Ukuqonda Ubandlululo Lweminyaka Esemthethweni Womsebenzi (ADEA)

I-Age Discrimination in Account Act (ADEA) iyisisekelo somthetho kahulumeni wemisebenzi, owamiswa ngo-1967 ukuze uvikele abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma abadala ekucwaseni imisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sibhekisela kakhulu “eMthethweni wokucwasa,” uhlelo oluyinhloko olungokomthetho eUnited States yi-ADEA, olusebenza kubaqashi abazimele abasebenzayo abaneminyaka engu-20 noma ngaphezulu, kanye nasezindaweni zohulumeni, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Umthetho ufeza injongo ehlukene: ukuvimbela ukuphatha ngokungafanele okusekelwe ebudaleni nasekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi wezisebenzi ezindala ngokusekelwe ekhonweni zazo kunokuba oziphethe.

I-ADEA yayiyingxenye yomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ngawo - 1960, elandela i-Civil Rights Act ka-1964, eyayingahlanganisi ubudala njengesigaba esivikelekile. ISishaya - mthetho saqaphela ukuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile zabhekana nemingcele engavamile emakethe yezisebenzi, kuhlanganise nombono wokuncipha kwemisebenzi, ukuhluleka ukufunda amakhono amasha, nokulahlekelwa kwempilo okuphakeme. Emashumini eminyaka, i-ADEA iye yalungiswa futhi yacwengisiswa, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu yi-Expointers Benefit Protection Act ka 1990, eyachaza isivikelo esihlobene nezinzuzo zezisebenzi futhi yabeka izindinganiso eziqinile zokungawamukela amalungelo ezisebenzi.

Ukuqonda indlela i - ADEA esebenza ngayo kubalulekile kuzo zombili izisebenzi ezifuna ukuqinisa amalungelo azo nabaqashi abahlose ukuvumelana nomthetho. Lesi sihloko sithuthukisa izivikelo eziyinhloko, ukuhlukahluka okungokomthetho, izimiso zokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho, nezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulawula izinkinga zeminyaka emsebenzini.

Indawo Nendawo Engakhiwa I - ADEA

Ubani Ovikelwayo?

I-ADEA ivikela izisebenzi nabafaki bemisebenzi abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma ngaphezulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izisebenzi ezingaphansi kwengu-40 azinakuhlanganiswa, nakuba zingaba nesivikelo ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni noma ezinye izimiso zikahulumeni uma zibhekene nokucwaswa ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqashwa, ukudunyiswa, ukukhushulwa, ukukhokhwa, ukukhokhelwa, izabelo, nokuqeqeshwa.

Imiphi Izisebenzi Eziboshiwe?

I - ADEA isebenza kulokhu:

  • Abaqashi abangabodwa abasebenzayo abangu-20 noma ngaphezulu (babala inxenye yesikhathi kanye nezisebenzi zesikhashana)
  • Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo, uhulumeni,
  • Izinhlangano zomsebenzi eziqondisa izisebenzi kubaqashi abakhokhelwayo
  • Izinhlangano zezisebenzi ezinamalungu angu - 25 noma ngaphezulu

Abaqashi abancane — labo abanezisebenzi ezingaphansi kwama-20 — ngokuvamile abatholakali kuyi-ADEA, nakuba amazwe amaningi enemithetho yawo siqu yobudala ethinta amabhizinisi amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Fair Works and Hospital Act yaseCalifornia imboza abaqashi abahlanu noma ngaphezulu. Izisebenzi ezisezifundazweni ezivikela kakhulu kufanele zithintane nomthetho kahulumeni nombuso.

Izinqamu Nezivikelayo

I-ADEA ihlanganisa izinketho eziningana ezibalulekile. Abaqashi bangase basebenzise ubudala njengemfanelo engcono yokusebenza (BFOQ) uma ubudala budingeka ngokufanelekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi. Lokhu kuyinto enciphileyo futhi akuvamile ukusetshenziswa — izibonelo zihlanganisa iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi engokomthetho kubashayeli bezindiza noma ababephethe umthetho lapho ukuphepha komphakathi kuyinkinga eqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ADEA ivumela abaqashi ukuba bahlukanise ngokwezici ezinengqondo ezisekelwe ezicini ezithile zenkathi ezenzekile (RFOA), njengezizathu ezingokomthetho zebhizinisi ezinjengokwenza, ikhono, noma izimiso eziphakeme. Nokho, abaqashi kumelwe babonise ukuthi lesi simo asisona isibopho sokucwacwa ngokukhula.

Enye isihluthulelo sihilela izisebenzi eziphethe ezineminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu futhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu okungenani iminyaka emibili, lapho zingathatha umhlalaphansi ngokungenasidingo uma zinelungelo lokuthola inzuzo ethile yempesheni. Leli lungiselelo liye lagxekwa futhi alisetshenziswa kakhulu. I-ADEA futhi ivumela izisusa zokuzithandela zangaphambi kwesikhathi, uma nje zizimisele ngempela futhi zingabambi.

Izinhlobo Zokucwaswa Kweminyaka

Ukwelapha Ngokungahlukanisi

Uhlobo oluqonde kakhulu lobandlululo lobudala luwukwenqabela ukuphathwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, lapho umqashi engamphathi kahle isisebenzi esesikhulile ngenxa yobudala. Lokhu kungabonakala njengomphathi ophendula ngokukhula lapho kubukezwa, ukukhetha umuntu osemusha ozonyuselwa naphezu kwezimo ezifanayo, noma ukubeka izisebenzi ezineminyaka engu-50 kuqala kuyilapho zihlala izisebenzi ezisencane ezinonya. Izinkantolo zifuna ubufakazi obuqondile (umz., amazwi anjengokuthi “sidinga igazi elincane”) noma ubufakazi obuyisisekelo obuveza ukucwasana.

Ithonya Elingalingani

Imiphumela ephambene ingenzeka uma umthetho noma umkhuba womqashi ongathathi hlangothi ungalimaza izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa, ngisho noma bekungenanjongo yokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani edinga ukuba zonke izicelo zingabi nokuhlangenwe nakho okungaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu (obonakala zingazifaki izisebenzi esezikhulile) ingaba necala uma imfuneko ingahlobene nesidingo somsebenzi futhi ihambisane nesidingo sebhizinisi. INkantolo Ephakeme inciphisa ithonya elibalwayo ngaphansi kwe-ADEA ezimweni ezifana no th. City of Jackson [[FLT:][200], kodwa ihlala iphila ezimweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi lapho abaqashi bemukela imithetho ehlukanisa izisebenzi esezikhulile.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nokuhlala Emsebenzini Onenzondo

Ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe eminyakeni nakho kuyavinjelwa. Uma amazwi acasulayo mayelana nobudala — anjengamahlaya aphathelene “nezikhathi ezibucayi,” ukuwohloka ngokomzimba, noma“ ukudlula phezu kwegquma” — kuba kubi kakhulu noma kusakazeke ngokwanele ukuba kubangele indawo yomsebenzi enonya, i-ADEA ingaphazanyiswa. Ukuhlukunyezwa kungavela kubaphathi, osebenza nabo, noma ngisho nakubantu abangasebenzi uma umqashi azi noma engazi ukuthi kufanele athathe isinyathelo sokulungisa isimo.

Ukuphindisela

Ukuphindisela kuyisinqumo esihlukile ngaphansi kwe-ADEA. Akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ukuba umqashi ajezise isisebenzi ngokucwaswa kobudala obuphikisanayo (jengesibonelo, ukukhononda ngeHR), ukukhipha icala nge-Uncial Accomplication Commission (EOC), noma ukuhlanganyela ekuhloleni noma enkantolo. Ukuquliswa kungahlanganisa ukukhishwa, ukukhucululwa, ukubukezwa ngokungafanele, noma izindlela ezicashile zokukhipha. I-EEOC ifuna ukuphindisela, futhi ingenye yezikhalo ezivamile.

Isivikelo Esizuzisayo Nesokuthatha Umhlalaphansi

Izisebenzi ezindala Inzuzo Yesivikelo somthetho (OWBPA) ka-1990 yaqinisa kakhulu i-ADEA ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile azinakuncishwa izinzuzo ezitholwa izisebenzi ezisencane, ngaphandle kokuba umqashi angafakazela ukuthi izindleko zokunikeza inzuzo elinganayo zinkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kusebenza kumshuwalense wempilo, umshuwalense wokuphila, izinzuzo zokukhubazeka, nempesheni. Ngokwesibonelo, umqashi akanakunciphisa izindleko zempilo zezisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-65 ngenxa nje yokuthi zifanelekela iMedicareare.

I-OWBPA imisa nezimfuneko eziqinile kubahluphi bamalungelo e-ADEA. Uma umqashi enikeza isivumelwano sesikhathi esithile noma iphakethe lomhlalaphansi elifuna isisebenzi ukuba sithathe izimfuneko zokukhuthuza ukucwasa kwabantwana, umbulali kumelwe abe “wazi futhi azenze ngokuzithandela.” Izimfuneko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Umnukubezi kumelwe abe ngolimi olulula oluqondwa kalula isisebenzi
  • Umnukubezi kumelwe abhekisele ngokuqondile emalungelweni ngaphansi kwe - ADEA
  • Isisebenzi kumelwe sinikezwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu - 21 ukuze sicabangele isivumelwano (izinsuku ezingu - 45 sokukhishwa kweqembu)
  • Isisebenzi kumelwe sibe nezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokuqeda isivumelwano ngemva kokusayina
  • Eqenjini, umqashi kumelwe anikeze ukwaziswa mayelana neminyaka kanye neziqu zomsebenzi zalabo abakhethiwe futhi abangakhethwanga ukuze basuswe

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izisebenzi esezikhulile azicindezeli ukuba zidele amalungelo azo angokomthetho ngaphandle kokuqonda okuphelele.

Ukuphoqelelwa: Ukumangalela I - EEOC

Inqubo ngokuhambelana

Uma isisebenzi esikhulile sikholelwa ukuthi siye sacwaswa, isinyathelo sokuqala siwukukhipha icala lokucwasa nge-EEOC. Icala kumelwe liqulwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zesenzo sokukhipha ubandlululo (ihloselwe izinsuku ezingu-300 esaziswe ukuthi inenhlangano yezomsebenzi engakhethi). I-EEOC izohlola icala, okungase kuhilele izingxoxo, izicelo zezincwadi, futhi izame ukuxhumana. Uma i-EEOC ithola isizathu esinengqondo, iyozama ukuxazulula lempikiswano ngemvume yokuqunganisa. Uma ukuphambana kwe-eOC kungahluleka, i-EEOC ingabhala icala ngesikhulu sezisebenzi noma ngencwadi “ekuzokuhlwisana nencwadi yeze", okuvumela izisebenzi ukuba zingenele inkantolo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezici Ezifile

Kubalulekile ukuba izisebenzi zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha. Isikhathi sosuku olungu-180/300 siqinile, futhi singalahlekelwa yiso ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma nje kutholakala incwadi yecala, isisebenzi ngokuvamile sinezinsuku ezingu-90 zokufaka icala. Izisebenzi kufanele zibhale yonke into — ukuxhumana okubhaliwe, ukuhlola komsebenzi, ukukhulumela kobaphathi, nanoma yibuphi ubufakazi bendlela yokwelapha esekelwe ebudaleni. Amarekhodi afunyanisiwe angaveza noma ahlulele icala.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zezisebenzi Ezibhekana Nobandlululo Lobudala

Ngokusekelwe ezivikelweni ezichazwe ngenhla, izisebenzi esezikhulile ezisola ubandlululo kufanele zicabangele lezi zenzo ezilandelayo:

  1. Uxwebhu yonke into. Gcina umagazini wezenzakalo, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, ofakazi, nolimi oluqondile olusetshenziswe. Gcina ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, nokubukeza. Uma uphathwa ngokwehlukile kwentsha, phawula izibonelo eziqondile.
  2. Izimiso zenkampani zokuhlola. Hlola incwadi yesandla yezisebenzi ezifuna izimiso ezilwa nokungavumelani nezinqubo zokukhononda. Izinkampani eziningi zinezinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhala okukhalayo okumelwe kusetshenziswe kuqala.
  3. Umbiko ngaphakathi. Bizela umphathi wakho, umnyango we HR, noma isikhulu esimisiwe se-athor. Ukubika ngaphakathi kunganqanda ukuziphatha futhi kubangele irekhodi lokuthi umelene nobandlululo, okubalulekile ekuphindiseleni.
  4. Funa iseluleko somthetho. Ummeli wemisebenzi obhekene nobandlululo lobudala angahlola amandla ecala lakho, achaze izindlela okhetha kuzo, futhi asize ekusebenziseni inqubo ye-EEOC. Abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala ngokukhululekile.
  5. Ihele eliyi-EEOC. Uma amakhambi angaphakathi ehluleka noma isimo sinzima, faka isikhalo nge-EEOC ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ungafaka i-intanethi ku-website ye-EEOC, ngocingo, noma ngomuntu siqu ehhovisi lendawo.

Lokho Abaqashi Okumelwe Bakwenze Ukuze Bazikhandle

Abaqashi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvimbela ukucwaswa kobudala futhi bakhuthaze isimo esihlanganisa abantu. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuqeqesha. qeqesha njalo abaphathi nezisebenzi ngokucwasa, ukuhlukumeza, nokungaboni. Gcininisa ukuthi izinqumo kumelwe zisekelwe emakhonweni, okuhlangenwe nakho, nasemsebenzini, hhayi eziqondene nobudala.
  • Bheka ukuqashwa nokukhushulwa kwezimfuneko. Ususa izimfuneko ezikhipha izisebenzi esezikhulile ngaphandle ngokungenakulinganiswa, njengokuhlangenwe nakho okuzimele noma izimfuneko zemfundo ezingahlobene nomsebenzi. Gxila ekuhloleni okusekelwe emncintiswaneni.
  • Ukukhulula nokunciphisa amandla. Lapho ususa, uhlaziya inani leminyaka yalabo abakhethiwe. Uma iziphumo ezihlukene zikhona, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izinhlelo zihlobene nomsebenzi futhi zidingekile.
  • Izikhalazo zekheli ngokushesha. Hlolisisa noma isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphi isiphiwo esihlobene nenkathi futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokulungisa uma kudingeka. Khuphela inqubo yophengululo.
  • [ Inani eliyinkathi elihlukene. iyakuzisa ngenkuthalo iminikelo yezisebenzi esezikhulile. Izinhlelo ze-methorashi, amalungiselelo omsebenzi avumelana nezimo, namathuba okuthuthukisa ikhono kungasiza ekulondolozeni izisebenzi ezinolwazi.

Ukuze bathole isiqondiso semininingwane, abaqashi bangathintana nemithombo yomqashi EOC [ ne Isethi yeNkathi Yezisebenzi yobandlululo ikhasi[.

Intuthuko Nemikhuba Yamuva

Ukucwasa ngeminyaka kuseyinkinga engapheli, ikakhulukazi lapho umuntu eqala ukusebenza. Ngokwezibalo ze-EEOC ezikhokhwayo, ukucwasa ngeminyaka kumane kumelela ingxenye enkulu yakho konke ukucwaswa kobandlululo okuqanjwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 uqokomisa ubandlululo oluhlobene nobudala, nezisebenzi esezikhulile ezithinteke ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ngenxa yokuphelelwa umsebenzi kanye nokuthatha umhlala phansi kwasekuqaleni. Inguquko yomsebenzi ekude iye yaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela yokuhlola nokulawula nokungalingani kobudala nokuvimbela ubandlululo olucashisiwe ezimweni ezizungezile.

Ngokwemithetho, kuye kwaba nemizamo eqhubekayo yokuqinisa i-ADEA. I-Tecreting Works Advers Against Dicrimination Act (POWADA) iye yasungulwa ezimisweni eziningana ze-Congress. Lencwadi iyakubuyisela izivikelo ezibanzi ezivalelwe yiNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu [[FL:0] Gross v. FBL Services[[FL:1]] [2009] [2009] [2009]), eyenza kwabanzima ngabathathi be-AFF ukuze bawine amacala e-AEA ngokufuna “kodwa-”” — okusho ukuthi iminyaka yobudala kumelwe ibe yisiciso esiphethe nje.[FIDA] Ingxenye ephakathi kwesilinganiso esisetshenziswayo. Njengezikhathi le-1925, kodwa ishiye izikhulu zezisebenzi ezindala.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Esihlobene Naso Ngaphansi Komthetho Kahulumeni Nowesizwe

Ngaphezu kwe-ADEA, izisebenzi ezindala zingavikelwa ngeminye imithetho. I-Melika enokuphazamiseka kwemali (ADA) ihlanganisa ukukhubazeka okuhlobene nobudala (jengesibonelo, ukulahlekelwa yizindlebe, isifo samathambo) uma ilinganisela kakhulu imisebenzi emikhulu yokuphila. I-Presipee Respeed Income Security Act (ERISA) ivikela impesheni futhi izuzise amalungelo. Imithetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo esikhudlwana — ngokwesibonelo, amanye amazwe awenqabela ukucwaswa kwezisebenzi ngeminyaka yazo yonke izisebenzi, futhi afihla abaqashi abaningi abancane. Izisebenzi kufanele ziqaphele ukudlala phakathi komthetho wombuso nombuso; ngezinye izikhathi umthetho kahulumeni unikeza ummiselo owengeziwe wemali noma imisha ebanzi.

Ukuze ifinyelelwe kabanzi imithetho yokucwasana ngeminyaka, i-ARP inesiqondiso esiwusizo sasenyakatho-yomhlaba [.

Isithombe Esiyinhloko: Isizathu Sokuba Kuvikelwe Izindaba Zezisebenzi Ezikhulile

Ukucwasa ngeminyaka akuyona nje indaba engokomthetho, kunemiphumela engokomnotho nengokwenhlalo. Izisebenzi esezikhulile ziletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuyigugu, ulwazi olungokweziqu, nokuzinza emsebenzini. Zizifaka ngenxa yokuntula okungenasisekelo okulimaza umkhiqizo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nempucuko yenkampani. INhlangano iyazuza uma abantu abadala besasebenza, zisiza ekukhokheni intela, zinikeza osebenza nabo abasebasha, futhi zihlala zimatasa emiphakathini yabo.

I-ADEA kanye nezinguquko zayo ziye zenza intuthuko enkulu ekulweni nobandlululo lobudala, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuxhomeke ezizisebenzini ezazi amalungelo azo nabaqashi abazenza imisebenzi elungile. Ngokuqonda isivikelo somthetho, izinyathelo ze-procedro, nemithombo etholakala nge- Commission Opportunity [, izisebenzi ezindala zingazisekela futhi zisize ukuba zithuthukise umsebenzi olinganayo womuntu wonke.

Isiphetho

I-Age Discivation in Account Act isebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ezisebenzini esezikhulile, inqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho kuzo zonke izici zemisebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinzuzo nezingani ziphathwa kahle. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala siphawule kahle izivikelo eziyinhloko — njengokuvimbela ukuqashwa nokukhushulelwa kobandlululo, ukuhlukunyezwa, nekhono lokuhlela izikhalo ze-EOC — umthetho ucacile kakhulu, unemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ethinta inzuzo, inzuzo, nokuphindisela. Izisebenzi ezindala ezibhekene nokucwaswa kwezincwadi kufanele zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, futhi zifune isiqondiso esingokomthetho. Abaqashi, ngokushintshashintsha, kufanele baqaphele imithetho ehlanganisa iminyaka nokuqeqesha ukuba bagweme ukukhubazeka kwangempela nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza okuhlukahlukene. Njengoba iminyaka yobudala, ukubaluleka kwe-ADAAA iyokhula, futhi imizamo eqhubekayo ingafinyelela impumelelo yayo.