Kuyini Ukukhetha?

Ukhetho luyinqubo engokomthetho yokwenza izinqumo lapho inani labantu likhetha khona umuntu noma iqembu ukuba libambe ihhovisi lomphakathi noma linqume ngemibuzo ethile yesimiso sobukhoma. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, ukhetho luyinqubo eyinhloko izakhamuzi eziphathisa ngayo abameleli bazo igunya futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uveza intando yeqembu. Nakuba lezi zici zihluka kakhulu emazweni onke cishe kusukela ezimisweni ezikhethweyo zokuvota ezobuchwepheshe. Isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sifana: izakhamuzi zonke ezifanelekayo zifanelwe ithuba elilinganayo lokuzwa izwi lazo.

Izindawo zokukhetha aziyona nje inqubo engokwezikhathi ezithile; ziyingxenye yegazi yokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho, izakhamuzi azinayo indlela yokuthula yokuthatha indawo yabaholi abahluleka ukunikeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wokhetho, kusukela ekubhalisweni kuya eqophelweni lokugcina, kunika abavoti amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo futhi bavikele ubuqotho benqubo.

Izisekelo Zokukhetha

Kuyo, ukukhetha kuhlanganisa ukukhetha abavoti phakathi kwabavoti noma izinketho. Kodwa ngemva kwalokho lesosenzo esilula siqukethe uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho, izinqubo, nezinhlangano eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela uveza ngokunembile lokho okukhethwa yi-voteta. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa imfanelo engokomthetho yabavoti, umthetho wezimali zomkhankaso, umklamo wamaphepha noma ama-screen, nezindlela ezisetshenziswa ekubhaleni imiphumela futhi ziqinisekise imiphumela.

Izimiso Zokukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

  • Isuffijeli: Zonke izakhamuzi ezikhulile zinelungelo lokuvota, ngemingcele emincane, enengqondo (umz., ubudala, isakhamuzi).
  • Ukuvota ngakunye kuthwala isisindo esifanayo; asikho isakhamuzi okufanele sibe nethonya elingaphezu kwesinye.
  • [ Inqubo yenkululeko neyobukhazikhazi: Izinqumo kumelwe zenziwe ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa, ukwesabisa, noma ukukhwabanisa, futhi kumelwe kunikeze izinqumo eziqotho.
  • SEcret Ballot: Abavoti bangavota ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba wedwa nenkululeko.
  • Izinhlelo ze-Periodic: abaholi bakhethelwa imibandela emisiwe, ngokhetho oluba khona njalo ukuze kuvunyelwe ushintsho.

Izinhlobo Zokukhetha

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zifeza izinjongo ezihlukene phakathi kwentando yeningi, kusukela ekukhetheni amalungu ebhodi lesikole lendawo kuya ekunqumeni iziqu zezwe.

Ukukhetha Okuvamile

Kukhona ukhetho oluvamile ukuze kugcwaliswe amahhovisi esizwe noma esifundazwe, njengomongameli, iphalamende, noma umbusi.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Izenzo zobugebengu ziyimincintiswano yangaphakathi yeqembu esetshenziselwa ukukhetha abazokhetha okhethweni oluvamile. Bangavuleka (noma yimuphi umvoti angase ahlanganyele), bavalwe (amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kuphela), noma avunyelwe kancane. Izindawo zivumela amalungu eqembu ukuba athonye ukuthi obani abavoti abamele idili labo ebhokisini lokugcina.

Ukukhetha Kwendawo

Okhetho bendawo noma lukamasipala bagcwalisa amahhovisi anjengemeya, abakhomishane bedolobha, izikhulu zesifundazwe, namalungu ebhodi yesikole. Lokhu khetho ngokuvamile luye luthinteke kakhulu kodwa luthinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kosuku lonke (izindawo zomjaho, izikole, izindawo zokwakha, amaphoyisa, nezintela zendawo. Ukuqonda ukukhetha kwendawo kubalulekile ukuze kuthinteke isilinganiso sendawo.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Isikole

I-apendum iyivoti eqondile embuzweni wesimiso esithile, njengokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho omusha. Izinyathelo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze imithetho emisha noma izinguquko ngesicelo bese zivota. Lamathuluzi anikeza abavoti amazwi aqondile (kunokuthembela kuphela kubameleli abakhethiwe) futhi avamile eSwitzerland, ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S., kanye nakwezinye izifunda.

Khumbula Ukukhethwa

Kweminye imibuso yentando yeningi, abavoti bangasusa isikhulu esikhethiwe ngaphambi kokuba siqedwe ngokhetho lwenkumbulo. Lenqubo idinga ukuqoqa inani elithile lezisayino ukuze kusungulwe ukuvota okukhethekile. Izikhumbuzo ziyivelakancane kodwa zisebenza njengenqubo enamandla yokulandisa.

Izimiso Zokudlala: Indlela Imisebe Eba Ngayo Ama - seat

Indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ekumeleni inemiphumela ephawulekayo kwezombangazwe. Izimiso ezikhethiwe ziwela ezigabani ezintathu: ubuningi/ubuningi, ukumelela okulinganayo, kanye nezimiso ezixubeneyo.

Ukwethakatha (Okuqala-Past-the Post)

Kuyi-iningi, umuntu othola amavoti amaningi unqoba, ngisho noma engawini abaningi. Lesi simiso sisetshenziselwa amahhovisi amaningi e-United Kingdom, eNdiya, e-Canada, nase-United States. Kulula futhi kuveza abanqobi abacacile, kodwa kungaholela ekuvoteleni nasekuxhumaneni phakathi kwengxenye yokuvota nesihlalo.

Izimiso Ezinkulu

Izimiso ezinkulu zidinga ukuba ozovota awine ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-50. Uma kungekho ofinyelela lokho emzuzwaneni wokuqala, kuthathwa ukudunwa phakathi kwabathathi-mgomo ababili abaphezulu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi usekelwa kabanzi, njengoba kubonakala kukhetho lukamongameli waseFrance nemijaho eminingi yesifunda emhlabeni wonke.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izimiso ze-PR zabekwa ngokwezihlalo ezilingana namavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Amavoter akhetha uhlu lweqembu, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngokwengxenye yevoti yesizwe noma yesifunda. I-PR ivame eYurophu (eJalimane, eSpain, eSweden) futhi ithambekele ekukhiqizeni izishaya-mthetho eziningi ezibonisa imibono ehlukene. Nokho, zingaholela kohulumeni abahlangene abathatha isikhathi eside ukuba bakhe.

Izimiso Ezixubile

Izimiso zokhetho ezixubene zihlanganisa izici zobuningi ne PR. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane ne-New Zealand zisebenzisa ukumelelwa okuxubeneyo (MMP), lapho abavoti benezivoti ezimbili: enye ye-project (ubuningi) kanye nenye yohlu lweqembu (PR). Lokhu kulinganisela ukumelelwa kwendawo kanye nemiphumela elinganayo.

Inqubo Yokuthutha Imikhumbi

Kusukela ekubhaliseni kuya ekuvoteni, isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umvoti, ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, nokuqinisekisa ukutholakala.

Ukubhalisa Ezincwadini

Eziningi zedemokrasi, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibhalise ngaphambi kokuba zivote. Izinqubo zokubhalisa ziyahlukahluka: Amanye amazwe abhalisa izakhamuzi ngokuzenzekelayo uma ebhalisa i-18 (umz., iJalimane), kuyilapho amanye edinga ukubhaliswa ngemvume ngezincwadi (umz., United States). Imininingwane ebalulekile ivame ukuhlanganisa igama, ikheli, usuku lokuzalwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-partist. Ukubhalisa kuyisisekelo somqulu we-vhootor, okunquma ukuthi ubani ofanelekele ukuvota endaweni ethile.

Izindlela Zokusakaza

Izakhamuzi namuhla zinokukhetha okuningi kunanini ngaphambili kokuphonsa amavoti azo. Indlela ekhethwe ixhomeke ekusebenziseni izinto zobuchwepheshe, nasezimfunekweni ezingokomthetho.

  • Ku-Person Voting: Indlela engokwesiko lapho abavoti beya khona endaweni yokuvota ekhethiwe ngosuku lokhetho. Lokhu kuvumela usizo olusheshayo uma kudingeka futhi kuqinisekisa indawo elondekile, eqondiswayo.
  • Iposi-In (Abese): Abavoli bathola ivoti ngeposi, bayigcwalise ekhaya, futhi bayibuyise ngeposi noma ngebhokisi lokulahla. Ukuvota ngeposi kuye kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, futhi kuvamile ezizweni ezinjenge-Oregon, Washington, ne-Colorado.
  • Imidlalo yangaphambili: Izifunda eziningi zivumela abavoti ukuba baphonse amabhola phambi kosuku lokhetho ezikhungweni zokuvota ezimisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa imigqa ngosuku lokhetho futhi kuhlalisa izinqumo ezimatasa.
  • Ukuvota okungaqondakali: Amanye amazwe asebenzisa imishini yokuvota (ama-EVM) noma ukuvota ngolwe-inthanethi. Nakuba kushesha futhi kungumngane womsebenzisi, izimiso zobuchwepheshe ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuncitshiswa kwe-inthaneti nokugcinwa kwe-accomp.

Ukucaciswa Kwesibani

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphambanisa, izindawo eziningi zidinga abavoti ukuze babonise izimpawu ngaphambi kokwamukela i-colot. Ukuqina kwemithetho ye-ID kuyimpikiswano ephikisanayo: abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi bavikela ubuqotho, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokungalinganisi ukuthi balahla idlanzana, asebekhulile, nabavoti abaphansi abafikayo. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ama-ID angakho (umz., isig. i-gameter), kuyilapho amanye amukela kuphela ama-ID anezithonsi zikahulumeni.

Usuku Lokukhetha

Usuku lokukhetha luwumvuthwandaba womjikelezo wokhetho, lapho bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe benethuba lokuphonsa amavoti abo. Kwabaningi, futhi luwusuku lokuziqhayisa nomphakathi wesivumelwano somphakathi.

Izindawo Ezingcolisayo

Izindawo zokunukubeza zisungulwa ezikoleni, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, emasontweni, noma kwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi. Indawo ngayinye isebenza egcekeni elithile noma igumbi. Ngosuku lokhetho, zisebenza ngezikhulu zokhetho (ngokuvamile eziqeqeshiwe) ezihlola abavoti, izikhokhelo zokukhipha, futhi zisize ngemishini yokuvota. Ukutholakala kuyimfuneko engokomthetho: izindawo zokuhlola kumelwe zihlalise abavoti ngokukhubazeka, zinikeze usizo lolimi lapho kudingekile, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi zikhona izikhathi ezifanelekele.

Ukuphonsa Ibhola

Kuye ngokwendawo, abavoti bangaphawula ibhola lephepha lokuvota, bathinta isikrini, noma bafake ikhadi emshinini. Isenzo sokuvota singesomuntu siqu [1] Emazweni amaningi, amadokodo okuvota anamakhethi noma amabhande ahlukanisayo. Ngemva kokuqeda ibhola, umvoti alifaka ebhokisini elivaliweyo lephepha noma alifake ngemishini. Ezimisweni ezisekelwe ephepheni, i-colot iba umbhalo ongokoqobo ongaphindwa kamuva. Ezinye izimiso ziveza i-vota yephepha elikhokhelwayo i-partment (VPAT), zivumela abavoti ukuba baqinisekise ukukhetha kwabo ngaphambi kokuzithoba kokugcina.

Ukubala Nemiphumela

Uma ukuhlola sekuphelile, inqubo yokubala amavoti iqala. Leliqophelo libalulekile ukuzethemba: noma yiliphi iphutha noma ukusetshenziswa kwekhono kungalulaza lonke ukhetho. Ukubona gcaba, ukuthembeka, kanye nokuthatha isikhathi kuyizici ezibonisa ukubala okunokwethenjelwa.

Ukubala Izindlela

  • Ukubala inani: Iphepha lomshini ubalwa ngesandla, ngokuvamile ngamaqembu ezisebenzi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezivela emaqenjini ahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukunemba. Amanani ezandla athatha kancane kodwa anikeza indlela yokuqinisekisa iphepha.
  • Ukubala: Imishini yokuhlola i-Optical ifunda ama-collet aphawulwe ephepha, nemiphumela ye-software ethandekayo. Ukubala kogesi kuyashesha kodwa kudinga isilinganiso sokuhlola nokuvikela.
  • Izinhlelo: Izifunda eziningi zenza ama-'scheme' okhetho lwangemva kwe-'post's'(-random's'' noma imininingwane egcwele--"ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini nezinqubo zaveza umphumela olungile. Ama-pager-menu engozi aba indinganiso yegolide.

Ukumemezela Imiphumela

Imiphumela engagunyaziwe ingakhululwa ngobusuku bokhetho noma ngezinsuku ezilandelayo, kodwa ukugunyazwa okungokomthetho kungathatha amasonto. Imiphumela imenyezelwa iziphathimandla zokhetho (umzk. unobhala wezwe noma i-octonator commission). Ezinhlangeni eziseduze, izinselele ezithatheka kalula noma ezingokomthetho zingabanga nemiphumela yokugcina. Kuvamile ukuba abawini bezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekubuyiseleni okungalingani, kodwa lezozikhangiso azigunyaziwe kuze kube yilapho zifakazelwa.

Ukukhetha Kwangemva: Ukushintsha Nokubusa

Ngemva kokuba imiphumela iqinisekisiwe, abanqobi bathatha isikhundla ngokwendlela egunyaziwe. Ukushintsha okunokuthula kwamandla kuwuphawu lokuzinza kwentando yeningi. Le ngxenye ihlanganisa ukuqondisa izikhulu ezintsha, ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni (ezimisweni zephalamende), nokumiswa kwamalungu ekhabethe noma abefundisi. Ezimisweni zobumongameli, abaphathi abaphumayo babambisana neqembu elizayo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubekela phambili.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha

Ukukhetha kungaphezu nje kokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe; kuyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezibonisa ngayo ubukhosi phezu kukahulumeni wazo.

Umemo

Izinhlelo zivumela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene ukuba ikhethe abameleli abanezici ezifana nezayo, izithakazelo nezizinda. Emphakathini onezici eziningi, akukho qembu elingalawula zonke izinqumo .

Ikhasi lokulandisa

Uma isikhulu esikhethiwe sihluleka ukunikeza izithembiso, sihileleke ekonakalani, noma sishalazele umbono womphakathi, abavoti bangathatha indawo yaso okhethweni olulandelayo. Lokhu kulandisa ngezikhathi ezithile kuveza ukubusa okusabelayo.

Umthetho

Uhulumeni okhethwe ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho uthola igunya lokuziphatha. Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekulaleleni imithetho, ekukhokheni izintela, nasekuzihlanganiseni neziphathimandla lapho zikholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso silungile.

Isinqumo Esinokuthula Sengxabano

Izinhlelo zinikeza indlela engenabudlova yokuxazulula izingxabano zezombangazwe. Kunokuba aphendukele ekugumbuqeleni umbuso noma empini yombango, amaqembu ancintisanayo angafaka izifiso zawo ngebhokisi lebhola. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu.

Izinselele Ekukhetheni

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwabo, okhetho basengozini yezinselele eziningi ezingaqeda ukwethembana futhi zisonte imiphumela.

Ukucindezelwa Kwegesi

Ukucindezelwa kweVoter kubhekisela emandleleni anciphisa ngamabomu ukuvota phakathi kwamaqembu athile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imithetho eqinile ye-ID, ukukhipha amavota, ukunciphisa izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, ukulinganisela amahora okuvota angaphambili, nokuthatha izimfuneko zokubhalisa ezisindayo. Lezi zinyathelo ngokungenakuqhathaniswa zithinta inzuzo ephansi, asebekhulile, nabavoti abambalwa, zilulaza isimiso sokuvota kwembulunga yonke.

Gerrymandering

Ukulawula kuwukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kuthandwe iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu. Ngokudweba izigodi ezimise okwenqaba, iqembu eliphethe linga "crack" noma "pack" abavoti abaphikisayo ukuze banciphise ithonya labo eliphelele. Nakuba kudingekile ukuguqula imingcele ethile, ukuguqula kweqembu kuphazamisa ukumelelwa nokuncintisana.

Ukukhwabanisa Nokwaziswa Okungekuhle

Ukuphambanisa − njengokuzenza ozenzele, ukuvota kabili, noma ukuthunga izimpahla okungavamile edemokrasi emisiwe, kodwa izinsolo zokukhwabanisa zingase zilulaze ukwethemba umphakathi. Okunye kugcwele ukusakazeka kokungaqiniseki, kuhlanganise nokusho okungamanga ngezinsuku zokuvota, izimfuneko, noma abazohlolwa. Imithombo yezenhlala-ndawo ifaka idonsela lokho okuqukethwe, ukukhungathekisa abavoti nokukhonjiswayo.

Umkhankaso Wemali Nethonya

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe ibangela inselele ekulinganani. abanikela ngezimali, izinkampani, namaqembu enzalo bangasebenzisa izimali eziningi ekukhangiseni, ekufuneni izikhangiso, nasePUCs, okungase kulawule nokhetho nezimiso zezimali. imithetho yezezimali yenkampano ihlose ukulinganisela ukonakala nokwandisa ukubonakala, kodwa iyaqhubeka igwegwe.

Usongo Lokuphepha

Ukhetho lwanamuhla luxhomeke ezisekelweni ze-ministry: izisekelo zokuvota, izincwadi zokuvota ze-electronic, imishini yokuvota, nezimiso zokubika. Lezi zimiso ziyizisulu zokuhlasela, i-parestra, nokuhlasela kwe-information. Ukuvikela ubuqotho bokhetho kudinga izilinganiso eziqinile ze-inthaneti, izinhlelo zephepha, nokugada okuqhubekayo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingakuqinisa Ngayo Ukukhetha

Intando yeningi enempilo ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo.

  • Zifundise ngokwakho: Uqonda imithetho esendaweni ohlala kuyo/umthetho wokubhalisa, izimfuneko ze-ID, nezilinganiso ze-bollet. Landela imithombo ethembekile njengawe .S. I-FUMCOMCOM Commission[[FL:3] noma I-Electoral Commission[].
  • Ceba ukubhalisa kwakho: kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ubhalisiwe futhi ukwaziswa kwakho kulungile. Amazwe amaningi avumela ukwenzeka kwale layini.
  • Ukuvota kunxantathu kunoma yiliphi i-Ecostation: Indaba yokhetho lwendawo, nolweminyaka edlulileyo, ivame ukubona i-patting ephansi kakhulu kodwa inethonya elikhulu eliqondile.
  • Cela ukuba imboni yempova: Izisebenzi zempova zibalulekile ekusebenzeni okushelelayo. Izindawo eziningi zikhokhela noma zinikeze izinsalela zosuku.
  • Combat Mistformation: Isabelo semininingwane eqinisekisiwe emithonjeni engokomthetho. Bika izinsolo zokusola ngokuvota kubaphathi bokhetho.
  • Advocate for Reformation: Izinyathelo zokusekela ezinwebeka ukufinyelela, njengokuvota okuzenzekelayo, amakhomishani okuzimela okuzimela, nezimiso zokuvota.

Isiphetho

Ukukhetha kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi. Kufaka abantu embusweni ongokomthetho, kugcina abaholi benecala, futhi kunikeze indlela yokuthula yokuxazulula izingxabano zezombangazwe. Nokho, njengoba lokhu kuhlola kubonisa, ukwenza umsebenzi wokhetho kuwumzamo wasikhathi sonke, ukuqapha ngokumelene nokucindezelwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza, kanye nokuzimisela ukubamba nokufinyelela. Bonke abavoti banendima yokufeza, hhayi ngokufaka ibhola lombango, kodwa ngokuqonda inqubo nokusekela ubuqotho balo. Uma izakhamuzi zitshelwa futhi ziphathiswe isithembiso sazo, okhethwe ngokhetho, kugcwalisa isithembiso sazo: uhulumeni wabantu, ngabantu, abantu.

Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zokhetho nokuhlanganyela komphakathi, vakashela USA.gov Voting Information noma Internationalternational Foundations for Electoral Systems[.[