Isimiso sohulumeni bezwe e-United States siklanyelwe ukulingisa isimiso sikahulumeni esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kufana kuvumela uhlelo olungaguquguquki phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingawaqonda amalungelo azo nemithwalo yemfanelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinegunya elingakanani. Sizohlola ukuthi kuvela kumthetho-mthetho we-gualism. Sizohlola indlela ohulumeni abawasebenzisa ngayo amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni: uhulumeni wezwe, i-gconstructural, i-gnogne, no-gastical, nokuhlola isilinganiso se-evicks ezinsweni zezwe, nezimiso ze-ocence ezikhona. Sizohlola futhi imisuka ekumisweni, ukushintshanisa kwezwe, nemibuso phakathi kwezwe nemibuso ephakathi kwezwe.

Izimiso Ezingokomlando: Isizathu Sokuba Ama - United States Avumelane Nohulumeni Kahulumeni

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. basebenzisa kakhulu okuhlangenwe nakho kobukhomanisi kanye nokuhluleka kweZihlokwana zoBunye. Bafuna isimiso lapho ohulumeni bezwe bezohlala khona bezimele futhi besebenza ngaphansi kukahulumeni wesizwe onobunye. ISichibiyelo seshumi esicacile samandla agciniwe angazange athunyelwe e-United States ezweni noma kubantu, sigcizelela umqondo wokuthi ohulumeni bahulumeni bazimele ezimbulunga ezisezingeni labo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nokujwayelana, abenzi bemithetho-mthetho yesizwe, abakhiwe ngemva kwenguquko futhi phakathi nemibuthano-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, bamukela ngokuphawulekayo isakhiwo esifanayo sombuso njengohulumeni. Lomklamo wawungazeki, uvimbele ukugcwala kwezindawo ezisezingeni ezisezingeni labo. Namuhla, izikhulu zezomthetho zezomthetho, nezindawo ezikhethekile zezomthetho womthetho wasendaweni ekhethekile, futhi zidinga izinhlangano ze-progentivemental.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMbusi Njengomphathi Oyinhloko

Igatsha eliphethe ezingeni likahulumeni linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho, efana negatsha eliphethe uhulumeni eliholwa nguMongameli. Umbuso ngamunye unombusi wawo okhonza njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe, oqondisa iminyango nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene. Indima kambusi ingowezombangazwe kanye neyokwengamela, okufuna ukuba balawule izimali, bamise izikhulu, futhi bahlele imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu.

Amandla Kambusi Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Nakuba uMongameli eyala isikhulu sikahulumeni, umbusi uhola imishini kahulumeni ephethe. Imibuso evamile ihlanganisa:

  • [ Imithetho kahulumeni egunyazayo: Umbusi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yemithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka, ngokuvamile ngeziqondiso kumthetho ogcinwayo nezinhlangano eziqondisayo.
  • Amandla: NjengoMongameli, abalawuli bangawukhipha umthetho. Izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza izindleko zohlu lwengxenye ye-veto ekuhlawuliseni, zivumela umbusi ukuba ashaye izindleko ezithile zempahla [1]a amandla uMongameli akanawo esilinganisweni sikahulumeni.
  • Igunya lokumisa:[ Abaphathi bamisa amanxusa kahulumeni, amabhodi, nezikhokhi, futhi ezizweni eziningi, abahluleli. Lokhu kumiswa kuvame ukuqinisekiswa.
  • Ukuhlobisa:[ Umbusi unikeza isiphakamiso semali saminyaka yonke kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, uthonya indlela izimali zikahulumeni ezabelwe ngayo.
  • umlawuli-kakhulu: Umbusi uyala umbuso wezwe ukuba ugade (ngaphandle kokubekwa) futhi angawubiza uma kunezimo eziphuthumayo.
  • [ Intethe kanye nonya: Ababusi abaningi banamandla okuthethelela, ukuxolelwa, nokubuyisela, okufana negunya lobukhoma likaMongameli.

Ezinye Izikhulu Eziphethe Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Amagatsha aphethe ezwe ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izikhulu ezikhethwe ngokwazo njengomphathi-hulumeni, ummeli jikelele, unobhala wezwe, umgcini-mali, nomphathi-zincwadi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla aphetheyo [1] kufana nohlobo lukahulumeni lapho uMongameli noMongameli kuphela ekhethwa khona ngokwesizwe, / okubonisa i-inqumo yamabomu yegunya le-guberna. Ngokwesibonelo, eTexas, umbusi uhlanganyela amandla nomphathi jikelele okhethwe ngokwakhe. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni, njengeminyango yezemfundo, ezokuthutha, impilo, nesivikelo sezezemvelo, i-isibuko se-pardepal compagement comparation comparation. [[FLT] i-Ampligions [FLT] inikeza imithombo ye-gavisionation ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Namandla Aphuthumayo

Abalawuli bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo. Nakuba iziyalezo zikaMongameli eziphethe zilinganiselwe ngumthetho kahulumeni, iziyalezo zikahulumeni zingakhuluma izindaba ezicaciwe njenge nhlekelele, izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi (umzk., i-COVID-19), kanye nezinguquko ezilawulayo. Izinga lokuyalwa kwalezi zinqumo lihluka ngomthetho wezwe nomthetho, kodwa ziyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthatha isinyathelo esingalawuleki.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ama - United States Njengezisebenzi Zombuso Wentando Yeningi

Igatsha lemithetho elisesilinganisweni sombuso linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Izifunda eziningi zinendlu yomthetho ye-bamaral, efana ne-U.S. Congress, enezindlwana ezimbili: Indlu yabameleli neSigeqe. Nokho, i-Nebraska ima yodwa ne-uncameral, engeyoyarpartarian isishaya-mthetho esinegama eliphawulekayo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyahluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu, ubude besikhathi, nangenkokhelo, kodwa imisebenzi yazo eyisisekelo iyaqhubeka ingaguquki.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwemizwa

Ezifundazweni zase-Bidamaral, indlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli, i-Assembly, noma iNdlu yabathunywa) inamalungu amaningi amelela izigodi ezincane, kuyilapho indlu engaphezulu (isifunda sasenyakatho) inamalungu ambalwa amelela izifunda ezinkulu. Lesibuko i-Lounia House neSigele. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia inamalungu angu-80 eSishaya-Ndlu soMhlangano kanye namashumi amane ama-Senators. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Alaska, inendawo encane eyingxenye engu-40 yeSishaya-Ndlu. Imingcele yemigqa ikhona kwezinye izifunda (umz. California, Michigan) kodwa ayiveli ezinye izikhawulo, kodwa yenza ukungaboni ukungezwani kwemithetho.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho KaHulumeni

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile enikeza izishaya - mthetho izishaya - mthetho:

  • Ukwenza umthetho: Ukunqanda, ukuphikisana, nokuvota ezikweletini eziba imithetho kahulumeni. Izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zingangenisa izinkulungwane zemali yezindleko ngesimiso ngasinye.
  • Imvume eqinile: Isishaya-mthetho sibukeza futhi sifake inzuzo yomphathi wemali, ngokuvamile sihlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezinamandla mayelana nokusekela imali.
  • Ukudlulisa amaKomiti: aphatha amacala ukuze ahlole izinhlangano nezinhlelo zikahulumeni, kuqinisekise ukulandisa.
  • [[[NT.0] Imelela i-Actus: Abameli basekela izidingo zezifunda zabo, umsebenzi wokuqunganisa nemisebenzi yomphakathi.
  • Ukuhlukanisa:[ Njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, izishaya-mthetho ziphinde zidwebe izishaya-mthetho zezindawo zenhlangano nezindawo zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ekwazini ukubala, inqubo ngokuvamile ebhekene nempikiswano yezombangazwe.

Intando Yeningi Eqondile Emithethoni KaHulumeni

Ngokungafani nesilinganiso sikahulumeni, izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidlule izishaya-mthetho ngezindlela zokuthatha izinyathelo. Lelithuluzi lentando yeningi eliqondile − imvume evela kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.(imvume) yamavoti okumisa ngokwawo imigaqo noma izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho. Izifunda ezingamashumi amabili nayisithupha zinemizamo edumile noma i-athoramente. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokulungisa izakhiwo saseCalifornia siye saveza imithetho engokomthetho wentela, ubulungisa bobugebengu, kanye nokunakekela impilo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legistrationsss ilandela lezinqubo zomthetho.

Izinqumo Zomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zihlangana ngesikhathi esigcwele (isivumelwano) noma isikhathi esiyingxenye (isimo). Izwe njenge New York, California, nePennsylvania linazo izikhawu zonyaka wonke, kuyilapho ezinye ezifana neWyoming ne Montana zihlangana izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela. Izishaya-mthetho zikhokha iholo eliphezulu futhi zisebenzise izisebenzi ezengeziwe, ziholele emandleni ahlukene ekwenzeni umthetho. Ingqungquthela ye-U.S. iyisishaya-mthetho esiphelele; inguquko yombuso iveza ukuvumelana kombuso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi kuqulwa ubulungisa. Ngokufanayo nejaji likahulumeni, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinesigaba esihlanganisa izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo zecala, nezinkantolo zesifundazwe eziphakeme. Nokho, izimiso zenkantolo zezwe zinkulu kakhulu.

Isakhiwo Senkantolo YoMbuso

  • [[QUTY: 0] Izinkantolo ze-Trial:[ Izinga lokuqala lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi futhi kubekwe khona amajaji ngamabomu. Lezi zingaba izinkantolo zezezwe (umz., izinkantolo eziphakeme) noma izinkantolo zezezwe ezilinganiselwe (umz., umasipala, izimoto, iziphakamiso ezincane).
  • [ Izinkantolo ze-partimeter Appellate: Izifundazwe ezingaba ngu-40 zinezinkantolo ezibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo ngaphambi kokuba zifike enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu. Lesibonisi sibonakalisa izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda zezicelo.
  • Inkantolo yeSizwe ePhakeme: Inkantolo yokugcina efuna ukuthathwa ezindabeni zomthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeTexas ne Oklahoma, zinezinkantolo ezihlukene zecala lomphakathi nelezelele.

Ukukhethwa KwabaHluleli BoMbuso

Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni emiswe ukuze aphile, amajaji ombuso akhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezibonisa amafilosofi ahlukene: partisan khetho (umzk., Alabama, Texas]]]an khetho[ (umk., Wisconsin, Washington], [[FLT:]]]merit ukhetho] [Missouri Plan, esetshenziswa ezifundekweni eziningi), kanye [FLT] i-'umthetho noma i-mthetho we-project [FLT] (ig. g., i-Virginia, i-South Carolina,). Lokhu kunikeza isibonakaliso sokuzimela, nokuzimisela ukubusa.

Amandla Nokubaluleka Kwencwadi KaHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile enikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo eziphakeme zinqume ukuthi iNational Center yezemfundo, umshado olinganayo wesilisa (ngaphambi kwe-Obergefell), namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Zingamemezela futhi imithetho kahulumeni engavumelani nemithetho-sisekelo ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kazwelonke, ngisho noma ingaba isebenza ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. I-National Center for State Courts inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi emikhankambini yenkantolo.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Phakathi Kwamagatsha

Igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni linamandla akhethekile nemithwalo yemfanelo, lidala isimiso sokuhlola esibonisa isimo sikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sibalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lingatholi amandla amaningi kakhulu.

  • Umbusi angakhipha umthetho, kodwa isishaya-mthetho singawudlulisa lo mnyango ngenani elanele (ngokuvamile eliyisithathu egumbini ngalinye). Kwezinye izizwe, kudingeka iningi elivamile ekulawuleni okuthile.
  • Isimiso somthetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa kombusi, kuhlanganise namajaji namakhanda eminyango.
  • Ijaji lingabusa imithetho engekho emthethweni, lihlole amandla akho kokubili amagatsha aphethe nezomthetho. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zineziphakamiso zokugcina ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo wezwe.
  • Isishaya-mthetho singamkhipha umbusi, umbusi omkhulu nezinye izikhulu. Le nqubo idinga ukuvota okuningi endlini engezansi kanye nokuvota okungama-3 amabili e-senate.
  • Igatsha eliphethe lingase libize izikhathi ezikhethekile zomthetho, kodwa isishaya - mthetho silawula imithetho yaso siqu futhi singase senqabe ukuphindisela.

Nokho, ukulinganisela kuyahlukahluka ezifundazweni. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye ababusi banamandla amakhulu okulawula, kanti abanye abanawo amandla okumisa.

Ukungafani Kwesibonelo Se - Federal

Nakuba ohulumeni bohulumeni bebonisa isimo sikahulumeni, kukhona umehluko oyinhloko:

  • I-Unicameralism: isishaya-mthetho esisodwa se-kamber ye-Nebraska siyisiqalo esiphawulekayo sokungangeni kwe-bidaralism.
  • isikhulu se-Plato:[ Izifunda eziningi zikhetha izikhulu eziningi zezikhulu ngaphandle kukambusi, ngokungafani nekhabethe likahulumeni elimiswe nguMongameli.
  • I-democracy: Izinyathelo ezithatha indawo, i-heaterendams, nokukhumbula ukhetho kunika izakhamuzi amandla angaphaya kwezimiso zikahulumeni.
  • Okhetho olungokomthetho: Izifundazwe eziningi ezikhethiwe, zidala ukucindezela okuhlukile kokulandisa kunamajaji kahulumeni amisiwe.
  • Imingcele ye- Imingcele-Template:[ uMbusi wesilinganiso (amabizo amabili ezifundazwe eziningi) nemingcele yegama lomthetho, kanti uMongameli ulinganiselwe kumagama amabili naku-Congress ayinamingcele yesikhashana.

Uhulumeni Nombuso Ohlangene

Ukuqonda izakhiwo zikahulumeni wombuso akuphelele ngaphandle kokuhlola ubuhlobo bazo nohulumeni kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa ubukhosi obumbaxambili lapho uhulumeni wombuso nohulumeni ngamunye unamandla akhethekile navumelanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ulawula ezentengiselwano zezwe, ukuphatha ukhetho, nokulawula imfundo, kuyilapho uhulumeni uphatha imithetho yangaphandle, ezentengiselwano zezwe, nezempi. Nokho, izindawo ezihlukene zenzakalelane njengemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye namalungelo omphakathi, kuholela ekubambisanani noma ekuxabaniseni.

I-Supremacle u-Claus ewumbuso iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba lapho imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni iphikisana, kodwa izifundazwe zilondoloza ukuzibusa okuphawulekayo. Umthetho-sisekelo S. ngokwawo, ngeSichibiyelo seshumi, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Ohulumeni bamazwe bahlanganyela futhi ezimisweni zikahulumeni ngezivumelwano ezinikeza imvume nezokubambisana, isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi “i-divocationalism."

Izinhlobonhlobo Phakathi Kwamazwe: Ifilimu Emangalisayo

Naphezu kwesimiso esivamile, umbuso ngamunye usebenza ngomthetho-sisekelo wawo siqu − eminye mide futhi inemininingwane (i-Alabisima inezinguquko ezingaphezu kuka-900), eminye i-lifere (i-Vermont ingenye yezimfushane kakhulu). Imibuso ye-Gubernator isukela ezinhlangothini ezinamandla (New York, Maryland) ukuya ezinqininisweni eziqinile (i-Texas, lapho umbusi wesikhulu nomphathi wemithetho-agconomes ibambe khona amandla amaningi). Imithetho yemithetho ihlukile: isishaya-mthetho se-compuzation seCalifornia siphakathi kwezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe kakhulu, kanti i-New Hampshire’s ikhokhi ekhokhwangwayo. Izakhiwo zeNkanto ephakathi kwenkantolo ziphinde zikhiphe izinkantolo, ezinye izigabane. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba zisebenze “njengezinkampani zentando yentando yentando yeningi, ukuhlola, ukuhlola izimiso zesizwe kamuva okuthandwayo.)

Ukuhlanganyela Nesabelo Sezakhamuzi

Ohulumeni bamazwe bangeneka kakhulu ezakhamuzini kunohulumeni ophethe. I-voterpout kukhetho lukahulumeni ivame ukuncipha, kodwa ithonya liqondile: izishayamthetho zikahulumeni zimelela izifunda ezincane, futhi imihlangano yasobala ivamile. Izakhamuzi zingaya ezimisweni zomthetho, zifaka ubufakazi ekuzweni, futhi zithintane nabameleli bazo kalula. Izifunda eziningi futhi zinemithetho kahulumeni efuna ukuba sobala ekuqululeni kwemithetho. Ukuqonda amagatsha kahulumeni anika izakhamuzi amandla okusekela ngokuphumelelayo izimpikiswano zendawo, ekusekeleni izinkonzo zesikole, ekusekeleni inguquko yamaphoyisa.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bezwe ababonisa ngayo isimo sikahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kwaseMelika. Izwe ngalinye lisebenza ngomthetho-sisekelo walo ohlukile, kodwa isisekelo esiyisisekelo ((amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ukuhlola nokuhlukanisa, kanye nokuhlukana kwemibuso) kuhlala kuhlangene nesizwe. Lokhu kufana akugcini nje ngokusiza ukuba kulawule kodwa futhi kunike izakhamuzi amandla okusebenza nohulumeni wazo emazingeni amaningi. Ngokufunda izimiso zesifunda, i-production, namagatsha okwahlulela, sizuza ukuqonda izimiso ezisekela sonke isimiso sezombangazwe sombuso we-U.S. Njengezitini zesimiso sezentando yeningi yaseMelika, kusho ukuthi ziyaqhubeka ziveza izidingo nezindinganiso zomphakathi wazo ezahlukeneyo kuyilapho zinamathele ekuklanyweni isikhathi esiye sahlala emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.