Isisekelo Sokumelelwa Ezimisweni Zentando Yeningi

I-memorial inguphawu lokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla, esebenza njengendlela abantu abahlukahlukene abaguqula ngayo izithakazelo zabo, izindinganiso, kanye nezidingo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezihlangene. Ekujuleni kwayo, ivala igebe phakathi kwababuswayo nababuswayo, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zibonisa intando nenhlalakahle yabantu kunalokho okuthandwa ngabaqondiweyo abancane. Abefundisi bezombangazwe abanjengoHanna Pitkin baye bahlela ukumelelwa ngezilinganiso eziningi: ukumiswa (imvume engokomthetho nokulandisa), ukuchaza (izinga abameleli abameleli abahlanganyela kulo imikhakhaba nezici ezithintanayo), okungokomfanekiso (izibophopho phakathi kwabameleli nezakhamuzi), kanye nezibophoqelelayo (imiphumela yangempela yeqembu elimele). Ukuqonda indlela lezi zimo ezisebenza ngayo ekuhlolweni kwemidwenisela futhi ziphumelele kakhulu.

Imisebenzi yokumelela isebenza ngenhlanganisela yemiklamo yokuhlela, njengezimiso zezeziqu, imingcele yesifunda, kanye nezinqubo zezenhlalakahle (* nezokuphatha kwezenhlalo, kuhlanganise nokubuthwa kwamaqembu ahluzekile ngokwengokomlando. Uma ukumelelwa kusebenza kahle, kukhuthaza ukwethenjwa kwezombangazwe, kuthuthukisa ukuthathiswana kwezezwe, futhi kuveza izinqumo ezibonisa ukuthi zingcono futhi ziqine kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, uma ukumelelwa, yonke imiphakathi ingashiywa ingenazwi, kuholele ezimisweni ezingazinaki izidingo ezibucayi nokungalingani okukhudlwana. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlelo, izinselele, izinselele, kanye namasu ekwazi ukuhlobisa abafundi ngokuqonda kahle ukuthi bonke abantu banesihlalo esiphethwe kanjani etafuleni.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela

Izindaba ezimelelwayo ngenxa yokuthi zilolonga ngokuqondile izinga lentando yeningi nenani lemiphumela. Ukucwaninga kuveza ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izindikimba ezihlukene ezenza izinqumo ziveza izimiso ezisiza umphakathi wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola koMkhandlu wase-U.S. kubonisa ukuthi abesifazane abashaya iziphakamiso bafaka futhi badlulise izikweleti eziningi ezigxile empilweni, emfundweni yemfundo, nasenhlalakahleni yomkhaya uma ziqhathaniswa nozakwabo besilisa. Ngokufanayo, izikhulu ezikhethelwe amaqembu amaqenjana ezinhlanga namaqembu ezinhlanga ahlukene zivame kakhulu ukumisa izindaba ezinjengenguquko yomthetho wobugebengu, ukufuduka, nokungena kolimi. [[FLT:]]] lokhu kuveza imiphumela engathi inzuzo engaphezulu engokwempilo, imfundo, imfundo, nenhlalakahle yomkhaya ephakathi kwezindawo zobudodawodwa namaqembu ahlukene ngenxa yokuhlanganyela okuhlangenwesi semibono kanye namaqembu ahlukene ngenxa yokuthuthukisa ulwazi.

Ukunikwa Amandla Ngezwi

Ukumelela kunika abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi amandla ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo nezithakazelo kufanelekile futhi kuyafaneleka ukucatshangelwa. Uma abantu bezibona bebonakaliswa kuhulumeni − uma beboniswa ngomkhandlu wendawo okhuluma ulimi lwabo noma ummisi-mthetho ovela esizindeni esifanayo sezomnotho — bathambekele kakhulu ekukholelweni ukuthi isimiso singasabela ekukhathaleni kwabo. Lomuzwa wokuphumelela kwezombangazwe ubangela ukuba bahlanganyele kakhulu okhethweni, ekulaleleni, nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Ngokungafani, ukukhomba okuphikelelayo kungaholela ekudidanisweni kwezombangazwe, ukuphethulwa phansi, ngisho nokungathembana ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi.

Ukulinganisela Kwemithetho

I-Equity ifuna ukuba kuqikelelwe ukuthi izidingo zawo wonke amaqembu amanani abantu zibekwe enqubweni yokwenza isimiso. Ngaphandle kokuchaza ngokuphumelelayo, izimiso zithambekele ekuboniseni izinto eziza kuqala zezinamandla nezicebile kakhulu, zishiya imiphakathi engaphansi kwe-odecd. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwendali yomshuwalense wempilo ngaphansi komthetho we-Affordcable Care Act kuhlola imiphakathi eyayingatholakali ngaphambili emacebweni omqashi owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, − umphumela oqondile wokulawula nokumelela kwemithetho eqonde izikhala. Ngakho ukukhokha-mfa empilweni kuyindaba yokususa i-mfashini: isiza ukuhlukanisa izimali zomphakathi futhi inciphise inzuzo yezemfundo, ukuhlalisa izindlu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokukhokha kwezomnotho.

Ukulandisa nokubona ngale

Ukumelela kuveza umugqa ocacile wokulandisa. Izikhulu ezilahliwe kumelwe ziphendule okhethweni lwazo njalo, ngokhetho lomphakathi, nangokuhlola imithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kulandisa kwenza ukuba ukuvota kube lula ekwenzeni izinqumo, njengoba abameleli beshukumiseleka ukuba bachaze amavoti abo futhi bathethelele izenzo zabo. Uma abameleli besebenza, abavoti bangavuza ukuziphatha kokusabela nokujezisa noma ukujezisa. Ngokuphambene, uma izimiso zabavoti zikhohliswa noma lapho zicindezelwa zisonta abavoti, ukulandisa. Ngakho ukuqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi komvoti nabameleli kubalulekile ekulondolozeni icala lentando yeningi.

Izinhlobo zommelelo

Ukumelela kunezici eziningi, ngayinye idlala indima ehlukile ekuxhumaneni kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni bazo. Ukuqaphela lezizinhlobo kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani amanye amaqembu engase abe khona ezindlini zezishaya - mthetho kodwa asesengenalo ithonya, kuyilapho amanye efinyelela ushintsho olunenjongo ngisho noma kungekho isibuko esiphelele somphakathi wawo.

Ukumelela Kwezombangazwe

Ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe kubhekisela ekukhethweni kwabantu ezikhundleni zomthetho, zokwahlulela lapho besekela khona ngokusemthethweni abameleli babo. Izimiso ze-Elector zimisa ngokuphawulekayo ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zokulinganisela zivame ukuveza amaphalamende afana eduze kakhulu nobulili bobulili bobufana, kanti amasu awinayo angazikhipha izikhulu ezimbalwa. Amazwe anjenge-New Zealand ne-Sweden aye amukela izimiso ezixubene zokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwezimpawu. Ngaphandle kokhetho, ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe kwenzeka futhi ngemikhandlu emisiwe, ngekomiti yezemisebenzi yesizwe, nangezikhundla zomphakathi ezibonisa imiphakathi akhonza kuyo.

Ukumelela Umphakathi

Izimpawu zezenhlalo zidlulela ngalé kokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwemiphumela ehlelwa yizinhlangano ezihlukene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amabhodi enkampani, abaphathi bamayunivesithi, abaholi abangazuzi, kanye nobunikazi bemithombo yezindaba. Uma ukuma kwezenhlalo kuqinile, imibono ehlukahlukene yokuqashwa, ukufakwa, ukugcinwa kwempahla, nokuneliswa kwendalo . Ukuhlanganisa imiphumela ekhona elinganayo nengokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izinkampani ezinezinhlobonhlobo zobufana nhlobo lobulili ezisebenza ngokwezimali kubangane bazo. Ngokufanayo, amagumbi ezindaba abonisa ukuhlukahlukahluka kweze ngokohlanga nomnotho kwezilaleli zabo aveza ukushekelelwa okunembejeze ngokwengeziwe.

Ukumelela Umthetho

I-real echaza isiko iqinisekisa ukuthi i-Credium, imilando, izilimi, namasiko awo wonke amaqembu ayaqashelwa futhi aziswa enkulumweni yeningi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumelelwa kwezokuzijabulisa, izincwadi, iminyuziyamu, nemfundo yangemva kwesikole. Uma ukumelelwa kwesiko kulinganiswa, kulwa nomqondo ofingqiwe, kukhuthaza ukuqondana kweqembu, futhi kuqinisekisa isithunzi semiphakathi emiphakathini emincane. Ngokuphambene, ukusekela noma ukuhlanekezelwa kwesiko kungabhebhebhethelisa ubandlululo nokubekwa phansi. Izinhlangano zokuvuselela ulimi, njengokuphoqelela ukulondolozwa kolimi eNyakatho Melika naseNew Zealand, zibonisa indlela ukumelelwa kwemiphakathi nempuculo yonke.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kokubaluleka okuqashelwe, imingcele eminingi ivimbela ukuba ifezeke ngokugcwele. Lezi zinselele zigxile kakhulu ezimisweni zezindawo, ezingokomlando, nasemandla anamandla akhona. Ukuqonda kuyimfuneko yokuklama amakhambi aphumelelayo.

Izinselele Zesimiso Sokusebenzela Ukusebenza Kwemvelo

Imingcele yezimiso ihlanganisa imithetho, izimiso, nemikhuba yokuhlela ekhipha imithetho ethile ngokungenakulinganiswa ekuthatheni uhlangothi noma ethonyeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yokuvota, imingcele evimbelayo yokubhalisa, nokulahla ngokungenakulinganiswa ithinta abantu abanemibala, abantu abathola imali ephansi, nabavoti abasha abasha. Izimiso zezimali zezezimali ezithembele kakhulu kubanikeli abacebile zingaphazamisa ukumelela, njengoba izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingazibeka phambili izithakazelo zabantu abakhulu abanikelayo abangokwabo bonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba yesifunda enjenge-gerrymander itshixa abantu abathola inzuzo yezombangazwe, ilulaza amavoti emiphakathi emiphakathini emincane.

Ukucindezelwa Nokudangala Kwezinto Ezingavamile

Ukucindezelwa kwe Voter kuhlanganisa uhide lwamasu-micikilisho − i-Brennan Center for Justice, phakathi kuka-2018 no-2018. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa izindawo zokuvota ezindaweni ezimbalwa, ukukhipha amavota imiqulu, idinga izinhlobo ezithile ze-ID ezingajwayelekile phakathi kwamaqembu athile, nokusakaza udaba olungaqondile ngenqubo yokuvota. Ngokwe-Brennan Center for Justice, phakathi no-2018, isho amakhulu emithetho yokuvota eqinile. Imiphumela iyasebenza: ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi imithetho enjalo iphenduphenduka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi yemibala, i-bala, kanjalo i-operal, amhlophe, no-occlevant , no-volunter.

Ukungaqapheli Nemfundo Yesibalo

Abantu abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi bangahlanganyela kanjani ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe noma indlela yokuxhumana nabameleli babo ngalé kokhetho oluthatha isikhathi. Imfundo ye-CBIC iye yancipha ezimisweni eziningi zesikole, ishiya izakhamuzi zingenalwazi oludingekayo lokulawula izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi njengokulungisa izinhlelo, amakhalenda omthetho, nezikhathi zokuphendula umphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganiswa ngemingcele yolimi, ukufinyelela i-intanethi elinganiselwe, noma ukungathembi uhulumeni. Ngaphandle kolwazi nesibopho somphakathi, ngisho nezimiso ezibekwe kahle zabameleli ezingasehlela ngoba abantu abakwazi ukuzwa amazwi abo.

Izinyathelo Zokumelela

Ukunqoba lezinselele kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngamabomu emazingeni amaningi", ngokomthetho, emphakathini, nakumuntu ngamunye. Ngezansi kunamasu aqinise ukumelelwa nokuqinisekiswa ukuthi wonke amazwi ahlanganisiwe.

Imfundo Nemikhankaso Yokuqaphela

Ukuhlola imfundo yomphakathi nokuqapha umphakathi kusiza ekususeni izinqubo zezombangazwe futhi kunike abantu amandla okuhileleka. Lokhu kungahlanganisa isikole esifundisa indlela isikweleti esiba umthetho ngayo, indlela yokubona abameleli bomuntu, nendlela yokuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wendawo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane Voters kanye nezindawo zokuhlola umphakathi njengamaqembu aphansi njengaye [[FLT: 0]] ixosha i Vote [[[ imishini yokubhalisa kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela ulwazi. Amathuluzi awezemishini avuliwe njengemikhawulo yemida yemigqa ehlukanisa imingcele yemithetho kanye neyabandlu yabameleli abameleli abaya ezindaweni eziboshelwayo.

Umklamo Ohlanganisa Okunye

I-policies kufanele iklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukumelelwa ngamabomu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela izimiso zokuvota ezilinganiselwe noma ezinezinga eliphezulu ezenza kube lula ngemibono emincane ukuzuza izihlalo. Omasipala abaningi baye benza ukuvota okulinganiselwe ukuze banciphise imiphumela ephangaleleyo futhi bakhuthaze abakhankanyiwe abanxuluma nezinxulumani ezibanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso ezinjengezindawo zokuhlala zezilimi (zifaka izigqizo zomfunda kanye nezizwayo ngezilimi eziningi), umkhankaso wokusekela izinguquko zemali (njengendawo encane efana neyonyakazana), futhi ukuvota okuzenzekelayo kokuvota kunganciphisa izinga lokudlala. Zizwe ezihlangene zikhutha amahlelo ahlukene ezinhlelweni zentando yentando yeningi).

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nezimpande Zomthofu Ezizishintshayo

Izinhlangano ze- Grassroots ngokuvamile ziyizimoto eziphumelela kakhulu ekukhuliseni amazwi aphansi. Ngokwakha ukwethembana, ukuqeqesha abaholi bendawo, nokuqoqa abameleli ukuba baye emahholo edolobha, kufaka ubufakazi bokuzwa, futhi kuhlelelwe izimpikiswano ezithile, lamaqembu angacindezela izinhlangano ukuba ziphendule ngokwengeziwe. Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa iNgqungquthela ye-Leadership on Civil and Human Rights [, eye yahlanganisa ukungenela kwezelulekwa kwezindawo zezindawo zokuvocasha, nokuthatha iqhaza, kanye nenhlangano yokulawula indawo ezungezile, eye yaphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwemiphakathi okuthinteke ngokungcoliswa ngokuqhubekayo. Izivumelwano zomphakathi zihlanganisa izinqubo zokuhlela ngokwengxenye izimali, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma indlela yokuhlela izimali ezikhokhwawayo emadoloneni ezindaweni zomphakathi ezindaweni ezikhona eBrazil, e-Aleertmore, e-Brazil.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokumelela Okuphumelelayo

Ukuhlola imizamo engokomlando neyanamuhla yokuthuthukisa ukumelelwa kwempahla kwembula kokubili izithiyo namathuba okubusa okungahlanganyelwa.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu E - United States

Impi yaseMelika e-Afrika elwela amalungelo omphakathi phakathi nekhulu lama-20 iyisibonelo se-minenal Act yendlela izimpande ezihlanganisa ngayo utshani, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nokungenela kukahulumeni ezingandisa ukumelelwa. Ngokuhlala phansi, ukumasha, nezimpi zasenkantolo, abashisekeli baphula imithetho kaJim Crow eyayiye yasusa ngokulandelana izakhamuzi zabamnyama ekuvoteni nasehhovisi lezombangazwe. Isinqumo seVoting Rights Act ka-19656 sokuqeda ukuhlola nokubhalisa nokunye ukuvinjelwa komthetho womthetho we-cription, okuholela ekwandeni okuphawulekayo ekubhalisweni kwevoti ye-Black nokhetho lwezikhulu zabaNsundu kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni. Nokho impi iyaqhubeka: iNkakhulu yeNkalanga ye-Shel Countybyby v v. Isinqumo sesinqumo sawohlolwa izinhlelo eziphambili zomthetho, nemizamo yokuvinyaniswa kwemithetho engenziwangazelelwe unobusha.

Inhlangano Yabesifazane Ewubuthi (Embulungeni Yonke)

Ukufakwa kwabesifazane kumelela okunye kokwanda okukhulu okushintsha kakhulu kophawu emlandweni ngo-1920. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ababhali bezincwadi emhlabeni wonke abamemezelwe ngezicelo, ukubhikisha, nokungalaleli komphakathi. INew Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala lokunikeza abesifazane amavoti esizwe ngo-1893; i-United States yalandela ngeSichibiyelo se-19thticle somthetho ngo-1920. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo okuvota, umza ophoqelelwe amaqembu nabaphathi beminyango ukuba baqondise abesifazane abafuna izinkonzo zempahla kanye nezindaba zezindaba ezisukela elungelweni lempahla kuya empilweni yokuzala. Namuhla, njengamazwe aseRwanda aye afinyelela isilinganiso esilinganisweni se-palmential enziwe ngensuntss eqoqweni yemithetho yezomthetho yezombangazwe nentando yezombangazwe, ebonisa ukuthi inqubo ecacile ingashintsha ngokushesha.

Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Abantu Bomdabu (Imbulunga Yonke)

Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bezakhamuzi belwela ukuqashelwa nokufakwa ezinqumweni ezithinta amazwe abo, amasiko, kanye namakusasa. ECanada, iKhomishane yeQiniso ne-Conconciliation yaqokomisa imiphumela ebhubhisayo yezikole zokuhlala futhi yacela ukumelelwa kwe-Inditual engcono ekubuseni. Umthetho-sisekelo waseBolivia ka-2009 waqaphela izwe njengezwe elizimeleyo, ukuqinisekisa izihlalo zesizwe esimisweni somthetho wesizwe nezimiso zokuhlola inqubo. E-Australia, i-Ulurement i-odition isuka e-Arter (2017) yabiza i-Limeof Yokuqala Indine I-me i-mmelelo ye-Generine I encwadini yokusungulwa kwesizwe. Le zinhlangano zibonisa ukuthi ukufinyelela ukumelelwa komthetho wangempela kudinga inguquko nje kuphela kwezakhiwo.

Isiphetho

Ukumelelwa akusona isici esizimele sentando yeningi; kuyinqubo eshukumisayo okumelwe ilondolozwe, ivikelwe, futhi ilungiswe. Izinqubo zokumelelwa kwe-("izimiso zomthetho, ukubophana kwezakhamuzi, ukuvikela okungokomthetho"amathuluzi angandisa amazwi noma awathule, kuye ngokuthi asetshenziswa kanjani. Umphakathi ozimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unephimbo kumelwe akhulume ngemingcele yezimiso zezwe, afake isikole sezemfundo yomphakathi, amukele izimiso ezihlukene, futhi asekele izinhlangano zotshani eziphethe amandla. Izifundo ze-Civin Rights, i-ssuffilent, nelungelo le-IOndronto eyenzekayo, zisikhumbuza ukuthi intuthuko ingenzeka, kodwa kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo. Wonke umuntu ufaka isiphaka sesethi: ukufundiswa, ukuvota, ukumiswa, ukugcinwa kwalabo abalalela, futhi kuhambisana nokukhishwa kwemithetho yentando ephakeme kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi kuhlanganisa yonke.