Kuyini Ukukhethwa Komongameli?

Ukhetho lwamaMongameli luyenzeka njalo eminyakeni emine ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Phakathi nalokhu kuvota, abavoti bakhetha uMongameli noMongameli wase-United States ngesimiso se-Electoral College. Lo khetho lumelela isenzakalo sezombangazwe esiphakeme kakhulu ezweni, luveza ukudluliswa okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, imali echithwa kakhulu, futhi umvoti omkhulu kunabo bonke abavoti bakhethayo.

Le nqubo iqala kudala ngaphambi koSuku Lokukhetha. Iqala emaqembuni ezombangazwe ayinhloko kuqala ukuncintisana kokhetho oluyinhloko nasezindaweni ezisesifundazweni ngasinye, ngokuvamile kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokuqala. Lemincintiswano inquma ukuthi i-minee yeqembu ngalinye, elibe selikhethwa ngokusemthethweni emhlanganweni wesizwe weqembu ehlobo. Umkhankaso wokhetho uqala ukukhula ngokuwa, ukuveza izinkulumo, ukukhangisa, nokuthola izinhlelo zokukhangisa.

Umongameli uhlela futhi ukulawula igatsha eliphethe, elihlanganisa iWhite House, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, neKhabhinethi.

I - Electoral College

Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi entando yeningi, i-United States isebenzisa amavoti e-Electoral College kunokuba ithole i-onke athandwayo ukuze inqume umnqobi wokhetho lukamongameli. Umbuso ngamunye uthola inani labavoti abalingana nengqikithi yezithunywa zawo (izihlalo zendlu nezihlalo zeSishaya-mthetho). Umfundi udinga okungenani amavoti angu-70 akhethiwe angu-58 ukuze anqobe. Lesimiso sisho ukuthi izifundazwe nezikhungo zempi zivame ukuthola ukunakekela okungaqondile emikhankanti, kuyilapho i-bomvu noma izifunda eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingabona umkhankaso ongaqondile.

Kuyini Ukukhetha Phakathi Nezikhathi?

Ukhetho lweMicter luthatha ama-padter phakathi kwegama likamongameli leminyaka emine, luhlale luwela ngosuku olufanayo nokhetho lukamongameli: uLwesibini lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Phakathi naphakathi kwamanqamu, abavoti bakhetha wonke amalungu angu-435 eNdlu yabameleli kanye cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezihlalo zeSishaya-Nkathi. Ama-mindrs ahlanganisa futhi ububanzi bezinhlanga zikahulumeni nezendawo, kuhlanganise nokhetho lwe-gabernator ezindaweni eziningi, imincintiswano yomthetho, izilinganiso ze-bolotte, namahhovisi kamasipala.

Igama "midterm" livela ku-inkathi: lokhu khetho kwenzeka phakathi kwegama likamongameli. Ngokomlando, ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi luveza ukuvota okuphansi kunokhetho lukamongameli, ngokuvamile nge-panethi enkulu. Nokho, lungalandelana ngendlela eqondene nezwe.

Yini Etholakala Ezinhlamvwini Zebhola?

  • Zonke izihlalo zabameleli ezingu-435 (amagama aneminyaka emibili)
  • Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezihlalo zeSigele (amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha)
  • Izifundazwe ezingu - 36 zinezinqumo ze - mpubernator emijikelezweni eminingi yaphakathi nenkathi
  • Izinhlanga zezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ezifundazweni ezingu - 46
  • Izindlela zokuvota ezingokomthetho ezindabeni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwensangu, umthetho wentela, namalungelo okuvota
  • Amahhovisi asesifundazweni nakumasipala, kuhlanganise nabaphathi besifunda, amalungu ebhodi lesikole, nabaphathi bedolobha

Ngenxa yokuthi phakathi nenkathi abenzi umjaho wobumongameli ophezulu, umvoti uvame ukunaka izindaba zendawo nezingasizwana zikahulumeni. Lokhu kungaholela ekubhikisheni okuhlukile uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka yobumongameli.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kokuba Umongameli Nokukhetha Kwaphakathi Nesikhathi

Nakuba zombili izinhlobo zokhetho zinesisekelo esifanayo somthetho - sisekelo, zihlukile ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile okufanele wonke umvoti aziqonde.

Ukuthatha Isikhathi Nokuphindaphinda

Ukhetho lukamongameli luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine ngaphandle kokhetho. Ukhetho lwe-Midterm luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine kodwa luhlala lubekwe phakathi kanye phakathi kokhetho lukamongameli. Lokhu kusho ukuthi eminyakeni emibili yokhetho, kungaba kukhetho lukamongameli noma phakathi kwenkathi yokukhetha. Ukhetho lwamapresidenti lwama 2024 luzolandelwa ngokhetho lwaphakathi kwezikhathi ezingama-2026.

Amahhovisi Ahlolwa

Umehluko osobala kakhulu wokwakha uxhomeke ekutheni amahhovisi asemahhovisi asebenza ebhamini eliphethe. Ukhetho lomongameli lugxile egatsheni eliphethe: abavoti bakhetha umongameli nesekela likamongameli ozosebenzisa igama elithatha iminyaka emine. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ukhetho lwe-Midterm, lugcizelela igatsha lomthetho womthetho. Nakuba kungekho mncintiswano wobumongameli phakathi nesigaba se-ball, abavoti basalungisa ukulingana kwamandla eKhohlela, okuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono likamongameli lokushaya umthetho.

Izinhlendla Zokuvuleka Kwezinga lokudla

Uvoter uhluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zokhetho. Ukhetho lukamongameli luvame ukudonsa amaphesenti angu-60 kuya ku-70 abavoti abafanelekayo. Ngomlando ukhetho lwama-Miterterm luveza amaphesenti angu-40 kuya ku-50 kuphela, nakuba imijikelezo yamuva iye yabona ukwanda okulinganiselwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho lwama 202020 lukamongameli lwathatha amaphesenti angaba ngu 66 e-clock, kuyilapho ama-20222 phakathi kwenyuka ngamaphesenti angama-46. Lokhu kuqhephulwa kusho ukuthi ama-crevotor aphakathi phakathi nenkathi ithambekele ekubeni amadala, amhlophe, futhi anokukhetha kakhulu kunomongameli, okungathola imiphumela yokhetho.

Umkhankaso Wemishini Nezikhungo Zokusakaza

Imikhankaso yobumongameli iphakathi kwezwe lonke. Izindawo zokuhamba ezweni, zimemezela ngemifelandawonye yesizwe, futhi zilawula ukusakazwa kwezindaba izinyanga eziningi. Imithombo yezindaba yabela izimali ezinkulu ukuhlanganisa umjaho womongameli, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano eziphilayo, ukuphenya, nemibiko yasemasimini. Imikhankaso yeMidmini yeMistr, nakuba isahlanganisa kakhulu, ithola isilinganiso esiphawulekayo sesikhathi sezwe lonke sokuhamba emoyeni. Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ifeza indima enkulu kakhulu, futhi abazokuya ezindaweni eziphambili ngokuvamile igxila ezimpikiswaneni zezomnotho zezwe, izimali zesikole, noma ukungena kwezempilo emiphakathini yabo.

Imali Nemali Esetshenziswa Emkhankasweni

Ukhetho lukamongameli lukhanga kakhulu imali echithwa phakathi nenkathi yomkhankaso, nakuba izindleko zaphakathi nendawo ziye zanyuka kakhulu emijikelezweni yamuva. Ukhetho lukamongameli lwama 2020 lwabona ingqikithi yemali edlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,24, kuhlanganise namaqembu angaphandle kanye namaPC amakhulu. Amahora angu-20222, kuyilapho asabiza kakhulu, ahlanganisa ingqikithi yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4. Igebe elichithwayo libonisa ukuma okukhulu nokubonakala komjaho womongameli, kanye nesisekelo esikhulu abanikazi bomongameli abangasisebenzisa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekwamukeni Komongameli

Ukhetho lukamongameli luveza amazinga aphakeme esithakazelo savoti nokuhlanganyela ngezizathu eziningana. Ukugcwala kwemithombo yezindaba kulo mjaho kwenza cishe kungabi nokwenzeka ngabavoti ukuba bagweme ukukhokhelwa. Izenzakalo zempi, izimpikiswano, nokukhangisa kuhlasela abavoti ngokwaziswa ngabazohlolwa nangezikhundla zabo. Amaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu abefundisi afaka imali enkulu ekubhaliseni abavoti nasemizamweni yokuziphindisela phakathi neminyaka yobumongameli, ngokuvamile kuthunyelwa abadwebi abakhokheli abakhokhelwayo nemisebenzi ephambili yokufaka ukwaziswa.

Abavoti abasebasha, ikakhulukazi, bathambekele ekuthatheni izinombolo eziphakeme phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli. Okhetho lwama-2020 lwathola intsha edumile, cishe ingamaphesenti angu-50 abavoti abafanelekayo abaneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-29 abadlala amavoti. Lokhu kuzalana kwabantu kuthambekele ekuzizweni kufakwe kakhulu ezindabeni zesizwe ezinjengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, isikweletu sabafundi, nobulungisa bezenhlalo, okubusa umkhankaso wobumongameli.

Voters ubika futhi ukuthi unomuzwa onamandla wesibopho somphakathi eminyakeni yobumongameli. Izigxobo ezicatshangelwayo ziphakeme, futhi abavoti abaningi babheka ukhetho lukamongameli njengesinqumo esizolandela kakhulu esizosenziwa ebhokisini lebhola. Lokhu kuqonda, nakuba kuqondakala, ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekubhekeni ibala elibalulekile ngokulinganayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezindaweni Eziphakathi Nezikhathi

Ukhetho lwe-Midter luveza indawo ehlukile yokuthembisana. Ngaphandle komjaho womongameli ophezulu ethikithini, abavoti abaningi balahlekelwa isithakazelo noma bahluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi phakathi naphakathi kwenkathi kuyakwenzeka. I-Microlls kumele isebenze kanzima ukudonsa ukunakekela, ngokuvamile incike ekukhangiseni ngeminyango yendlu, emithonjeni yezindaba, nakukukhangisa ngemishini.

Abavoti abashukunyiselwe phakathi kwezinkathi bathambekele ekubeni yilabo abazizwa ngamandla ngemisebenzi kamongameli wamanje. Ama-middy avame ukusebenza njenge-arendium ebaphathini abahlezi. Abavoti abavuma umsebenzi kamongameli bangase basekele abathathi-nxaxheba eqenjini likamongameli, kuyilapho labo abangavumelani nabo bengase baphendukele ekuvoteleni. Lokhu kungaveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo nokushintshashintsha okukhulu ekulawuleni i-costation.

Izici Ezikhula Kakhulu Phakathi Nezikhathi

  • Izindlela zokuvota eziphezulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphikisanayo (amalungelo okukhipha insangu, ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho, ukukhuphuka kweholo eliphansi)
  • Imijaho ye - “bubernar ” encintisanayo emazweni amakhulu
  • Ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezizwe nemithombo yezindaba kugxila ezindabeni ezithile
  • Ukukhishwa kahle kokuhlinzwa yiwo womabili amaqembu
  • Ukushintshwa kwemithetho yokuvota enwebeka noma evimbela ukungena

Naphezu kokukhetha okuphansi, abavoti abaphakathi ngokuvamile bahlukanisa futhi bathathe izingqondo ngokweqile. Lokhu kungaveza imiphumela engabonisi lokho umphakathi okuthandayo, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho okhethweni abayinhloko benquma khona ngokuphumelelayo umnqobi wokhetho ovamile.

Ithonya Lokukhethwa Komongameli Ezingxenyeni Eziphakathi

Ukuhlobana phakathi kokhetho lukamongameli nophakathi kwe-centrameter kufakazelwe kahle. Ngokomlando, ingxenye kamongameli cishe ilahlekelwa izihlalo ngaso sonke isikhathi phakathi nokhetho phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha. Lo mkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi "isijeziso sesikhathi sokuzalwa," uye wenziwa cishe phakathi kwenkathi kusukela ngeMpi Yombango. Okungalé kwamashumi eminyaka amuva kwaba ngu-1998 (iqembu lomongameli u-Bill Clinton's) kanye no-200 (umsunguli ka-George W. U-Bush wathola izihlalo ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11.

Izincazelo eziningana zikhona ngenxa yesijeziso esikhona phakathi nenkathi. Amavoter angadumazeka ngekhono likamongameli ngemva kweminyaka emibili esehhovisi. Abavoti bokuphikiswa bavame ukushukumiseleka kakhulu ukuba bathumele umyalezo. Futhi iqembu lomongameli lingase lilwele ukubuthela abasekeli balo ngaphandle kwesasasa eliphambili elinikezwa ngumongameli.

Ubungako besijeziso phakathi kwenkathi bungahluka kakhulu. Ngo-2018, uMongameli uBarack Obama's Democrates walahlekelwa izihlalo zendlu ezingu-66 nezihlalo eziyisithupha zeSishaya-mthetho emhlabeni wokukhetha okuqhutshwa ukuphikisa kwe-Affordal Care Act nenhlangano ye-Tea Party. Ngo-2018, uMongameli uDonald Trump’s Republicans walahlekelwa izihlalo ze House ezingu-41 ngesikhathi ethola izihlalo ezimbili zegebe, njengoba iDemocrates ihlala ephakethene nomfutho ophezulu. Ama-202222 ama-parts abona uMongameli uJoe Biden's Democrates elahlekelwa iNd kodwa ephethe iSikhungo, isijeziso esiphansi kakhulu semithetho yomlando.

Indlela Imiphumela Ephakathi Nezikhathi Ethonya Ngayo Ezombangazwe Zobumongameli

Imiphumela ye-Midterm futhi ihlela ukhetho olulandelayo lukamongameli. Ukusebenza ngamandla phakathi kwenkathi ephakathi kungakhela umdlandla owinayo futhi kusize abajoyine abaqashelwa phambili emjikelezweni olandelayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igagasi eliphakathi nenkathi elimelene nomongameli lingase linciphise ukuma kwabo kwezombangazwe futhi libangele ukuba kube nzima ukuhlelwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, igagasi lamaphakathi ka-2010, limisa isigaba sokukhetha komongameli ngo-2012 ngokunikeza amaRepublican ulawulo lweNdlugadaywa futhi libavumela ukuba balungise impikiswano yesizwe ezungeze isimiso sezwe lonke.

Imibuso Nezinhlanga Zendawo: Ama - Stake Afihliwe

Esinye sezici ezinganakwa kakhulu zokhetho lwamapresidenti naphakathi kwesigaba somjaho, ukubaluleka kwemijaho ephansi. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli lubusa izindaba, abavoti kulolokhetho banquma futhi izinhlanga zikahulumeni, imincintiswano yokwahlulela, izihlalo zesifunda, nezilinganiso zokuvota. Lezinhlanga zinemiphumela emikhulu ekuphileni kwabantu kwansuku zonke, ethinta izintela zempahla, izimali zesikole, inqubo yobupolitist, impilo yomphakathi, kanye namalungelo okuvota.

Phakathi nenkathi yokhetho, imijaho ephakeme kahulumeni ivame ukuthola ukunakekela okwengeziwe ngenxa nje yokuthi iyingxenye enkulu ye-colletat. Izifunda eziningi zithatha ukhetho lwe-gubernerator phakathi neminyaka, futhi lezizinhlanga zinganquma ukulawula inqubo yokuvuselelwa kweqophelo, isimiso semfundo, nokwanda kwezempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, ama 20222 amaphakathi, ayenemijaho ye-gubernarianary encintinel e-Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, ne-Wisconsian, konke okwakunemiphumela emikhulu yokuvota nokukhipha izisu.

Izilinganiso Zebhola Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Izindinganiso ze-Ballot zivumela abavoti ukuba bamise noma benqabe imithetho ngokuqondile, badlulise izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Lezi zinyathelo zivela kokubili kuma-presidential nama-minute, kodwa ngokuvamile bahamba ngemoto enyuka phakathi naphakathi kwenkathi yokuphuma komjaho womongameli lapho umjaho ungekho. Ngo-2022, abavoti ezifundazweni ezinhlanu banquma ngezilinganiso ezihlobene nokukhishwa kwezisu ezinqunyiwe ngokulandela isinqumo se-Puntathe Court's Dobbs, eyagumbula uRose v. Wade. Michigan, California, noVremont bavotela amalungelo okukhishwa kwezisumo zezisu zobushine, kuyilapho i-Kansas kanye no-Kentucky enqaba ukukhishwa kwezinsukelo zokukhishwa kwezisukelo zokukhishwa kwezisulelo. Lezi zinquluko ezinkulu zaveza ukuvolo kuyo yonke indawo.

Ngokufanayo, imigaqo yokwenza insangu ibe ngokomthetho iye yavela ezinhlotsheni zokhetho. IColorado neWashington zasemthethweni ngo-2012 (unyaka wobumongameli), kanti izifundazwe ezinjengeMontana, New Jersey, ne-South Dakota zalandela ngo-2020 no-2022. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwemilinganiso ye-bolot kubonisa ukuzimisela kwabavoti ukuvala i-griplock ngempikiswano.

Indlela Yokulungiselela Uhlobo Lokhetho Ngalunye

Ngenxa yomehluko phakathi kokhetho lwamapresidente nolwamaphakathi nenkathi ethile, abavoti kufanele basebenzise umjikelezo ngamunye ngesu elihlukile.

Ukulungiselela Ukukhethwa Komongameli

  • Cwaninga abazongenela ihlelo elikhulu nezimiso zabo ezindabeni eziyinhloko zezwe
  • Qonda i-Electoral College nendlela amavoti kahulumeni wakho ahlelwa ngayo
  • Funda ngenqubo eyinhloko kamongameli nangesimiso sokuthuma izihambeli
  • Qonda e-caucus e-omogue yezwe lakho ukuze usho ukuthi ubani oba umthenwa
  • Naka isekela likamongameli, njengoba ngokuvamile libonisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zikhona
  • Ukucwaninga ukuncintisana kwemijaho yebhola ngisho nasenyakani kamongameli; lezinhlanga zibaluleke ngendlela efanayo

Ukulungiselela Ukukhetha Okuphakathi Kwezingxenye

  • Bheka ukuthi umelela bani eMkhandlwini nohulumeni namuhla
  • Funda ngendlela iSishaya - mthetho nohulumeni wezwe wamanje oye wazenza ngayo ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo
  • Funda abazobhapathizwa ephepheni lakho lokubhala, ikakhulukazi eMkhayeni, eSigeqeni, nasemijahweni yesigaba sikahulumeni
  • Bheka izinyathelo zokuvota ezizovela esimweni sakho futhi uqonde lokho ezikushoyo
  • Hlola isimo sakho sokubhalisa ngaphambi kokhetho, njengoba imithetho ingase ihluke eminyakeni yobumongameli
  • Thola indawo yakho yokukhetha bese uqonda ukukhetha kobuso bakho kokuqala nokuvota neposi

Isizathu Sokuba Kokubili Ukukhetha Kubaluleke

Kulinga ukubheka ukhetho lukamongameli njengesenzakalo esiyinhloko kanye namaphakathi njengempi ephansi, kodwa lombono awuyinaki indlela izikhawu eziphethe ngayo ngempela amandla. Umongameli angase amise uhlelo lwesizwe, kodwa uHulumeni ulawule izintambo zezikhwama zemali, aqinisekise abahluleli nonobhala beKhabhinethi, futhi angaqala ukuhlola. Umongameli ongenayo iSishaya - sisekelo angafeza okuncane kakhulu, njengoba i-gridbockbock iba isici esivelele sokubusa.

Ukhetho lwe-Midters lunquma futhi ukulawula ohulumeni bezwe, abaye bakhula baba namandla enkathini yokubekwa kwezindawo ezihlukene. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilawula ukuhlelwa kwamabalazwe, abumba amabalazwe enhlangano eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Futhi ababusi basebenzisa amandla emithetho ethinta izigidi zabantu. Ngokungasho lutho, imiphumela yokhetho lwaphakathi nendawo ingathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu kunesikhathi samashumi amabili eminyaka selungu lendlu.

Ukhetho lukamongameli, lwanikeza isizwe isisekelo futhi wanquma ukuthi ubani oholayo egatsheni eliphethe. Umongameli uyala ukuba ibutho lezempi, alwe, amise izivumelwano zeNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi amise umthetho olawulayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Izigxobo zinkulu, yingakho izivumelwano zabavoti ziphakeme kakhulu kulezi zikhawulo.

Bonke, ukhetho lukamongameli nophakathi kwenkathi luyinqubo eqhubekayo yokulandisa. Abavoter banethuba njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili lokuvuza noma ukujezisa abameleli babo, futhi njalo eminyakeni emine ukukhethela izwe indlela entsha. Ukuqonda ukuthi lolukhetho luhluke kanjani, nokuthi yini ehilelekile, kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi oluthenjiswe ngokwengeziwe.

Ukunyukela ngokujulile emninindweni yokhetho nasemicimbini engokomlando, imithombo enjenge Fairvote inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuhle kakhulu kwemiklamo yokujika kanye nokuguqula ama-lector. i-National Conference of State Legislatures ilondoloza abaqondisi abacuthayo ezilinganisweni zebhola kanye nemithetho yokukhetha. Futhi inikeza i-paw Research Center inikeza ukuhlola okunegunya ezimweni zovoti nasemizisweni zokhetho.

Ekugcineni, zombili izinhlobo zokhetho zinikeza abavoti ithuba lokuhlela indlela yemiphakathi yabo, izifundazwe zabo, nezwe lakubo. Ukubonisa kokubili, kunokuba nje iminyaka yobumongameli obuphezulu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izwi lakho liyazwakala lapho kwenziwa izinqumo kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni.