Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Umsebenzi WamaFederal Namagunya Ombuso

Isimiso sokubusa saseMelika sisekelwe ekuhlukaneni kwegunya okwakhiwa ngokucophelela phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe. Lesi sakhiwo, esifakwe eMthethweni we-U.S., sidala ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla okusebenza njengenhlolo-kabili ekhombayo emagatsheni amathathu okubusa. Kubafundi nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi isizwe saqala kanjani ukuhlangana kwesivumelwano sombuso esiqinile, siqaphela izimiso ezigcina amandla kahulumeni nombuso zisesilinganisweni. Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisa awusebenzi kuphela emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni; futhi usebenza ngokuqondeka lé, phakathi kweWashington, D.C., kanye nezinhloko-kazwe ezingu-50.

Ekujuleni kwayo, ubuzwe busakaza igunya ukuze kokubili uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe babe nezindawo zokuzibusa okuzimele, nokho ngamunye angathonya futhi acindezele elinye. Lokhu kuhlukana okungathí sina kwemibuso kwakuyiyekethisa ngamabomu phakathi kwabameleli bakahulumeni onamandla nalabo ababesaba ubushiqela obuphakathi. Umphumela yisimiso esiye sabonakala siqinile futhi sivumelana nezimo, kodwa futhi esibangela ukuphikelela nokuphikisana. Ukuqonda isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, isilinganiso ngasinye sibambe esinye phezu kwesinye, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando lapho labo bahlola khona lapho labo bahlola khona kunikeza umfanekiso ocacile we-presences American.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zababusi Abazimele NabaseMbusweni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubala amagunya akhethekile kahulumeni kahulumeni ngenkathi ushiya wonke amanye amagunya ezwe noma kubantu. Lengxenye imiswa ngamalungiselelo amaningana ayinhloko. Isigaba 8 sihlela amagunya oMkhandlu, kuhlanganise negunya lokulawula intengo yesifunda nakwamanye amazwe, imali, ukusakaza impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. La mandla ahlelwa apheleliswa yi-Iasemftial neFaned Clause, evumela ukuba yonke imithetho engokomthetho “eyimfuneko nefanele” yokuphatha imibuso yayo ehlukene, imali echazwa njengencazelo ngokubanzi ukuze kwandiswe igunya likahulumeni ngesikhathi esingaphezulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibuso yoMbuso ayibalwanga kakhulu kuMthetho-sisekelo. Kunalokho, iSichibiyelo seshumi senza kucace okwakushiwo: “Imibuso engaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yi-United States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu.” Lokhu kuhlelwa kwemibuso kunikeza igunya phezu kwemisebenzi eminingi esekhaya, kuhlanganise nemfundo, impilo yomphakathi, ukuthunyelwa kwezentengiselwano zomthetho, nemithetho yezentengiselwano yezwe. EUnited States futhi kusetshenziswa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “amandla ezombangazwe” noma kubantu." Le gunya lokuthuthukisa impilo, ukuphepha, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle evamile yezakhamuzi zabo.

UClaus Onenzondo Nemingcele Yawo

ISiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo siqukethe i-Supremacy Claus, ememezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni yenza ukuba ihlale ikhona, futhi izivumelwano “zinguMthetho kazwelonke.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni osemthethweni nomthetho kahulumeni ukhona, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona. Umthetho ukhona. Uma umthetho ukhona. Uma umthetho usebenza u-Sunchpinpin yegunya likahulumeni, uqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe awanakuqeda noma angazishaya imingcele engokomthetho kahulumeni. Nokho, ukuphakama komthetho kazwe akunakwenziwa ngokuphelele. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni wokumisa umthetho kahulumeni wokukhipha umthetho, kumelwe ube phakathi kwezindawo ezinikwe uhulumeni. Uma uhulumeni wenza okungaphezu kwemibuso yawo ekhona, umthetho ungancishiswa izinkantolo, futhi uvimbe imingcele ngezimo ezingokomthetho. Ngakho, u-Suydinameod usebenza ngezimiso zemithetho ezingokomthetho zokuhlanganisa imibuso engokomthetho.

“Lomthetho-sisekelo, kanye noMthetho we-United States ozokwenziwa eGungeni lawo ... uyakuba nguMthetho ophakeme wezwe; futhi abaHluleli kuwo wonke uMbuso baboshelwe kanjalo, noma isiphi iSici somthetho-sisekelo noma seMithetho yanoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngaphandle kwalokhu.” — UMthetho-Siphakamiso VI, u-Celausse 2

Umbhalo ophelele woMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise noSupremacy Claus, ungafundwa ewebsiteni ye- ye-National Archives.

Ama - arches Angombuso Kahulumeni: Indlela AmaZwe Nezinkantolo Ezilinganisela Ngayo Uhulumeni Wezwe

Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhulu, kukhona izinqubo eziningana zokuhlola amandla akhe futhi zivimbele ukuphamba.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Njengekhambi

Ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela okunamandla kakhulu kwamandla kahulumeni yimfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela, eyasungulwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme uku-Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokumemezela izenzo zeKhomishane engakhethi futhi ngenxa yalokho intuthu. La mandla anwetshwa ukubukeza izenzo zezikhulu nemithetho, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kwemithetho engokomthetho kungumngcele oqondile wesizwe. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho kahulumeni, njengoba yenza, ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:] United States v[FLT][FLT][FOLD] [3] [195], okulula iSikole seSikole sezezentengo.)

Ukumelana Nombuso Nobuzwe

Amazwe ngokwawo ayizisebenzi ezikhuthele ekuhloleni amandla kahulumeni. Ngokumangalelana, abameli bezwe ngokuvamile babekela imingcele nezimiso zikahulumeni inselele enkantolo. Lezi zinselele zinganqikaza ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni futhi uma ziphumelela, ziqeda izenzo zikahulumeni. Ngalé kwe-ligation, izizwe zingasebenzisa amandla azo okulawula ukumelana neziqondiso zikahulumeni. Umqondo ‘ wokubekwa kwezintambo” unomlando ophikisanayo, kodwa izimiso zanamuhla zokubambisana phakathi kwezezwe − njengokunqaba ukuphoqesha imithetho kahulumeni yokufuduka noma ukumisa imishuwa kwemishuwalensela yempilo kahulumeni wezwelo. Izimiso zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zivumela ukuba kuthathwe noma kuvivinywe izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Ukulandisa Kwezombangazwe Nesimiso Sombuso

Sona kanye isimo sikahulumeni kahulumeni sihlola ngokumelelwa. ISigele sase-U.S., lapho isifundazwe ngasinye sinezimemezelo ezimbili kungakhathaliseki inani labantu, sinikeza khona ithonya elincane ngokungenakulinganiswa eqenjini likahulumeni. Umongameli wokhetho, umlamuleli we-Electoral College, futhi ukhulisa izwi lezifunda ezingabizi kakhulu ngoba abavoti kumelwe bancintisane ngebalazwe elibanzi. Abavoti ezweni ngalinye bangabamba abameleli babo bobukhomishane nezikhulu ezilandisa ngezenzo zikahulumeni, futhi izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingathonya isimiso somthetho ngokunxusa, izinqumo, nezinhlangano ze-Preversatements Association ze-omgarders.

Amasheke Angombuso: Ukulawula Okuhlangene Nomthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba nje imibuso ingahlola uhulumeni kahulumeni, uhulumeni wezwe unamathuluzi anamandla okuphoqelela izenzo zikahulumeni ezisongela izithakazelo zesizwe, amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, noma ukuzwana kwezizwe.

Ukuphatha Nokuzingela Kwamazwe Azimele

UKhomishane ungakhulula umthetho wezwe ngokumisa imithetho ethatha ngokuqondile noma ngokuphelele insimu ethile. Uma umthetho kahulumeni ululaza umthetho kahulumeni, izigungu zinqatshelwa ukuqondisa kuleyondawo. Intengo ivamile ezindaweni ezinjengokufuduka, ukuphepha kwenuzi, nesimiso sezindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingagodla izimali ezisekela imingcele ehlulekayo ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zikahulumeni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthutheni, emfundweni, emfundweni, nasemkhakheni wempilo. Usongo lokulahlekelwa ngamadollar ngokuvamile zincelela ukuba zithathe iziphakamiso ezingase zingamelana nazo.

Ibhizinisi LikaClaus Njengemingcele

ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana sesi-8 sinikeza amandla okuhlanganisa “izentengiselwano nezizwe zangaphandle, naphakathi kweMinyaka eminingana.” INkantolo Ephakeme iye yawachaza kabanzi la magama, ivumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulawule imisebenzi eminingi yezomnotho ethinta intengiselwano yesifundazwe. Gebbons v. Ogden[[FLT] [[FLT] [1824] [1824]), iNkantolo yenze i-Prouni yahlanganisa isikebhe saseNew York esiqinile, imisa imingcele yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, imisa futhi imithetho yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Izentengo ezithiwe kamuva [[FLT][5] I-Foctive [Foctive].[5] I-flangevid , ingekhompempempempeni yombuso, ivumela ukuba i-utho ye-Empempeni yombuso ukuba ihlanganise ihlanganise i-[Foll:

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ukumukelwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane leMinyaka ka-1868 ngokuyisisekelo kwaguqula ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo kahulumeni nombuso. I-Afligion Proce Claus ne-Awrection Claus idinga izivumelwano zokuhlonipha amalungelo ayisisekelo nokuphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lokhu kulunga kwanika i-judiary ye-guvernment amandla okubulala imithetho kahulumeni ehlukanisa noma ephazamisa amalungelo nokugonyelwa kwe-U. i-mouse Province. Izehlo ze-momo ye-'isimeta enje [[FLT:] [FLD].Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLD] [195] [5] [inani eligcwele i-FFFogdentine], elibizwa ngokuthi i-erdersective i-ementation:[Fodformation]

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando: Izenzakalo Zezwe Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Umbuso Wesizwe

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaphinde zaveza izintambo, ngezinye izikhathi zandisa igunya likahulumeni futhi ngezinye izikhathi zaqinisa inkululeko kahulumeni.

[[UMTL:0] McCulloch v. Maryland[[FL:1] (119): u-Supremacy no-Implicase

Ku uMcloch v. Maryland, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukubekwa komthetho-mthetho weBank yesibili yase-United States futhi yakhipha intela ye-Maryland ebhange. IJaji elikhulu uJohn Marshall wachaza izimiso ezimbili eziqhubeka zihlela ubuhlobo bezwe nohulumeni: okokuqala, uMthetho-Constitution unikeza iMikhandlu amandla aqondekahle kunalawo akhahliweyo; okwesibili, izifundazwe azinakukho ukukhokha intela noma ziphazamise izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Isinqumo esigcizelela ubukhulu bezwe nencazelo ebanzi ye-diod no-Claus.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857): I-Federal Overgapday ayinqatshelwe

Ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengezinye zezinqumo ezimbi kakhulu zeNkantolo, uDred Scott waphikisa ngokuthi ama-Afrika aseMelika ayengezona izakhamuzi nokuthi uMkhandlu wawungenakubuvimbela ubugqila emasimini kahulumeni. Isinqumo salulaza iMissouri ukuyekethisa nokuxabana kwezindawo, ekugcineni okwanezela eMpini Yangaphakathi. Nakuba kamuva yagumbuqelwa iziphelo zezelo ze-13 neshumi nane, icala libonisa indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme engayilinganisela ngayo amandla kahulumeni ngezindlela eziveza inhlekelele kamuva.

Inhlangano Entsha Yezohwebo: Ikhulisa Igunya Lesizwe

Phakathi nosongo lokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal yandisa ngokuphawulekayo izinhlelo zokuhileleka kukahulumeni kwezomnotho. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yalahla imithetho eminingi ye-New Deal, kodwa ngemva kwe- “court_pagick” yosongo, iNkantolo yaqala ukusekela ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi kwezentengiselwano nemibuso ekhokhayo. Izinqumo ezinjenge NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. [1977] [197] kanye [[FL:] Wickard v.[FLT] [192]] [192]) Ingqungquthelana yavumela noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezomnotho. Lenkathi egcwele i-onke, nakuba iphawulwe ngeNkamuva kweMikhasi yeNkakhulu lika-19000.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nokuphoqelelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Ngonyaka ka-1950 no-1960, uhulumeni wamandla awo ukuze uphoqelele amalungelo esizwe empi ezwe elimelana nemibuso. Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, oxhaswe [umthetho ka- ka-Atlanta Motel v. United States [1964], wasebenzisa amandla akhe okuvimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga ezindlini zomphakathi. Ukungenela kwezemfundo, amalungelo okuvota, nezindlu kwabonisa ikhono likahulumeni wesizwe lokuphoqelela izivumelwano zomthetho wezwe ukuba uhloniphe iziqinisekiso, ngisho nokuphikisa kobuhlanga komphakathi.

[[QULT:0] Roe v. Ukujova [ [1773] kanye namaDobb v.Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022]

.Roe v. wamisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo likahulumeni lokukhipha isisu, ukulawula imithetho kahulumeni evimbela lenqubo. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngamashumi amahlanu, lesi sinqumo silinganiselwe negunya lezempilo yokuzala. Nokho, [[[FLT:]] ku-Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization , iNkantolo Ephakeme elawulayo [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] Roo [[FLT:], ukubuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisulo. ukushicimo. ukugcizelela indlela ukulinganisela kwamandla okungashintsha ngayo ngokuphawulekayo ngezincazelo ezintsha zokwahlulela. [FLT:]

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezashintsha Isimo Sesifundazwe

Ngaphandle kwezinqumo zokwahlulela, ukushintshwa okungokomthetho koMthetho - sisekelo kuye kwashintsha ukusakazwa kwegunya phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso. Izinguquko ezintathu zivelele ngenxa yethonya lazo elihlala njalo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Ukubuyiselwa Kwamandla Kahulumeni Kwamazwe

Ngonyaka ka-1791 yamiswa njengengxenye yeSigqi Samalungelo, iSichibiyelo seshumi esicacile sigcinwe ezifundazweni (noma kubantu) asiphathiswanga amandla kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, kwakuyisivikelo esinamandla samalungelo emibuso. INkantolo Ephakeme yanxusa United States v. Lopez kanye [[FLT]] ne-[FLT] Prent v. United States[FLT] [1997], okuthiwa kuyo kuwehla izikhulu zikahulumeni ezifuna ukukhokhisa isizinda sokuhlola ukuthenga izibhamu. Nakuba amandla entengiselwano yeshumi enciphe, ihlala isisekelo esiyinhloko se-uni ye-droult.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Ukuhlobanisa Amalungelo Abantu Bobuzwe

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo amandla kahulumeni ezifundazwe. Imfundiso yaso yokuhlanganisa iSiphakamiso samaLungelo isebenza ezifundazweni nge-Caltive Procession Claus(*) iye yavumela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba iqede imithetho yombuso ephula inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, inqubo yobugebengu, namanye amalungelo ayisisekelo. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo somthetho wamalungelo omphakathi wanamuhla kanye nokuhlola njalo umthetho kahulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Amandla Entela Ase - Federal

I-Ratiod yamiswa ngo-1913, iSichibiyelo sesithupha sagunyaza i-Congress ukuba ikhokhe intela yeholo ye-levy ngaphandle kokwabelana ngayo phakathi kwezifundazwe. Lokhu kwanika uhulumeni wezwe umthombo omkhulu wenzuzo eguquguqukayo, wakwazi ukusekela izinhlelo eziningi kakhulu, kusukela ekuSocial Security ukuya ezindaweni ezinkulu zesifundazwe. Ukukhokha kwezimali okusuka ekhonweni lentela kuye kwavumela uhulumeni ukuba uthonye inqubo kahulumeni ngokunikeza i-jningqínisgraid nezimali ze-atvoctive, okuphakamisa ukulinganisela kwegunya ku-Washington.

Izinselele Zanamuhla EFederal̆ State Relations

Izindaba zangesikhathi esidlule ziyaqhubeka zivivinya imingcele yegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuthengwa Kakhulu Nokwenqabela Umbuso

I-Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA) ka-2010 yamelela ukungenela okukhulu kukahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo, indawo elawulwa ngokomlando yimibuso. Umthetho wafuna ukuba abantu balondoloze umshuwalense wempilo, wandisa uMdicaid, futhi wasungula izimakethe zomshuwalense. i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLD] [20202], iNkantolo ePhakathiwe isekela igunya lomuntu njengentela kodwa isithiyelela uhulumeni ukunciphisa amandla okuphoqa uMedica ngokusongela ukukhipha yonke iminyango ekhona. [Foctive Couragety][3]

Ukugunyazwa Kwecala: Impi Phakathi KoMbuso Nomthetho Wesifundazwe

Kusukela ngo-2012, amazwe amaningi aye avunyelwa ngokomthetho kwezokwelapha noma kwezokuzijabulisa, ephikisana ngokuqondile ne-Guiced Substances Act kahulumeni, emisa i-Cannabis njenge-Shedynabis njengesidakamizwa somthetho. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wathatha isimiso sokungavumelani nomthetho weCole Meyandrandum futhi ulande, kodwa isiyaluyalu esingokomthetho sisalokhu. Amabhange asebenza amabhizinisi afaka izingozi zesijeziso sikahulumeni, futhi abantu bangaqhubeka bebekwa icala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lempi eqhubekayo iveza ubunzima bokulondoloza umbono osemthethweni womphakathi nemithetho kahulumeni lapho isuka ngokungenamthetho wezemthetho.

Ukuthuthwa Kwezindawo: Amadolobha Angcwele Nokukhululwa Kwezwe

Ukungena kuyindawo yegunya likahulumeni elikhethekile, kodwa amazwe amaningi nezindawo kuye kwamukela “izimiso zokubambisana okulinganiselwe neziphathimandla zikahulumeni zokufuduka. Uhulumeni wezwe uye wasabela ngokusongela ngokugodla imvume nangokugodla i-umgasthi. [Ku] Arizona v. IUnited States [2020], iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya izinhlelo eziningana ze-SB. 1070, iqinisekisa ukuthi ayinakumisa imibuso yayo siqu yokugcinwa kwezindawo zokufuduka. Nokho, iNkantolo yashiya eminye iminikelo eqinile, futhi impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokuthi amazwe angayithuthukisa kanjani okuhlangenwe nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Isimiso Semfundo: Wonke Abafundi Bayaphumelela

Imfundo ngokwesiko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nowendawo, kodwa uhulumeni wezwe uye wafeza indima eyandayo ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) kanye nokubuyiswa kwayo kabusha. Imfundo Yonke i-Early Students Reducations Act (ESSA), eyasayinwa ngo- 2015, yavala ezinye zeziyalo zikahulumeni ze-No Child Lend Act, ibuyela emagunyeni ezweni okumisa izindinganiso nokuhlela izimiso zokulandisa. U-ESA ubonisa ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamandla ngamabomu ngamabomu, nakuba izimfuneko zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene, ukuhlola, ukubika, nokuxhasa izimo ze-mongomthetho. Ulwazi lwe-PGUPT: 0] A lungatholakala e-Crease.[FLD [FF]

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Icebo Lamandla Ahlanzekile Nangaphezulu

Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile singesinye inkundla lapho imibuso kahulumeni nezwe ivame ukungqubana khona. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceac Air Act ye-Contection Agency ye-guernal Protection (EPA) ivumela ukuba i-Prefect ye-Invironmental Protection yesizwe ibeke izindinganiso zomgangatho womoya, okuthi kamuva i-ozisi kumelwe isebenzise ngokuhlela ukumiswa kwe-Obama i-Clean Power Plan, ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo ezikhungweni zamandla kagesi, yabekelwa inseleleka imibuso eminingi njengeqhawe yegunya likahulumeni.

Isiphetho: Umfutho Ohlala Njalo Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni nezwe abusona isimo esimisiwe kodwa ukuhlelwa okubumbeneyo okubunjwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, isenzo sombuso, nentando yezombangazwe yabaholi bezwe. Ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okwakhelwe kulezindawo zegunya kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho silinganiso sikahulumeni esingenza ngaphandle kokucindezelwa. Abafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda ukubusa kwaseMelika, ukuqaphela le-gallery kubaluleke kakhulu. Isimiso sombuso siklanyelwe ukuba sibe namandla ngokwaneleyo ukusingatha izinselele zezwe futhi sivusekugcine isilinganiso esiqinile ngokwaneleyo sokuvikela imingcele yendawo. Njengoba kuvela izimpikiswano ezintsha zezempilo, isimiso sezesayensi yendawo ezungezile, noma inkululeko yomphakathi, noma ukulinganisela komphakathi kuyoqhubeka, kodwa izimiso ezisekelwe ekuhleleni kwemibuso, ubuningi negunya eligciniweyo liyohlala kulo lelo gumbi lokulingana.