Intando Yeningi Yentando Yeningi Yeningi

Ukhetho lwaseMelika luye lwavela lwaba yibhizinisi elibiza kakhulu elibumba ibala lezezombangazwe. Umjikelezo wokhetho lwama 2020 waba cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,2 ekusebenziseni konke, waphinda kabili ingqikithi ka 2016 futhi wadlula ngaphezu komkhiqizo wezwe elincane. Imikhankaso yabaphathi manje idlula imali eyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-amaRandi, imijaho yeSigele encinti idla imali eyizigidi ezingu-100, futhi ngisho nokhetho lwezikole ngezinye izikhathi luhlanganisa imali esetshenziswayo elingana nesithupha. Ukuqonda [[FLT: 0]] izimali zemali ezisemfashininini [ ayivezini nje kuphela lapho lemali isuka khona, kodwa indlela eshaya inqubo, i-mphicondlo yemiba yokhetho, futhi namazwi ayo ahlanganisa ngayo isilinganiso sedebendeyo.

Isimiso sezezimali sisebenza ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nezindlela zokugwema ezinqumayo ukuthi ubani onganikela ngemali, ukuthi zinganikela kangakanani, nokuthi yini efunekayo. Lemizamo yokulawula yokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuvimbela ukonakala, ukuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile, ukuqinisekisa ukuba sobala, nokugcina ukuncintisana okungokongathandeki. Nokho abagxeki phakathi kwemiklamo yezombangazwe baphikisa ukuthi imithetho yamanje iyahluleka ukufinyelela lemigomo, idala isimiso lapho izithakazelo ezicebile zisebenza khona ngokungenamkhawulo kuyilapho izakhamuzi zizizwa zingenalutho kakhulu enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Ukusungulwa Kwemali Yomkhankaso EMelika

Ukusuka Ekutholeni Inguquko Kuya Ekutheni Kube Yinguquko

Okhetho lokuqala lwaseMelika lwaludinga imali encane, njengoba abazobe belwa umkhankaso beqabukela bekhankaswa ngokuqondile, bebheka umsebenzi onjalo njengongafaneleki. Amaphephandaba asebenza njengesazi sokuxhumana esiyinhloko, amaqembu ezombangazwe asingatha ukuhlelwa okukhulu, futhi ingcebo yomuntu siqu yayidingeka njalo ekuthatheni isikhundla. Lesimiso sasingasebenzi cishe ngaphandle kwemithetho yekhulu lokuqala leRepublic.

Inkohlakalo yeNkathi Yezimo Zomphakathi phakathi kwawo-1870 no-1900 yaguqula ezombangazwe zaseMelika. Abavolontiya abaxhaswe ngokuqondile, imali yenkampani elawula imisebenzi yezombangazwe, ukuthenga amavoti kwakuvamile, futhi akukho kudinga ukuthululwa. Umphakathi wakhula njengoba ukonakala kwaba yisimo esilawulayo, ekugcineni kwaholela ezinguquko ezinkulu.

Amaprogrectionation Era Reformation kusukela kuma 1900 kuya kuma 1970 amisa uhlelo lokuqala olunenjongo lokuqondisa. Umthetho ka-Tillman ka-19907 wavala iminikelo yezinhlangano eqondile kwababezokuhlohlwa. I-Federal Expressoractive Act ka-1990 idinga ukuvezwa kweminikelo yeminikelo nezindleko. I-Hatch Act ka-Hatch yezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezilinganiselwe zezombangazwe, kanye noMthetho weTaft-Hartley ka-Hartley ka-1947 owenqatshelwe iminikelo eqondile yabameleli. Lenguquko yakuqala, nakuba ibalulekile, yayingenawo amasuntspect omthetho omthetho omthetho futhi yayigcinwa njalo.

Umsebenzi Wemali Wemikhankaso Yanamuhla

IFederal Econstration Campaign Act (FECA)] ka-1971 yamelela umzamo wokuqala obanzi wokulawula izimali zomkhankaso. Yamisa izimfuneko zokwembula, yasungula imingcele yomnikelo, yasungula izimali zomphakathi emikhankasweni yomongameli, futhi yathuthukisa izimiso zokugcinwa komthetho ezanikeza ukulandisa okukhulu kunemizamo yangaphambili.

I- Inguquko yeposi-Watergate [ ka-1971] yaqinisa uhlelo lokuqondisa ngokuphawulekayo. Badala i-Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) njengenhlangano ezimele yokuphoqelela, yaqinisa imingcele yomnikelo, yandisa izimali zomphakathi, futhi yathuthukisa izimfuneko zokwambulwa. Lenguquko yamelela uphawu oluphezulu lwamanzi lwemithetho yezezimali ekhulwini lama-20.

Bockley v. Valeo [77] ngokuyisisekelo yalungisa futhi yonke indawo yokulawula. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukusebenzisa imali emikhankasweni yezombangazwe kuhlanganisa inkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Imingcele yomnikelo yasekelwa njengezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zokuvimbela inkohlakalo, kodwa izindleko zabekwa njengezephula inkulumo ekhululekile. Lesinqumo sadala umehluko obucayi phakathi kweminikelo nezindleko ezisaqhubeka ukuchaza umthetho wezezimali namuhla. Isinqumo samisa ukuthi imali iyalingana nenkulumo emongongongokombangale yezombangazwe, isimiso esiye saqondisa i-jurispraudecive amashumi acishe amahlanu eminyaka amahlanu alandelana.

Imithombo Enkulu Yokusekela Imali Ngomkhankaso

Iminikelo Ngaminye: Isisekelo

Abanikeli abangabantu [ banikeza ingxenye enkulu yezimali zomkhankaso okhethweni lwaseMelika, kodwa ithonya labo lihlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe obukhulu bomnikelo. Isimiso ngokuphumelelayo sidala izitezi zokuhlanganyela ezisekelwe engcebweni, ngemithetho ehlukene esebenza emazingeni ahlukene okupha.

Abanikeli abancane abanikela ngaphansi kuka-R120 bamelela amaphesenti ayi15 kuya kwangama-25 emali emali evamile yomkhankaso. Leminikelo ayifakwanga emikhankasweni yomkhankaso, okusho ukuthi umphakathi ubona ingqikithi ehlangene kuphela kunamagama anikezelwe ngabanye. Isilinganiso esincane semali yemali yemali yemali yemali yemali iphakathi kukaR3,50 noR1, futhi laba abanikeli bashukunyiswa ngokuyinhloko yintshiseko yemizwanothi yemizwa kunokuba ithengise. Ukwanda kwamaqoqo engosimende engosini e-indezimboni kuye kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubaluleka kokunikeza amaqoqo amancane amaplanethi emijikelezo lempi asanda kuvela, kanye namabhokisi engeziwe okwakha izikhungosi zempi abalulekile avela kulamasekela.

Abanikeli abakhulu banikela ngo-R1,000 noma ngaphezulu okumelwe kuvezwe ngegama labo, umsebenzi, nomqashi. Laba abanikeli banikeza amaphesenti angu-50 kuya ku-70 emali evamile yomkhankaso. Ngokuvamile bayangena emasheya akhethekile lapho bethola khona ukufinyelela ngokuqondile kwabazobhapathizwa nakubaphathi abakhethiwe. Abanikeli abaningi bafaka iminikelo yabo emingceleni kahulumeni futhi basebenzise izinxulumane zokunwenisa ithonya labo ngokuqoqa iminikelo yabo kubangane nakuhlela izimali.

Izinyunyana ezinikela ngamazinga aphakeme zimelela amaphesenti alinganiselwa ku-0,1 omphakathi. Laba bantu banika abantu abaningi abazofunda kanye namakomiti, abaphethe amasheya akhethekile, basebenza njengemixhaka yeminikelo yemifantu evela ezinhlanganweni zabo, banikela ngokuqondile kumaqembu emali amnyama asebenza ngokubona bhabha. Ukufakwa kwemali yezombangazwe phakathi kwaleliqembu elincane kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo nge-demokratial kanye nokulingana.

[[I]

Amakomiti Empi Yezombangazwe

[ Isenzo sobuProlithi namaKomiti (PAC) inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuhlukanisa iminikelo nokuyisakaza kwabazohlolwa nezimbangela. Lamakomiti asebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezithile ezilawula imisebenzi yawo evunyelwe nemingcele yomnikelo.

I-PACS exhunyaniswe ixhaswe yizinhlangano, izinyunyana, noma ama-ammesenti. Zixhaswe ngeminikelo yezisebenzi zokuzithandela, nezindleko zokuphatha ezikhokhwa yinhlangano exhasayo. I-PACs exhunyiwe ilinganiselwe ku-R350 000 kukhetho ngalunye futhi kumelwe ibhaliswe ne-FEC, futhi i-sombululo esiphelele esidingeka kuyo yonke iminikelo etholwayo nezindleko ezenziwayo.

I-PACS exhunyaniswe ngeNon esebenzayo njengezinhlangano ezizimele zemibono. Zixhaswe yiminikelo yabantu ngabanye evela kubasekeli kunokuba ixhunyiwe kunoma yiyiphi inhlangano ethile. Imingcele efanayo yomnikelo isebenza mayelana nama-PAC, kodwa lezinhlangano zivame ukugxila ezimpikiswaneni ezithile kunokusekela okukhulu. I-PACC engangenisiwe zingasebenza ngezakhiwo zezisebenzi zokuzithandela noma izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe kuye ngemithombo nangezinhloso zazo.

[ I-Leadership PACs ilawulwa abezombangazwe ngabanye futhi isetshenziselwa ukusekela abanye abazohlolwa, ukwakha ithonya lezombangazwe, nokusekela ukuhambela kwezezimali nezenzakalo. Lamakomiti abhekana nemingcele ebuthakathaka yemali engasetshenziswa, eholela ekukhathazekeni ngenzuzo yomuntu siqu kanye nokungalawuleki kwemithetho yezezimali. I-Preadship PaCs iye yanda emashumini eminyaka amuva nje amalungu eSishaya-Mkhandlu afuna ukwakha izinhlangano zamandla kanye nesikhundla ngokwawo ukuze athole izindima zobuholi noma isikhundla esiphakeme.

AmaPace Aphakeme: Ukusebenzisa Imali Engenamingcele

I-PCS yavela ngokuqondile kwi-Citizens United v. FEC isinqumo ngo-2010 futhi yaguqula indawo yezezimali ngomkhankaso. Lamakomiti amelela ushintsho oluyisisekelo endleleni imali ehamba ngayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, akha imikhondo emishayela yokusebenzisa imali ngokungenamkhawulo esetshenziswa ngokuhambelana nesimiso somnikelo esilawulwayo.

Izici eziyinhloko ze-Super PACS zihlanganisa iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela kunoma yimuphi umthombo, ukuchitha imali engenakulinganiswa ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yezombangazwe, ukunqatshelwa kokubambisana nemikhankaso yokuhlobana, ukuthululwa kwesibopho kwezikhangiso, ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo, nokuqoqa ukuvotelwa. Ukuvinjelwa kokubambisana kusemqoka ekuthetheleleni kwabo okungokomthetho, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ukuthi ukubambisana kweze-cono kwenzeka njalo phakathi kwemisebenzi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene nasemhosholweni.

Abadlali abanezimo eziphezulu ze-PAC zihlanganisa i-PAC EPUI Enkulu eyodwa esekela ngokungenaphutha imikhankaso ethile, amaqembu aqondiswe ngokuqondiswe kwemikhankaso ethile noma amaqembu asekela izinqumbi ezithile, izinhlangano ezisekela izinjongo zeqembu, imisebenzi ekhuphuka ngenani elikhulu, imisebenzi yengcebo ngayinye, kanye namaqembu enkampani noma inyunyana asekela izithakazelo zezinhlangano ezithile.

Emjikelezweni wokhetho wama 2020, izindleko ezinkulu zafinyelela cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,1, ezimelela ingxenye ephawulekayo yengqikithi yezindleko zezombangazwe. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kuye kwasusa amandla okwenza izinqumo kubantu abazothatha izinqumo namaqembu angaphandle abheke emaqenjini abhekene nezimfuneko ezilinganiselwe nezithiyo.

Amaqembu Emali Amnyama

[ Amaqembu emali asebenza ngama-ark asebenza ngaphansi kwezindawo zemithetho yentela eyayingahloselwe neze umsebenzi wezombangazwe kodwa iye yaba yizimoto zokukhetha ezichithwa ngokubona okuncane. Lezinhlangano ziye zaba isisekelo semali yomkhankaso wanamuhla, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu emali echithwayo.

501 (c) izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zomphakathi zifunwa ngokomthetho ukuba zibe nezombangazwe njengokunye okungekona injongo yazo eyinhloko, kodwa ukugcinwa kwalemfuneko kuncane. Lamaqembu awabadaluli obala abanikeli bazo, angenza iminikelo eSuper PACs, futhi abe yizezombangazwe eziqhubekayo emsebenzini wawo. Imali emnyama ifinyelela cishe izigidi ezingu-R350 kumjikelezo 2020, kanye nokuningi kwayo igeleza kulomzila.

501 (c) (6) izinhlangano zezohwebo zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo. Amaqembu anjengamakamelo ezokuxhumana kwezentengiselwano namaqembu emboni futhi akhangise ngaphandle kokuveza imithombo yazo yezimali. Iminikelo kulezizinhlangano ngokuvamile ilula njengezindleko zebhizinisi, inikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe yentela yemali esetshenziswayo kwezombangazwe kuleminyango.

amasu emidlalo yezentengiselwano ahilela ukudluliswa okuningi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlangano ezifihlekile zokuxhasa imali. Imali ingageleza phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi ngaphambi kokufika endaweni yayo yezombangazwe, idala izindlela ezinzima noma ezingenakwenzeka kubacwaningi nezintatheli ukuba zilandele. Izinkinga mayelana nemali yakwamanye amazwe engena esimisweni sezombangazwe ngalezi zindlela ziye zaholela ekubizeni izimfuneko ezinamandla kakhulu zokuveza ulwazi, nakuba ukusabela kwemithetho yemithetho kulinganiselwe yimpikiswano ye-RCFSCFS.

AmaKomiti Eqembu Lezombangazwe

Izinhlangano zesigaba zisebenza emazingeni amaningi futhi zinikeze isisekelo esibucayi somsebenzi womkhankaso. Lamakomiti ahlela imisebenzi ehlanganisa izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene futhi anikeze imithombo engakhiqizwa ngempumelelo imikhankaso ngaminye.

amakomiti esizwe ahlanganisa iDemocratic National Committee neRepublican National Committee ehlela imikhankaso yobumongameli, ukusekela izinhlanga ze-ballot, ukwakha izakhiwo zezinhlangano, nokuphatha imisebenzi emikhulu yokuxhasa izimali. La makomiti aye ashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela esikhathini semali ethambile, lapho iminikelo engenamkhawulo igeleza phakathi kwamaqembu ngaphambi kokuba ivinjelwe yi-Bipartisan Chainse Reform Act ka-2002.

Amakomiti e-Createnational njenge-Democratic Congress Campaign Committee, National Republican Congregational Committee ye-Democratic Senatial Campaigment Committee, ne-National Republican Senatorial Committee igxile ngokukhethekile kwizinhlanga ze House ne-Genesaimplity. Lamakomiti ahlasela izifunda-midiyani ezincintisanayo, abafuna ukuqashwa, benza ukucwaninga ngokuphikiswa, futhi enza izinqumo zokuchitha imali ezihlela imithombo lapho zingaba nethonya khona kakhulu.

Isimo kanye namaqembu asendaweni [[FLT: 1] aphatha izimpande ezihlelayo, ukuvota, nokuphuma ngaphandle kwemisebenzi. Bahambisana eduze namakomiti esizwe ngezivumelwano zokuqoqa izibonelelo ezihlangene ezivumela abanikeleyo ukuba babhale amasheke amakhulu abe esehlukaniswa phakathi kwamakomiti amaningi namaqembu.

Izimiso Zokuhlinza Umphakathi

Imali yomphakathi isiphelelwe isikhathi kakhulu njengoba abazothatha inxaxheba benqaba. Isimiso sinikeza abazothatha inxaxheba imali efanelana kakhulu kanye nezipho zokukhetha ezinikezwa abavuma ukusebenzisa imingcele, kodwa lemingcele ayisebenzi njengoba izindleko zomkhankaso ziye zakhuphuka. Amakhandi angakhuphuka kakhulu ngeminikelo yangasese kunokuba isimiso somphakathi sinikeze, okwenza ukuba nengxenye kube yingozi.

Izinhlelo zendawo zibonise isithembiso esithe xaxa kanye nezinhlelo. Izifunda-mazwe eziyi 14 manje zinikeza uhlobo oluthile lwezimali zomphakathi. I-Connecticut Connecticut's Commution Program ifinyelele amazinga aphakeme okuhlanganyela futhi ibolekiwe ngokunciphisa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni. Izinhlelo zemali zeDolobha ziveza iminikelo emincane, inikeza intengo ephindaphindiwe ekhuthaza abazokuhlola ukufakwa kwezimpande zotshani. Uhlelo lwe-Democraferacy Voucher lunikeza izakhamuzi zonke ezinezimetria ezikwaziyo ukwabela abathathiwe, kanti isimiso se-Coocrac equoctes orgary's sinikeza abazokusekela iminikelo yomphakathi ngokuphelele abafuna ukuchitha imingcele eqinile neminikelo yangasese.

Imithetho: Imingcele, Ukuvala Imishini, Nokuphoqelelwa

Imingcele Yengxenye Yomphakathi

Kumjikelezo wokhetho 2023-2024, imingcele yomnikelo kahulumeni imisa imingcele eqondile yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeminikelo. Abanikazi ngabanye banganikela ngoR3,300 ngokhetho olungunokhetho oluyinhloko noluvamile, ngokuphumelela bavumela u-$6,600 ku-R2,600 kulowo nalowo ozokhetha. Amakomiti ezombangazwe anganikela ngo-R250 ngokhetho ngalunye. Imikhawulo yekomiti yeqembu ihlukahluka ngokwezimo zekomiti yekomiti yezekomiti ethile nohlobo lomnikelo.

Iminikelo yama-PAC ilinganiselwa ku-R3 000 ngonyaka kubantu ngabanye, ne-PAC-PAC idluliswa ku-R250 ngonyaka. Iminikelo kumakomiti eqembu ivumela abantu ukuba banikele ngama-$1,300 emakomitini ezinhlangano zesizwe nangamakomiti ezinhlangano akhona, anemikhawulo enzima esetshenziswa engxenyeni ethile yamakomiti athola imali.

Imingcele ehlangene engqikithini yeminikelo yasuswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme eMcCutcheon v. FEC (2014. Lesi sinqumo sivumela abanikeli abacebile ukuba banikele inani eligcwele kunoma ubani ozobhapathizwa, i-PAC, nekomiti yeqembu, kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ingqikithi yomuntu oyedwa ongafaka ngaphakathi esimisweni sezombangazwe.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

Omelwe athulule uhlanganisa abazokwethula abanyuse noma bachithe imali engu $5 000 noma ngaphezulu, ama-PAC athola noma asebenzise imali engaphezulu, abantu abachitha u-R250 noma ngaphezulu ngokuzimele, amaqembu kuwo wonke amazinga, neSuper PACs kanye nabanikeli bawo. Lemikhawulo iklanyelwe ukuthatha umsebenzi onenjongo wezombangazwe kuyilapho ikhulula ingxenye encane ekubikeni imithwalo.

Okuvezweyo kuhlanganisa amagama anikelayo namakheli, imisebenzi, abaqashi, iminikelo nezinsuku, imininingwane yezindleko, izikweletu nezibopho. Lokhu kwaziswa kuvumela umphakathi, izintatheli, nabacwaningi ukuba bathole ukuthi ubani oxhasa umsebenzi wezombangazwe futhi baphawule izindlela zethonya.

Uma kuvela kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lwekomiti nomjikelezo wokhetho. Imibiko ye Quarterly iyadingeka ngeminyaka yokukhetha, imibiko yanyanga zonke eminyakeni yokhetho, imibiko yamahora angu- 48 iyadingeka ngeminikelo emikhulu etholwa seduze nokhetho, futhi imibiko yamahora angu-24 idingeka ngezindleko ezizimele ezidlula imikhawulo ethile.

I - FEC: Izinselele Eziphoqelelwayo

I-FLT I-Federal Evotion Commission ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu zokwakha ezilinganisela ukusebenza kwayo. Ikhomishane inamalungu ayisithupha, kanti kunamalungu angaphansi kwamalungu amathathu anoma yimaphi amalungu, futhi kudingeka amavoti amane athathe noma isiphi isenzo sokuphoqelela. Lesi sakhiwo ngokuvamile siphumela ekubulaweni kwamasondo emigqeni e-patront, sishiye iswana engenakubekwa izihlalo. Ikhomishane ihlala ngaphansi kwenani lomsebenzi futhi ingaphansi kwezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwenani elingunxantathu, futhi i-octiveal jogie iqala ukuqapha i-mfono eqoko ngeminyaka eminingi yokugcinwa kwempahla.

Ukuphulwa kwemithetho kuhlanganisa iminikelo eyeqile kakhulu ye-athom, iminikelo yenkampani noma yenyunyana evela emalini yomnikelo, iminikelo yezizwe zangaphandle, ukwehluleka ukubhala imibiko edingekayo, ukwephula umthetho phakathi kwemikhankaso namaqembu angaphandle, nokusebenzisa komuntu siqu izimali zomkhankaso ngenxa yezinjongo ezingezona ezezombangazwe. Lokhu kwephulwa kwemithetho kusuka emaphuthani omthetho omthetho owenziwa ngamabomu kuya emizamweni yokuphambukisa umthetho.

Ubuthakathaka bokunyanzeliswa buyinto eqhubekayo ekhathazayo. Icala elivamile lokuqinisekisa lithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili ukuxazulula, amafa amancane ahlobene nesilinganiso sokuphula umthetho, ukumangalelwa kobugebengu kuyivelakancane, umthetho wemiyalo yemingcele ngokuvamile uvimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ekuphathweni kwemithetho yakudala, futhi ukucindezela kwezombangazwe kungathonya izinqumo zokugcinwa kwemithetho yezezimali. Lokhu kululaza imiphumela yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yezezimali futhi kuvumele ukuphulwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano kuqhubeke nemiphumela elinganiselwe.

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ezashintsha Konke

Buckley v. uValeo (1976)

Isihluzo salelicala eliyisisekelo sathola ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali kwezombangazwe kuhlanganisa inkulumo evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Imingcele yomnikelo yasekelwa njengezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo zokuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubonakala kokonakala. Imingcele yokuncishiselwa kwemali yanqanyulwa njengemithetho engekho ngokomthetho yokungakhululeki. Izimfuneko ze-Disvosure zasekelwa njengokukhonza izithakazelo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni. Izimali zomphakathi zatholwa njengomthetho womthetho uma nje isahlala sikhona ngokuzithandela.

I- e-Buctley yakha uhlelo lwanamuhla lokuqondisa umehluko phakathi kweminikelo nezindleko, umehluko oqhubeka umisa umthetho wezezimali naphezu kokucusumbula okukhulu kwezazi nabasekeli abaphikisa lomehluko awusebenzi.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. FEC (2010)

ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ukubusa [ kwasungula ukuthi izinkampani nezinyunyana zinelungelo leSichibiyelo sokuqala lokusebenzisa imali enkulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi izindleko ezizimele azinako ukona abazokukhohlakala ngenxa yokuthi imali echithwayo ayihlangene nemikhankaso. Izimfuneko zezezinkonzo zezezombangazwe ezizimele zagcinwa, futhi ukuvinjelwa kwezimiso zaqhubeka.

I- intengo iye yamangalisa. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwaguqula ukusetshenziswa kwemali esendaweni ngokuzimele kwenziwa isici esiyinhloko semali yomkhankaso. Imali esetshenziswa ngokumnyama yanda njengezisebenzi ezifuna ukuthulula ulwazi. Ithonya lezombangazwe lakhula ngokumangalisayo. Ithonya likaBilliopearia lakhula kakhulu njengoba abantu abacebile bengaxhasa izindleko ezizimele ezingabekelwe mingcele. I-passfyd yayibalulekile, ngokuhlola okubonisa ukuphikisa okukhulu kwesinqumo nokusekela inguquko.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

Lesinqumo sishaya imingcele eqinile [ eminikelweni ngaminye, sisusa isigqoko esinikezwa bonke abazobhapathizwa namakomiti. Ithonya labanikelayo ngabanye manje lingase linikele enanini elingenamkhawulo labazokubhapathizwa namakomiti, nakuba imingcele eyisisekelo kulowo nalowo obhaliswe yona isele. Amakomiti ahlangene axhasa imali aye anda kakhulu njengomsebenzi ovumela abanikeli ukuba babhale amasheke amakhulu asakazwe ngaphesheya kwabamukeli abaningi. Ithonya labacebi abacebile liye landa njengoba manje bengase bagcwalise isimiso sezombangazwe ngeminikelo emikhulu ekhona kuyo yonke ikomiti.

Izenzakalo Zamuva Nezamuva

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka ziphinde zifake imali exhasayo ngokuphikiswa okuqhubekayo. Izinselele zemithetho yezentengiselwano yezwe langaphandle zivivinya imingcele yokuthi ubani ongase ahlanganyele okhethweni lwaseMelika. Ukuphikisana ngencazelo yokubambisana phakathi kwemikhankaso namaqembu angaphandle kunquma ukuphumelela kwezimfuneko zokuzibusa. Izimpi ezithathelwa ukudalulwa kwezidingo zivivinya ukubonakala mayelana nezisho zokukhululeka. Izinhlelo zomthetho womphakathi zibhekene nezinselele zomthetho-sisekelo ezihluka ngokusekelwe emklamweni wazo. Imingcele yezinga eliphansi ibhekene nokubekwa kwemingcele yemithetho esemthethweni.

Umphumela Wangempela Wezwe

Indlela Imali Ethinta Ngayo Ukukhetha

Inzuzo yokuqoqa imali isebenza ngezindlela eziningi. Imali ithenga igama lokuqashelwa ngokukhangisa, imisebenzi yomkhankaso wezimali, isekela ukuxhumana nomzamo wokuqoqa, ikhokhela ukuvota kanye nokuthola ukwaziswa, futhi ivumela ukusabela okusheshayo okungasetshenziswa izinselele ngokushesha.

Izinzuzo ezinkulu ekuthengeni imali zinkulu. Abaxhasi bavame ukunyusa isilinganiso esiphindwe kathathu kuya kwezine kunabaphikisi babo, bazuza emalini ebekelwe unyaka wonke kuyilapho abaceli bedinga ukwakha isisekelo, ukukwazi ukuhola i-PACs kanye nezinye imithombo yenhlangano, futhi bajabulela amazinga okukhetha angaphezulu kakhulu ngamaphesenti angu-90 endlu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yalenzuzo yemali.

Imali ayiqinisekisi ukunqoba [, kodwa idala umnyango ongcono omele ukuba inselele yezinga eliphezulu ithathwe ngokungathi sína. Igebe lemali elinika amandla livimbela abangase bangabi nandlela yokungena emizingeni ecebile, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba ngokunikeza izimpawu zezinga lomkhankaso, ukusekela abaholi beqembu nenzalo, futhi kuthinta imibono yabavoti yokuthola imvume.

Ithonya Lesimiso

Indlela abanikelayo abama ngayo indlela yokusebenza kwenqubo isebenza ngezinqubo eziningi. Amasheya ahlanganisa izikhokhi anikeza ukungenela okuqondile ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe, avumela abanikeli ukuba benze icala labo ezindabeni ezithile. Ukubambisana phakathi kwabanikeleyo nabaxhasi abangochwepheshe kuhlanganisa ithonya leminikelo yezombangazwe. Umnini wezomthetho uhlela uhlelo oluzo kanye nezikhulu ezimhlobanayo. Izigwebo zemithetho zithonywa yizimfakela ekufakeni izicelo zomkhakhakha. Izelo lokufaka emkhakheni wezentengiselwano kulolo hlobo lwemithetho esetshenziswa futhi isebenza ngalo.

ukucwaninga okutholakele kubonisa njalo ukuthi izintando ezicebile zimelelwa kangcono emiphumeleni yezimiso kunemibono yomphakathi. Imibono yezentengiselwano ikhululeke kakhulu ekwenzeni inqubo kunemibono yezakhamuzi ezivamile. Umbono womphakathi ngezindaba lapho ihlukana khona kwezithandwa yiminikelo ngezinye izikhathi uyanganakwa ngokuphelele. Izimiso zobungane zicishe zidlule uma imboni ethintekile yenze iminikelo ephawulekayo. Imithetho yentela ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa izinkokheli zeminikelo yeminikelo, ibonisa imiphumela ehlukene kunemibono yomphakathi.

Umphumela Wokwethemba Umphakathi

Ikhampaging engokomnotho kanye nokubekwa ngokomthetho kwentando yeningi kuxhumene kakhulu. Uphengululo lubonisa ukuthi amaphesenti angu-77 amaMelika akholelwa ukuthi imali inethonya elikhulu kwezombangazwe, amaphesenti angu-6 asekela izinguquko ezinkulu, ukuthembela kuhulumeni kucishe kube yizici eziphansi emlandweni, imibono yokonakala isakazeke kakhulu emaqenjini amanani abantu, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyaduma lapho izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi lesimiso sisekela izithakazelo ezicebile. Lemibono ilulaza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi futhi inciphisa izivumelwano zomphakathi.

Izikhangiso Zenguquko Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Isinqumo Sesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Imizamo ye- yezakhamuzi eziguqukile i-United ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo iye yathola ukusekela okuphawulekayo. Izifundazwe ezingamashumi amabili nambili ziye zacela inguquko evumela ukuchithwa kwemingcele, ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho ebekelwe izinhlangano kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenhlangano, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imali ayiyona intetho yenjongo yomthetho-mthethweni. Isicelo sibhekene nesithimbe esiphezulu esifuna amagumbi amabili-mitha amabili omhlaba nezifunda ezintathu zezizwe, kodwa sinokwengasekela umphakathi omkhulu okungasekela umzamo okhona ngesikhathi eside.

Izinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Kumthetho we- People Act (HR 1) yasikisela izinguquko ezibanzi ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezimali zomphakathi kwababezobuthelela, yandisa izimfuneko zokuthunyelelwa kwazo zonke izinto zezombangazwe, yaqinisa imithetho yokubambisana ukuze ivale izikhala, inguquko yokunikeza izintambo zokuphonsa amaphutha, nokunqanda imali yakwamanye amazwe okhethweni. Inkathi imvume idlula indlu eMkhandlwini eMkhandlwini we-17thth Congress, yabhekana nokuphikiswa okuhlangene eSihlalweni.

UMthetho [DISCLOSE] [ ungadinga amaqembu emali amnyama ukuze adalule abanikeli bawo, uqinise imingcele yezwe langaphandle ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqanda ukubhadula, ukwandisa ukukhanya okuselayinini ukuze kuphele ukukhangisa kwamanani, ukuvala izinkampani ezisezinkampanini zezimali ezifihlwayo ezifihlekile, futhi usebenzise ukubika kwangempela ngezindleko ezizimele. Lomthetho futhi uye wadlula indlu izikhathi eziningi ngaphandle kokuba umthetho.

Izwe Neziphakamiso Zendawo

Ukuhlolwa okunenzuzo [ esifundazweni nasezingeni lendawo kubonisa ukuthi inguquko ingenzeka. Uhlelo lomphakathi lwezimali lwe-Connecticut luye lwafinyelela ukuhlanganyela okungamaphesenti angu-77 phakathi kwabafuna ukumiswa kwemithetho futhi luye lwanconyelwa ngokunciphisa ithonya elikhethekile. Uhlelo lweSeattle Democraticism Voucher lunikeza izakhamuzi izikhombisi ezingabela abazozabela abazocela ukubhapathizwa, ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela okuncane. Isimiso sezimali somphakathi sikaMaryland siye sabonisa ukuhlanganyela okukhulu nemiphumela emihle ekwahlukahlukahlukaneni kwabantu. Imingcele yomnikelo ka Montane iye yasekelwa yizinkantolo futhi yasiza ekulondolozeni ukhetho oluncitshisiwe. Izimfuneko zokuveza i-Alaskalela izibalo ziye zanikeza ukubonakala okusiza u-vocation.

Izilinganiso ezifinyeleneyo [ ziyaqhubeka zikhula. Izinhlelo ezihambelanayo ezihambelana neminikelo ephansi, izimiso ezikhombisayo zinweba ikhono lokunikela ezakhamuzini ngaphandle kwemali elahlwayo, ukusungula ulwazi oluchaziwe kusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze kwenziwe ulwazi lutholakale ngokwengeziwe kubavoti, ukunciphisa isilinganiso somehluko wokuhlola izindlela ezihlukene zokuqondisa ukupha, futhi izimfuneko zengxoxo yomphakathi ziqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti balalele ngokuqondile kubantu abafuna ukukhokhelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi impumelelo ekhona.

Ithonya Elingokoqobo Ezakhamuzini

Indlela Yokwenza Umkhankaso Wokucwaninga

Amathuluzi ezakhamuzi afuna ukusekela umkhankaso wokucwaninga atholakala kalula. Iwebhusayithi ye-FEC (FEC.gov) inikeza ukufinyelela kwemibiko yomkhankaso kahulumeni ngemitapo efuna ukuseshwa. Opensecrets.org inikeza ukuhlaziywa nokulandelelwa kweminikelo yomkhankaso kanye nemali esetshenziswayo. I-MALI.org inikeza imininingwane yezezimali zomkhankaso wezwe. Amahhovisi okukhetha asendaweni agcina amarekhodi kahulumeni nemisebenzi yezezimali zomkhankaso.

Okungafunwa kuhlanganisa abathekelisa abaphezulu, izindlela zeminikelo evela ezimbonini ezithile noma emaqenjini enzalo, imithombo yangaphandle yokusekela noma yokuphikisa, isilinganiso sabanikela abancane ngokulinganayo ababonisa ukuthi ozothatha imali uthembele ezimpandeni zotshani noma abasekeli abacebile, kanye nemithombo yezezwe yokusekela ebonisa ukuthi ukusekela kuvela esifundeni noma ngaphandle.

Amalungelo Nemingcele Yakho

[ ngokungathi ungumuntu ngamunye [, unganikela kwabazofunda ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, unikele ngokuzithandela isikhathi esingenamkhawulo emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, uhileleke ekusebenziseni imali ngokuzimele enkulumweni yezombangazwe, kumele udalule umsebenzi lapho ufunwa umthetho, futhi ungavumeli ukwamukela iminikelo evela kwamanye amazwe noma usebenzise izimali zenkampani noma inhlangano yezinhlangano ukuze unikele ngokuqondile ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezifanele.

Imikhuba emikhulu kakhulu ihlanganisa ukwazi imingcele yomnikelo ngaphambi kokunikela, ukugcina amarekhodi eminikelo nokusebenzisa imali ngokuzimele, ukusebenzisa imali yakho kuphela nokugwema amalungiselelo okukhokhela, ukubika ngokunembile umqashi lapho kudingeka, nokugwema ukubuyisela izimali ezibekelwe imingcele yokubalekela. Ukulandela le mikhuba kugcina ukuthatha isinyathelo phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho kuyilapho kuvikelwa ekuphukeni komthetho okungalawuleki.

Inkokhelo Yentando Yeningi

Izimali zomkhankaso wokuqonda [[FLT: 1] yembula ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kwentando yeningi yaseMelika phakathi kwesidingo semali yokuxhumana nokhetho lwanamuhla nengozi yokuceba ukuguqulela ngokuqondile emandleni ezombangazwe. Isimiso samanje, esibunjwe umthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nomsebenzi wokudala, sanelisa cishe nhlobo. Abashisekeli benguquko babona ukonakala ngokusemthethweni ekubusweni okubi kakhulu nokunephutha okukhulu, kuyilapho abanye bebona imingcele engekho kwenkulumo evikelekile elimaza ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe.

Izibalo ziyasangulukisa. Abawini beSigele bavame ukunyusa amadollar ayizigidi ezingu - R2 noma ngaphezulu, abawini bezindlu bathola isilinganiso samaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 2,2, kanye nemikhankaso kamongameli isondela kuma - dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 20. Imikhaya engaba ngu - 200 enikeza cishe ingxenye yayo yonke iminikelo yomkhankaso ithonya elingaphezu kwenani layo. AmaMelika asebenzayo akuvamile ukugijimela isikhundla, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemingcele yokuthola izintengo zezentengo ezenza imisebenzi yezombangazwe ifinyeleleke ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwemiphakathi ecebile noma ingcebo yomuntu siqu.

Kodwa kusekhona izinhlelo ezikhona phakathi kwalesi simiso esinamaphutha. Imishini emincane elawula ukujikeleza kwelanga esetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe iye yahlela ukupha ngokwezinga elithile. Ukucwaninga kwezezimali zomphakathi emadolobheni nasezindaweni kubonisa isithembiso sokunciphisa ithonya labanikele ngeminikelo emikhulu. Izimfuneko zokukhipha izimali, nakuba zingaphelele, zinikeza ukukhanya okungenakucatshangelwa emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ukuthembisa kwezakhamuzi ngokucwaninga nangokuzisebenzela kungathonya imizamo yokuguqula.

Indlela engaphambili isele iphikiswa. Abanye basekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zokugumbuqela izakhamuzi ezihlangene, abanye baphishekela izinguquko eziguquguqukayo ngomthetho nangemithetho, futhi abanye bavikela isimiso samanje njengesivikelo senkululeko edingekile yokukhuluma nokuhlangana. Okusobala ukuthi okhokha ukhetho oluphawulekayo amathonya asebenzayo, owinayo, kanye naziphi izinqubo ezisuka enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Intando yeningi idinga izakhamuzi ezinolwazi ezingaqondi nje kuphela indlela yokuvota, kodwa indlela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuxhaswa ngayo. Ngokulandela imali, ukudalula, ukusekela izinguquko, nokuhlanganyela ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingasebenzela esimisweni lapho ithonya lezombangazwe livumelana khona eduze ngokwengeziwe nesimiso somuntu oyedwa, ivoti eyodwa kunokuba i - dollar elilodwa, ivoti eyodwa.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimali zomkhankaso, ukuhlola ukwaziswa e i-Opensets. org, hlola imibiko kahulumeni .FEC.gov[, noma ukufunda ngemizamo yokuguqula Campagign Explor [[. Ukuqonda ukugeleza kwemali yezombangazwe kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umvoti ofuna ukwenza izinqumo ngolwazi ngokumelelwa nokubusa.