Isimiso Sikahulumeni Nezinqumo Eziyinhloko: Isiqondiso Esinesisekelo

Ukuqonda isimiso sikahulumeni nokhetho oluyinhloko kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lezizinsika ezimbili zokubusa kwentando yeningi zisebenza ndawonye ukuhlela indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, indlela abaholi abakhethwa ngayo, nendlela iphimbo lomphakathi elihunyushelwa ngayo enzweni sezombangazwe. Lesi siqondiso sinikeza umbono ofiphele kuzo zombili izihloko, sichaze abakhenikha, ukuxhumana kwazo, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo ekubuseni kwanamuhla.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi

Amazwe amaningi entando yeningi akha uhulumeni wawo emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: umphathi, ummisi wemithetho, nokwahlulela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma imuphi umuntu ukuba athole ulawulo oluningi kakhulu futhi aqinisekise ukuthi ukubusa kwenziwa ngokulandisa nokubona. Isimiso sakhiwe ngesimiso sokuthi amandla kufanele asabiwe futhi alinganiswe.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho. Ivame ukuholwa inhloko yesifundazwe, njenge- comprent noma umfundisi we-palme][[, futhi ihlanganise ikhathektha ye-adviser nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zokuphatha. Ezimisweni zomongameli ezinjenge-United States, umongameli usebenza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni, ephethe igunya elikhulu. Ezimisweni zepalamende, undunankulu uyinhloko uyinhloko kahulumeni futhi ukhethwa ehhovisi legatsha, uhlanganisa ukuhlangana kwemibuso ephethe amagatsha. Imithwalo yezohwebo yezombuso ihlanganisa [FT] [FTPG]

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho liyindikimba yokwenza umthetho, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-Congress, iPhalamende, noma i- National Assembly. Inomthwalo wemfanelo wokudweba, ukuphikisana, nokukhipha umthetho. Ezimisweni ze-bimaral, isishaya-mthetho sihlukaniswa sibe amagumbi amabili: indlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu Yomahluleli noma iNdlu yamaCommons) nendlu ephezulu (njengeSishaya-Gamplate),. Indlu ephansi imelela inani labantu, kuyilapho indlu ephezulu inikeza izifunda noma izifunda. Igatsha lemithetho libuye lilawule izimali zikahulumeni, futhi lisho ukuthi lilawula ukusetshenziswa kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuhlola, kwezinye izimiso, ukukhipha izikhulu noma ukususa izikhulu ehhovisi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Yakhiwa yisimiso sezinkantolo, enenkantolo ephakeme noma ewumthetho-mthetho ephakeme kakhulu. Abahluleli kuleligatsha bamiswe ngokusemthethweni kunokuba bakhethwe, umklamo ohloselwe ukuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi liwavumele ukuba enze izinqumo ezingakhethi ezisekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho. Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okubukeza [, okukuvumela ukuba lishaye imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho. Leligunya lenza ukuba kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okubucayi kwezinye izigaba ezimbili, lilondoloze amalungelo nokusekela umthetho.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ikhono lesimiso sobuthathu lisekhoneni amashekethi namazinga igatsha ngalinye eliwasebenzisayo phezu kwezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli (obulala) angawudlulisa umthetho odluliswe yiKhongolose (isiqeshana), kodwa uMkhandlu ungawedlula ukuze usebenzise amagatsha amabili-mitha. INkantolo Ephakeme (isigaba) ingamemezela umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-Mnyango futhi usayinikwe ngumongameli ukuba ungabi namthetho owesitume. Igatsha eliphetheyo limisa lezo zinqumo, kodwa igatsha lomthetho kumelwe liqinisekise lezo zinqumo. Le mibuso eyinkimbinkimbiyo igatsha elindlulayo ihloselele ngaphandle kokuzihlola ezinye. Inqululo liklanywe, futhi aliyiwokubekwanga, futhi aliyikhohliswanga.

Indlela Izimiso Zikahulumeni Ezihluka Ngayo Ezikhungweni Zokungahlangani

Nakuba i-branch ewuhlobo luvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. eUnited States, isimiso siwumbuso wentando yeningi kamongameli ohlukene ngamandla amagunya. Umongameli ukhethwa ngokuzimele ngenkani nenkathi emisiwe. [[FLT:] u - United Kingdom [FLT:] [FLT] [3], isimiso siyidemokramende yemparamente lapho isikhulu (isikhonzi esiyinhloko nesikhulu) sidonswa khona ngokuhlukana okunamandla kwemithetho. Izimiso zendlu yomthetho futhi zingasuswa khona ngevoti ye-kungathemba. Izizwe eziningi zaseYurophu zisebenzisa isimiso se-proteni, njengesikakhulu seFrance, lapho umongameli nesikhulu sihlanganyela khona. Ukuqonda lokhu kungoko ukuthi zithinta kanjani izigaba zezindawo, futhi zingasuswa kanjani i-okanye ne-effectives. [F4]

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko: Isinyathelo Sokuqala Ekukhetheni I - Candide

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyimincintiswano yangaphakathi esetshenziswa amaqembu ezombangazwe ukukhetha abazokhetha okhethweni oluvamile. Bayimpicabadala, nakuba ngokuvamile bengaqondwa kahle, ingxenye yenqubo yentando yeningi. Nakuba okhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla, okhethwe abayinhloko banquma ukuthi ubani ozoncintisana kulolokhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kubenza babe inqubo enamandla yokuhlela izinqumo zezombangazwe kanye nezinqumo ezikhona kubantu abavotayo.

Yini Ekhethwa Kuqala?

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luwukhetho lokuqala lapho abavoti bekhetha khona abavoti eqenjini elithile lezombangazwe ukuba bathathe ukhetho oluvamile. Abanqobi bamaprime baba yizikhulu zeqembu. Amacala ahlukile kuma-caucuuses, okuyimihlangano yendawo lapho amalungu eqembu exoxa khona futhi evotela abangeni elingcono. Nakuba abavoti babeqhele kakhulu, abangenisi baba indlela evelele yokukhetha izibalo ezimele ezifundazweni eziningi nasemazweni asebenzisa zona. Isimiso esiyinhloko sithuthukiswa kakhulu [[FLT: 0] eUnited States , kodwa kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kweminye i-democracy, kuhlanganise neCanada, i-Argentina, nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemilandu

Isimiso sokukhetha esiyinhloko savela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka phakathi iProgresting Era [ njengenhlangano yokuguqula inhloso yokunciphisa amandla omphathi beqembu nemishini yezombangazwe. Ngaphambi kweprimicary, abazobhapathizwa bakhethwa emihlanganweni evaliwe elawulwa amaqembu angaphakathi. Izinguquko ezasungula iziteji ukuze zinike amalungu avamile amaphimbo aqondile akhethayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso savela ekuhleleni okunenzuzo okuqhubekayo sibe yinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi eguqula amaqembu ezombangazwe. Namuhla, amaPrimmetic ayizi ayi-partles alawulwa aseMelika aqalayo amaqembu ezombangazwe futhi athandwa kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo ze-democromation ukuze afune ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Izinhlobo Zezikweletu

Imithetho ebusayo engavota ehlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko yizwe nezwe, futhi lemithetho ingaba nethonya elikhulu emphumeleni. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda amandla ezombangazwe adlalwayo.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe ngamalungu eqembu lezombangazwe abangavota engxenyeni eyinhloko yaleloqembu. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela amalungu eqembu eliphikisanayo ukuba anga "anqamule" ukuthonya ukufakwa kwemijovo yabanye. Ama-primend avame ukuveza abafuni abadlulele kakhulu ngokwemibono ngenxa yokuthi amalungu eqembu elizinikezele kakhulu kuphela — ngokuvamile avame ukuvela ngaphandle kwe-livéx / fraticate. Amazwe anjenge-New York, Florida, nePennsylvania asebenzisa iziqu ezivaliweyo.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Ngokuyinhloko, noma yimuphi umvoti obhaliwe angahlanganyela enqubweni eyinhloko yanoma yimuphi umbutho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungowaphi umbutho. Abavoli bakhetha ukuthi yimuphi ozovota uma befika kuleyo-post. Izindawo zokuvota zihloselwe ukukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo esibanzi futhi zivumele abavoti abazimeleyo nabalinganiselayo ukuba basho okuthile enqubeni yokuvota. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ama-printorinto avulekile angaholela "ekuvota," lapho amalungu eqembu elithile elivotela ngamabomu umuntu obuthakathaka kunaye. EMichigan, eVirginia, naseWisconsian asebenzisa khona iziqu ezivulekileyo.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

I-ovaled evalelwe kancane yisimiso esixubile. Abavoti abazimele bangakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amalungu eqembu aqala ukuvota, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe angavota kuphela esigabeni sawo esiyinhloko. Lendlela ivumela abazimeleyo ukuba bahlanganyele kuyilapho besalokhu belawula iqembu elithile ngenqubo yokungena. Kuwukuhlehlisa ukuvumela phakathi kwezimiso ezivaliwe nezivuliwe futhi kusetshenziswa ezizweni ezinjenge-Illinois, New Hampshire, neNyakatho Carolina.

Amabhande emikhumbi aphezulu-mbili namaRanked-Choice

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasuka ngokuphelele ekukhetheni okungokwesiko okusekelwe eqenjini. phezulu-kanye nasemagqumeni amabili ayinhloko, bonke abavolontiwe basebenzisa ibhola elilodwa eliyinhloko [[[FLT:] abafuna ukuvota kakhulu enqubeni. Abathola amavoti amaningi kakhulu kukhetho oluvamile, ngisho noma bengaba abasemdlalweni owodwa. ICalifornia, iWashington, ne-Nebraska isebenzisa lesi simiso. i-ocece ye-ke yedwa ivumela abavoti abavoti ukuba bathathe izikhundlayo ngokulandelana kokuthandayo.[Focet] futhi ibonelele izakhiwo eziningi.[Foces]

Ukubaluleka Kokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Okhetho oluyinhloko lungaphezu nje kokuthatha isinyathelo sokukhetha ekhalendeni elikhethiwe. Bafeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ehlela yonke indawo yezombangazwe. Okokuqala, basebenzisa isikweleti sabafundi [[ abazokhetha phakathi kokhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo eyinhloko inciphisa insimu futhi ihlele imigaqo yempikiswano yezombangazwe. Okwesibili, i-Prictummentations ivumela amalungu eqenjini ukuba aveze izintando zawo[[ futhi athobe indlela yeqembu lawo. Uma kuhlelwa izinhlelo ezivamile, ingenza ukulawulwa kweqembu nokuhlelwa kwemiyalo. [FFoctive, ngokukhetha okuvamile], i-Foctives.[6] [ft]

Indlela Ubugebengu Obuyithonya Ngayo Izwe Lezombangazwe

Imithetho yokhetho oluyinhloko inethonya elikhulu ohlotsheni lwababezokhetha abaphumelelayo nakuzo izinqubo abazisekelayo. Ezingenisweni ezivalekile, lapho abavoti abathatha inxaxheba khona, abavoti abavame ukuthatha isinyathelo sokudlulisa imibono yabo ukuze badlulise isisekelo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni ithonya elihlukene, lapho abanqobi abayinhloko beqisa kakhulu kunabavoti abavamile, abahlehlela kakhulu kuhulumeni. Kuwo wonke amalungu ohulumeni, abafuna ukudluliswa, abafuna ukudluliswa kudinga ukudluliswa kakhulu, okusesilinganisweni esilinganiselwe kakhulu, esingaveza ipesentitrisnomines. Uma kuqhathaniswa, i-putlet orgastriesssss, i-osemgatectivessss ibaluleke kakhulu kunoma i-provictoror. Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga noma ukuculiselwa noma ukuhlahlela kuhlenga.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele Eziyinhloko

Naphezu kwezimfanelo zabo zentando yeningi, okhetho oluyinhloko abanazo abagxeki abachazi. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu kungu- umvoti ophansi . Ukhetho oluyinhloko luheha abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunoma nokhetho oluvamile, ngokuvamile abangaphansi kwe-20% babavoti abafaneleyo ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-projectation ephezulu, eshukunyiswe kakhulu ye-oservertive ingaba nethonya elinamandla kulowo othola ithonya elinamandla. Okunye ukugxeka kuwukuthi izihloko eziyinhloko zingaba yi-[FLT:] i-flect: 2] i-partumsss inglation[, njengoba abafuna ukusekela iqembu eliphansi kakhulu kweqembu eliphansi, futhi kunezimomo ezikamele inguquko ezikancane.[5]

Ikusasa Lokukhethwa Okuyinhloko

Isimiso esiyinhloko sisusa ukusabela kulokhu kugxeka. Izimo eziningi ziye zamukela noma zizama ukuvota okuthathwe ngokwezimo eziphambili [ ezingenisweni, ezinganciphisa isikhuthazo somkhankaso wokulahla futhi ziveze abawini abanamandla ngokusekela kakhulu. Kukhona isithakazelo esikhulayo [ku- iprojectries [[ evulekileyo engcono] njengendlela yokunciphisa ukuthathisela nokuhlanganyela. Abanye abameleli bacebisa [[FLT:]] ngokusuka ku-eningi , lapho konke kusho khona ukuthi zikhona, ukuqeda inzuzo engcono yemithetho ephambili. Ukudlala indima engcono, nokuthatha i-tektroption.[Fontal][5]

Ukuxhumanisa Izimiso Zikahulumeni Nokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Isimiso sikahulumeni nokhetho oluyinhloko kuxhunyaniswe kakhulu. Isimo sikahulumeni . "full" u-parente, i-palameya, noma i-widved" iveza umqondo wokhetho oluyinhloko. Esimisweni sikamongameli, amaprince athatha izithako eziphakeme, imincintiswano ephakeme ngoba umnqobi wesimiso esiyinhloko ungaba umbusi onamandla kakhulu ezweni. Kulelozwe. Kuyiphalamende, ama-primenti avame ukungabonakali ngenxa yokuthi umongameli okhethwe yiqembu, hhayi ngokuqondile abavoti, futhi abagxila kakhulu ohlwini lweqembu. Uhlobo lwesimiso esiyinhloko lungathonya ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Isibonelo, i-pritantary ingenza ukuba kube neqembu elikhulu liphumele kakhulu, futhi lingakwazi ukuveza iziluleko ezingenisweni ezingcono kakhulu. I-Primessageom ingaveza iziphaza ngokuzi ezingcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngomphumela ovulwe yiqembu eliyinhloko.

Iseluleko Esiwusizo Kwabavolontiya

Kuvoti abafuna ukusebenzisa izwi labo kakhulu enqubweni yentando yeningi, ukuqonda isimiso esiyinhloko kubalulekile. Hlola imingcele eyisisekelo yezwe lakho ukuze wazi ukuthi ungahlanganyela yini futhi uthathe isigaba esingakanani. Uma ubhaliswe neqembu, yazi ukuthi isigaba sakho esiyinhloko singavalwa noma sivuleke. Uma uzimele, ungakwazi ukuvota kwezinye iziqu kodwa hhayi ezinye. Hlola abahlolwayo kwezesikhulu, hhayi nje kuphela ukhetho oluvamile. Bheka izikhundla zabo, amarekhodi abo, nokuvota kwabo. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yendawo noma izinombolo ze-fons. Ukuya emihlanganweni yendawo noma ukuvota ngokuvamile kuvame ukuba kungathinta kakhulu kunokuvota ngenxa yokukhetha okuvamile ngenxa yokuthi abantu abambalwa abahlanganyelayo, bathatha isilinganiselo sakho. Ngokuka zonke, cabangela ukuvota kwabo, izinhlelo ezivamile, ukusekela isigaba esivulekile noma i-projective uma ungakholelwa ekuvinyweni kwesimiso sokuvota.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sikahulumeni nokhetho oluyinhloko ziyizici ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda okuqinile kokuthi amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni asebenza kanjani kunikeza isisekelo sokuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo futhi inyathelwe ngayo. Ukuqondisisa kokhetho oluyinhloko kuchaza indlela abazokhethwa ngayo nendlela indawo yezombangazwe ehlelwa ngayo. Zonke lezizimiso zinquma ukuthi ubani ophethe amandla kanye nendlela lawomandla asetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokufunda kokubili, abavoti bangalawula inqubo yokukhetha ngokuqiniseka, benze ukukhetha okunolwazi ebhokisini le-bolot, futhi banikele i-democracy engcono kakhulu. Isimiso sezenhlanganise nabantu, futhi isazi sesazisa abantu, futhi izakhamuzi ezifundileyo ziyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekukhukhulekeni kwayo.