Inqubo yomphakathi ihlela imithetho, imithombo, nezinto eziza kuqala ezilawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke (kusukela ekutheni umoya namanzi kusuka ekungeneni kwempilo nasemfundweni. Nokho izakhamuzi eziningi, othisha, nabafundi bathola inqubo lezizimiso zenza ngayo zibe mhlophe noma zingafinyeleli. Ukuqonda okucacile ukuthi isimiso somphakathi senziwe kanjani ukuba sinike abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokusemthethweni ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, kungaba ngokuvota, ukusekela, noma ngokumane nje bahlale benolwazi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuwohloka okukhulu, isiteji esigaga-ngqa senqubo yokwenza i-ngqa, ukuhlelwa kwamandla okuthonyayo, kanye nezinselele ezichaza imiphumela yayo.

Izinga Lomthetho Womphakathi

Inqubo yenqubo ayivamile ukuhlelwa, kodwa izazi ziye zasungula uhlelo oluwusizo lweziteji eziyisihlanu: uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ukuhlelwa kwenqubo, ukuthathwa kwesimiso, ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso, nokuhlolwa kwezimiso. Isigaba ngasinye sihlanganisa abadlali abahlukene, amaphuzu esinqumo, kanye nokuvinjelwa okunqumayo ukuthi uhulumeni ungenzani (noma) ngendaba ethile ekhona.

Ukuhleleka Kwe - Agenda

Isimo se-Agenda yinqubo lapho izinkinga ezithile zibonakala ziwuphawu oluvumela khona ukunakekelwa uhulumeni. Akuyona yonke impikiswano yezenhlalo noma yezomnotho eyenza ihloselwe umphakathi; ukuncintisana ukuze kunakwe kunamandla, futhi yilezo zinkinga ezithinta umphakathi, ophakeme, noma izinhlangano eziyinhloko kuphela ezithola inzuzo.

  • Umbono wePublic ne-fournoots province - ukukhathazeka okugcwele, okuvame ukukhuliswa ngemibhikisho noma izicelo, kungaphoqelela impikiswano kuhulumeni ohleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, u-2018 umfundi ubhale uMarch ngomkhankaso weMis Home ebekwe isibhamu sokulawula izinguquko phakathi kwengxoxo yezombangazwe zase-U.S.
  • Indatshana ye-media - Imithombo yezindaba ingaqokomisa inkinga ngokubika ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukushukumisa, noma nge-applyism. Ithonya lemithombo yezindaba emikhankasweni yezimiso libhalwe kahle; cabanga ngendlela umjikelezo wamahora angu-2469 wezindaba okhuphuka ngayo isimo esibucayi noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • Iqembu elingenisa amandla [ - Izinhlangano ezimelela amabhizinisi, umsebenzi, indawo ezungezile, noma ezinye izithakazelo zicindezela izikhulu ezikhethiwe njalo ukuba zixoxe ngezinkathazo ezithile. Inhlangano ye-American Petroleum emile igcine isimiso samandla esikhona kulokhu kuhlelwa amashumi eminyaka.
  • Ukuhlela izenzakalo – izenzakalo ze-palprofile − njengezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, ukudubulana kwabantu, noma izingozi zezimali − i-cattant impikiswano kulokhu okuhleliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, inkinga yezezimali ka-2008, yabangela igagasi lezinguquko zokuzibuyisela (umz., i-Dodd kanye-Frank Act) eyayinqanyuliwe ngaphambili.

Isimo se - agenda asikho esimweni esingenalutho. amandla, imithetho yokuhlela (isib., ukubusa kwekomiti yenhlangano), kanye nesimo sezombangazwe esikhona wonke amathonya ayizimpikiswano akhethwa ukuba ahlolwe ngokungathi sína.

Ukwenziwa kwenqubo

Uma nje impikiswano isithole indawo kulokhu okuzoxoxwa ngakho, abakhi bezimiso baqala ukusungula amakhambi angenzeka. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa ukucwaninga lenkinga, ukuhlukanisa ezinye izindlela, nokuhlela izihlongozo zikakhonkolo. Abakhona bahlanganisa:

  • Izinhlangano zombuso – Izisebenzi zomphakathi zomsebenzi wezandla kanye nabamiselwe kwezombangazwe eminyangweni ephethe bavame ukuveza izindlela zokukhetha ezinemininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Agency yeSikhungo Sendawo Ezungezile yase-U.S. ihlaziya izindleko zokuhweba nge-2572ffig ngaphambi kokuveza izinga lomoya.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Abameli neziphathi zabo - Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho noma iphalamende lisebenza ngezisebenzi zekomiti ezisizayo ezikweletini zomsebenzi wezandla, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuphatha ukuqulwa kwecala okucela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe.
  • Amathangi okucabanga nezinhlangano zokucwaninga - Amaqembu anjenge-Brookings Institution noma i-RAND Corporation iveza ukuhlolwa okuqinile okulawula uhlu lwezinto ezikhona kubenzi bezimiso.
  • Amaqembu afuna ukuphatha izinkampani kanye nama-accompane emboni [ - Labadlali baveza amakhambi athandwayo, ngezinye izikhathi bewabeka ngokuthi “umthetho oyisibonelo” ongathunyelelwa abamisi-mthetho abanozwela.

Ukubekwa kwekhono ngokwemvelo kuyinto engokwemvelo. Izihlongozo ezihlukene ziyaphikiswana, zibukezwe futhi zihlanganiswe njalo. Umgomo ukuveza umklamo osebenza kahle ongadonsa ukusekelwa okwanele ukuze kudlule esiteji sokutholwa. Ukubekwa kwemali, ukuhlolwa kwezindiza, nokuqhathaniswa kwezimiso ezikweminye imibuso kuvame ukunikeza ulwazi ngenqubo.

Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Ngokusemthethweni

Ukuthatha inqubo yomthetho womthetho kuyisikhathi lapho isimiso esihlongozwayo sithola imvume engokomthetho equlwini elibusayo. Lenqubo ihlukahluka ngokwesimiso sezombangazwe nezinga likahulumeni:

  • Amavoti asemthethweni - Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, indlela yokutholwa evelele idluliswa yisishaya-mthetho futhi isayinwe umphathi. Izimiso ze-Bimadral (umz., i-Congress, iPhalamente lase-U.S.) idinga imvume kuzo zombili izindlu, ukwenezela itshekezo namathuba okulungisa.
  • Iziqondiso ezisemthethweni[ - Omongameli, ababusi, nomeya bangathatha ngeyedwa izimiso ezithile ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemvume yemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezicini zokuqondisa. UMongameli Obama’s Defered Action for Childing Applicals (DACA) uyisibonelo esivelele.
  • Izindawo zentando yeningi kanye nokuqondisa idemokrasi – Kwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuqondile esicelweni sezimiso. Inqubo yeCalifornia 13 (1978) nezindawo ezivamile zase Switzerland zibonisa indlela ukutholwa okungagwenywa ngayo ngokuqondile izinhlangano zabameleli.
  • [ Ukubusa - Izimo ezigunyazweyo zingakhipha imithetho ebophayo ethatha isimiso ngokuphumelelayo. Imithetho ye-Federal Communications yenetha ayithathi-hlangothi iyindaba eqondene.

Ukutholwa kwabantwana bokutholwa akuvamile ukuveza isihlongozo sokuqala, ukuyekethisa nokugobeka kuvamile. Isimiso esivela esigabeni sokutholwa singase sibe sincane kakhulu noma siqine kakhulu kunaleso esasihlosiwe ekuqaleni, kuye ngokuthi amabutho ezombangazwe alingana kanjani.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso

Uma selitholwe, inkambiso kumelwe isetshenziswe, (ngokuvamile) isigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nesingasetshenziswa. Ukulunga kuhilela ukuguqula umbhalo wemithetho noma iziqondiso zezikhulu zingene ku- ­ 76theplace. Imisebenzi eyisihluthulelo ihlanganisa:

  • [ iqoqo lemithetho enemininingwane[ - Imithetho ivame ukuba miningi; izinhlangano kumelwe zinikeze imithetho ethile ecacisa izimfuneko, izinqubo, kanye nezinqubo zokugcinwa.
  • [ Imithombo yemali – Izimiso zoHlahlelo lokuHlela iMali kumele zifaneleke, izisebenzi ziqashwe noma zabelwe kabusha, nezakhiwo ezakhiwe noma zaphinde zahlelwa. I-Affordicuttal Care Act yaphazamiseka ngokuhluleka kwezimali kwasekuqaleni kwezimiso ze-IT.
  • Ukuqeqesha izisebenzi – Izisebenzi ze Frontproline(police, othisha, abahloli bezempilo, abathelisi] kumelwe baqonde izinqubo ezintsha nezisusa.
  • Ukumiswa kwemithetho elawulayo [ - izinqubo eziningi zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngamazinga amaningi kahulumeni noma izinhlangano, okuholela ezinkingeni zokubambisana. Ukumiswa kwesimiso semfundo kahulumeni (Akuwo wonke ama-Equedies Act) kuncike kakhulu kuhulumeni nakuziphathimandla zemfundo yendawo.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho kungalulazwa amasiko abusayo, ukungonelanga kwezimali, ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, noma ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okukhulu. Umqondo “wegebe lokuqeda” uchaza ibanga phakathi kwalokho okuthenjiswe inqubo nalokho empeleni ekwenzayo.

Ukuhlola kohlelo

Isigaba sokugcina sihlola ukuthi isimiso siyifezile yini injongo yaso nokuthi ingakanani izindleko. Ukuhlola kungaba okusemthethweni noma ngokwethukela, okuqhutshwa ababali bezincwadi zikahulumeni, abacwaningi abazimele, noma izinhlangano zezezimali. Izindlela zihlanganisa:

  • [[QUAntitive statical statification memory - ukulinganisa izikhombo ezinjengenani lobugebengu, amanani, imiphumela yempilo, noma ama-millimeter endawo ezungezile ngaphambi nangemva koshintsho lwesimiso.
  • [ Izwi eliqondisweyo eliqondisweyo [ – izingxoxo, amaqembu agxilayo, kanye nokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela etholwa ngayo inqubo kulabo abathintekile.
  • Izifundo ezihlukanisayo – ukuqhathanisa imiphumela enqamule izifundazwe noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusiza ekuhlukaniseni ithonya lenqubo.
  • Ukuhlaziya iCostÍbenefit – Ama-formal Afications (umzk., ngeHhovisi lokuqulwa Kwamacala kaHulumeni wase-U.S.) kulinganisa izindleko zesimiso ezingokomnotho nezinzuzo zaso.

Ukuhlola kubuyisela emuva emjikelezweni wenqubo. Uma uhlelo lutholaka lungasebenzi, lunganqanyulwa, lulungiswe, noma luthathelwe indawo − ukuholela eqeleni elisha lokuhlelwa nokuhlelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, inguquko yezenhlalakahle ngawo 1990 yathonywa kakhulu ngokuhlola izinhlelo zemali zangaphambili.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Isimiso Somphakathi

Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo zinamandla phezu kwezinye.

Imibono Engokwezombangazwe Nokwahlukana

Isayensi yokusebenza kwemiqondo inikeza ilens abenzi bezimiso ababheka ngayo izinkinga namakhambi. Abaxhasi bathambekele ekuthandeni izindlela ezisekelwe emakethe, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho ukuvumela ukungenela kukahulumeni, imithetho, nelungiselelo elihlangeneyo. I-partisan polantiation . ikakhulukazi ebizwa e-United States ``ibizwa ngokuthi ukutholwa okungavunyelwe nokugcinwa futhi ivimbele ngisho nokubekwa ezicini ezihleliwe. Impikiswano ngenqubo yesimo sezulu ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi umbono uhlukanisa kanjani uhlu lwezindlela ezisebenzayo.

Izimo Zezomnotho Nezinkinga Zemali

Ukukhula kwezomnotho noma ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho kuthonya ngokuqondile lokho ohulumeni abangakwenza futhi abazokwenza.

Imiphakathi Nombono Womphakathi

Izinhlangano ezihleliwe zezenhlalo zingaguqula inkulumo yeningi nokucindezela okukhethwe izikhulu. Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu, inhlangano yendawo ezungezile, kanye neyamuva kakhulu i-Black Live Matter kanye # Izinhlangano zeMeToo ziye zafaka izinguquko eziphawulekayo ezingokwenqubo. Umbono womphakathi, njengoba ulinganiswa yiziphetho, futhi wenza njengokucindezelwa: izimiso eziphikisana kakhulu nemibono eminingi azinakwenzeka neze ukuba zithathwe noma ziqiniswe.

Izenzakalo Zembulunga Yonke Nokucindezela Komhlaba Wonke

Izimpi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, izinkinga zezomnotho, nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zingadlula izinqumo zasekhaya. Umqedazwe we-COVID 16) uhulumeni emhlabeni wonke uphoqelele ukuba bathathe izinyathelo zempilo eziphuthumayo, amaphakethe ezomnotho, namasu okuthola imithi yokugoma okwakungacatshangwa ngezikhathi ezivamile.

Indima Yabaphathi Enqubweni Yomthetho

Imithetho ayilawulwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe kuphela; izinhlobonhlobo zemidlalo yabadlali — kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kukahulumeni — i - shape njalo.

Abenzi Bohulumeni

  • [[I- Abameli neziphathi zabo [[[QL:1]] - Baqala izindleko, baxoxisane, futhi baqondise.
  • Izinhlangano zamagatsha ezisebenzayo - Zimisa imithetho, zimisa imithetho, futhi zinikeze ubuchwepheshe.
  • [ [[FLT]] – ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungalulaza noma kusekele izinqubo, njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yenza ngezingxenye ze-Affordble Care Act kanye nemithetho ehlobene.
  • Izindikimba zombuso - Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bavame ukuhlola izimiso ezizazisa kamuva isenzo sesizwe (umz., i-pater capby carbon à nertrade).

Abalweli Bemithetho Abangebona Abayizikhulu Zomthetho

  • [ Amaqembu angenisayo nabangenisi - Banikeza ubuchwepheshe, izimpikiswano zesakhelo, nomkhankaso wezicelo noma ngokumelene nezihlongozo. Ukwaziswa kwezezimali kwezezimali kubonisa ukuthi ukuyisebenzisa kwazo kunemiphumela engcono emiphumeleni yemithetho.
  • Amathangi okucabanga nabacwaningi bezemfundo - Zinikeza ubufakazi nemibono eveza lokho okubalulekile njengomkhuba onengqondo noma ongcono kakhulu.
  • Imedia - Ngokukhetha, ukufushanisa, nokuphindaphinda izindaba, amathonya ezindaba akhathaza umphakathi abheka (amandla alawulayo).
  • Umphakathi [ – Voters, abashisekeli, nezinhlangano ezinezimpande zotshani zicindezela ngokhetho, ukubhikisha, nokuxhumana okuqondile.

Izinselele Nezici Zokumiswa Kwenqubo

Nakuba i - platium à proxy iwusizo, inqubo yezwe yangempela ivame ukuphazamisa, ibambe kancane futhi ithambekele ekuhlulekeni.

Amagebe Okufa Ezwe Eliphethe I - Bureaucracy Ne - Ioperation

Ngisho nezimiso ezihlelwe kahle zingantengantenga phakathi nokusetshenziswa. Abasebenzi bemisebenzi yokusebenza bangamelana nezinguquko eziphazamisa isimiso esimisiwe. Ukuqeqeshwa okunganele, isiqondiso esingacacile, nemithetho ephikisanayo evela ezindikimbeni ezihlukene zobubonisi ingaholela ekubulaweni okungalinganiyo noma okungaphumeleli. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko eziningi zemfundo ziye zaveza imiphumela edumazayo hhayi ngoba imiqondo yayingalungile, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwalokhu kwakungavumelani ezinkulungwaneni zezifunda zesikole.

Ithonya Lemali Nokuphanga

Ithonya elikhudlwana lamaqembu enzalo ahlaziyiwe kakhulu − ngokwengxenye ezimisweni zezezimali zomkhankaso ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamingcele kwemali okuphathelene nokulunga kwentando yeningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinqubo zivame ukusekela abanikeli abacebile nabaphambili emphakathini. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kukaMartin Gilens kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izikhulu zezezomnotho namaqembu ezenhlalakahle ahleliwe anethonya elikhulu kakhulu enkambisweni yezentengiselwano kunezakhamuzi ezivamile.

Imiphumela Engalindelekile Nengalindelekile

Imithetho idala eyayo ithonya lezombangazwe. Izinhlelo ezisiza ekuzuzeni inzuzo enkulu (umzk., i-Social Security, Medicare) ziba nzima ngokwezombangazwe ukunqanyulwa, ngisho nalapho ubufakazi obusikisela inguquko budingeka. Ngokuphambene, izinqubo zingaveza imiphumela engemihle: ukuthengwa kwezinga lokudla okungalindelekile; izimfuneko zezenhlalakahle zingandisa ubumpofu kwamanye amaqembu. Ukuhlola nokulawula okuvumelana nezimiso kubalulekile, kodwa izikhawu zezombangazwe ngokuvamile zenza ukufunda isikhathi eside kube nzima.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela umphakathi oqashelwa ngayo − kusukela ekuqapheleni kokuqala kwenkinga kuya ekuhloleni kokugcina kwemiphumela — − udemands ukunaka inqubo, umongo, namandla. Uhlelo lwesihlanu zenza uhlaka luhleleke ngendlela yokuhlaziya ukuthi kungani ezinye izinqubo ziphumelela kuyilapho abanye behlupheka. Okubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqaphela indima yengqondo, izomnotho, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, nezenzakalo zembulunga yonke ekulolongeni okunokwenzeka. Kubafundisi, kubafundi, nakuzakhamuzi ezibolekile, lolulwazi akulona nje ithuluzi lokuhlanganyela kwezekhono lezenhlalakahle. Ngokuqonda indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo, ezithathwa ngayo, ezithathwayo, ezithathwa ngayo, ezingeni elithathwa ngayo, abantu ngabanye, zingaqondisa kangcono abameleli babo, futhi zinikele ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuqhubeka uhlola isihloko, cabangela ukufunda U.S. ukucubungula kukahulumeni uhulumeni wokwenza umthetho , Brookings’s Institution’s studition of ment process[, noma Goverment Accocation auncistic Office imibiko ye-[].