ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni babhekana nezingcindezi ezinkulu zemali ezibangelwa ukukhushulwa kwezindleko zempilo, izakhiwo zokuguga, izibopho zempesheni, nezinye izikweletu. Ukuntengantenga kwemali kanye nezikweleti kungacindezela uhulumeni ukuba athole usizo lwemali, kuyilapho ukucindezela kombuso kwemali kungalinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokusekela izinhlelo futhi avumelane nenkokhelo kahulumeni. Lezinselele zingabuyisela ubudlelwano obuqinile bezwe, okungaphoqelela ukuba kukhethwe izinhlelo okumelwe zigcinwe futhi isilinganiso esingakanani sikahulumeni okufanele sithwale umthwalo wemfanelo wemisebenzi ehlukahlukene.

Umqedazwe we-COVOVAD-19 waqokomisa ukubaluleka kosizo lwezimali kuhulumeni wezwe kanye nokuwohloka kohulumeni bezwe phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho. Izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo zingadinga ukusekelwa okufanayo kukahulumeni, ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulondolozwa kwamalungiselelo amanje kahulumeni kanye nesidingo sokulungisa izimali ezisemgangathweni zohulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe imithombo eyanele kuzo zonke izigaba zohulumeni.

Ubuchwepheshe Nendlela Eshintshayo Yokubusa

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe ludala izinselele ezintsha zobuzwe. Izihloko ezinjengokufihla imininingwane, ukulawulwa kokwaziswa okuyimfihlo, ukulawulwa kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nokufakwa kwezenhlalo kuphakamisa ukulinganisela kwemibuzo ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sikahulumeni okufanele alawule lezizindawo ezisavela. Izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zivame ukukhetha imithetho efanayo yesizwe kunokusetshenziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho imibuso ingafuna ukuvikela izakhamuzi zabo ngezimfuneko zikahulumeni eziqondene.

Ubuchwepheshe busiza futhi ukuba kube nezindlela ezintsha zokubambisana kohulumeni nokwaziswa okuhlangene, okungenza ukubambisana kwezwe kuphumelele kakhulu. Nokho, futhi kudala izimo ezintsha, njengosongo lwe-inthanethi ezimisweni zikahulumeni nezakhiwo ezibucayi, okudinga ukusabela okuhlangene phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

Izinguquko Zesimo Sendawo Nezinhlobonhlobo Zezifunda

Izinguquko zezibalo, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwenani labantu kwezinye izindawo kanye nokwehla kwezinye, ukuhlukahlukahluka, nokushintsha kobudala, kuzokuthinta ubudlelwane bezwe nombuso. Amazwe akhula ngokushesha angadinga ezinye izisekelo nezinkonzo, kuyilapho amazwe awile engase alwele ukulondoloza izinkonzo ngokuncishiswa kwentela. Izindlela zokuhlukanisa intela zidala izinselele namathuba ahlukahlukene kwezinye izindawo, okungaholela ekuncishisweni kwezimiso zombuso eziqinile kanye nokungqubuzana negunya lombuso lokufuduka.

Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kungandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda nezimiso ezihlukene ezizweni zonke, kuhlole ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene lapho ulondoloza ukubambisana kwesizwe. Kungase futhi kuthinte ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kwemibuso eSishaya-mthetho ne-Electoral College, okungabangela izimpikiswano ezibuya ngokulandelana kwemithetho nezimiso zesizwe.

Ukubambisana Okuqinisayo Kwesifunda Sezwe

Naphezu kwezinselele, kunamathuba okuqinisa ukubambisana kukahulumeni wesifundazwe nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-unistism yaseMelika. Izinqubo eziningana zingathuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni futhi zisize zombili amazinga kahulumeni akhonza izakhamuzi kangcono.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhulumisana Nokubambisana

Ukuxhumana okukhuliswe phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nombuso kunganciphisa izingxabano nokuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso. Ukuxhumana njalo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni bombuso phakathi nentuthuko yezimiso kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ziyasebenza futhi ukuthi izinkathazo zikahulumeni ziqondiswe. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational Guvernals Association, National Conference of State Legistrationstures, kanye nokuhlangana okuhlukahlukene kwezikhulu zikahulumeni kusiza ukukhulumisana nokubambisana, kusebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni.

Ubuchwepheshe bungasekela ukubambisana okuthuthukisiwe ngezindawo zokuxhumana ezihlanganyelwayo, izimiso zemininingwane, kanye nezikhungo zokuxhumana ezenza ukuba kukwazi ukubambisana kwangempela phakathi nohlelo oluphuthumayo. Ukutshala kulezi zimiso nokuthuthukisa isiko lokubambisana kunokuba kuxabane kungathuthukisa ukuphumelela kwawo womabili amazinga kahulumeni.

Ukuhlonipha Izindima Ezifanele Nekhono

Uhulumeni ophumelelayo udinga ukuqaphela ukuthi amazinga ohulumeni ahlukene anendima ezingafani nezifanele. Uhulumeni kahulumeni usesimweni esingcono sokuxazulula izindaba ezidinga ukufana kwesizwe, ukubambisana kwezwe, noma ukunikeza imithombo yengcebo evela kwabacebile kuya ezindaweni ezimpofu. Izwe lifanelekela kangcono ukusingatha izindaba ezidinga ulwazi lwendawo, ukuhlola ngezindlela ezihlukene, noma ukuhlalisana kwezimo zesifunda ezihlukene.

Abenzi bemithetho kufanele bacabangele lezinzuzo eziqhathaniswayo lapho benquma ukuthi isilinganiso esingakanani sikahulumeni okufanele sihole ezindabeni ezithile. Lokhu kudinga ukumelana nesilingo sokuhlela zonke izinkinga noma ukuphikelela ekulawuleni umbuso kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyini umbango. Kusho futhi ukunikeza imithombo eyanele negunya noma kuliphi izinga likahulumeni elinomthwalo wokusingatha inselele.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubona Okusobala Nokulandisa

Intambo ecacile yomthwalo wemfanelo nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo ezibonisayo zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi yimuphi uhulumeni onecala ngezimiso ezithile futhi zibeke izikhulu ezinecala. Uma ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni bebomhlaba bebophana ngecala, kufanele bakhulumisane ngokucacile izindima zabo futhi bagweme ukusolwa okushintshashintshayo kwamanye amazinga kahulumeni lapho kuphakama izinkinga.

Isilinganiso somsebenzi nokuhlolwa kungasiza ekuhloleni ukuthi izinhlelo zohulumeni ziyayifinyelela yini imigomo yabo futhi baphawule izindawo abazozithuthukisa. Bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kufanele bafake imali eqoqweni kokwaziswa futhi bahlole ukusekela ukwenziwa kwezimiso ezisekelwe kubufakazi futhi benze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kukahulumeni.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngendawo Yomphakathi

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokuqonda kakhulu ngendlela ohulumeni bamazwe ahlangene ngayo zingathola imithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi ye-.gov inikeza ukwaziswa ngezinhlelo nezinkonzo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho amawebhusayithi kahulumeni ngamunye kahulumeni enikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso zezwe nezinkonzo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures[ inikeza ukucwaninga nokuhlaziya ngezimiso zesimiso sombuso kanye nezinkonzo zombuso.

Izikhungo zezokuhlanganisa kanye namathangi ezindaba aveza ukucwaninga nge-soshalizimu kanye nobudlelwane bobuhulumeni. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, nezikhungo ezihlukahlukene zaseyunivesithi zifunda ubudlelwane besifundazwe nombuso futhi zinyathelisa imibiko efinyelelekayo ngezindaba zamanje. Izinhlangano zezindaba zihlanganisa izimpikiswano zobuhulumeni nezingxabano, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zizazi ukuthi lezimpikiswano zithinta kanjani ukuphila kwazo.

Ukuhlanganyela nezikhulu zendawo, zikahulumeni nohulumeni ezikhethiwe kunikeza amathuba okufunda ngemisebenzi kahulumeni nezinqumo zesimiso esinethonya. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yasobala, ukuxhumana nabameleli, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela amazinga ahlukene omsebenzi kahulumeni nendlela ezinganikela ngayo ekuthuthukiseni ukubusa emiphakathini yazo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kobuhlobo Bomshado Wesifunda

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni busekhona embusweni wentando yeningi nasebuthweni baseMelika. Lobu buhlobo, obasungulwa uMthetho - sisekelo futhi bathuthukiswa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho, busiza i-United States ukuba ikwazi ukuxazulula kokubili izinselele zesizwe nezidingo zendawo kuyilapho buvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi bukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Ukubambisana kwe-Federal-state kuthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ezikoleni izingane ezifunda kuzo ukuya emikhayeni ehamba ngemoto, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo abantu abayamukela emoyeni abawuphefumulayo. Ukuqonda indlela lokhu kubambisana okusebenza ngayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi akusebenzi ngayo — futhi akubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe yizakhamuzi futhi ahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba isizwe sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21, isimiso sikahulumeni kumelwe siqhubeke siguquka futhi sivumelanisa. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okuqondile phakathi kobunye besizwe nokuhlukahluka kombuso, phakathi kokubambisana kukahulumeni nokusungulwa kombuso, futhi phakathi kwezindinganiso ezifanayo nokuvumelana kwendawo kuyodinga ukuxoxa okuqhubekayo, ukuvumelana, nokuzibophezela ezimisweni zobuzwe eziye zakhonza isizwe kahle amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Impumelelo kahulumeni waseMelika ekugcineni ixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda isimiso, ezihlanganyela ekubuseni kuwo wonke amazinga, futhi zibheka izikhulu zazo ezikhethiwe njengesibopho sokusebenza ngokubambisana ukuze zixazulule izinselele zezwe. Ngokuqaphela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kobudlelwane besifundazwe sikahulumeni kanye nokuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo nohulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga, amaMelika angasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubuzwe buyaqhubeka busebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa okuphumelelayo, okusabela, nokubusa ngentando yeningi.