Ukuqonda Ukuqashelwa Kobuhlobo

Imibhangqwana efuna ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho ngobuhlobo bayo obubodwa iye yabhekana nobunzima. Nakuba umshado ulokhu uyindlela eqashelwa kakhulu nevikelekile yobuhlobo, ukuhlangana komphakathi nobudlelwane basekhaya kwavela njengezakhiwo ezingezona ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi lapho ukushada okulinganayo okungokocansiwe kwakungatholakali emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba ukulingana komshado kuye kwathuthuka kakhulu ezikhundleni eziningi, lezi zimo ezihlukile ziyaqhubeka zikhona futhi kwezinye izimo, zinikeza izinzuzo ezihlukile noma zihlale ziwukuphela kwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuqonda ukuhluka okungokomthetho, imali, kanye nomphakathi phakathi kwalezizikhundla kudingekile kunoma yiziphi izikhundla zobuhlobo ezihambisana nobudlelwane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona, noma zingokomsebenzi, noma ukuphatha.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwemishado yangaphakathi kanye nokubambisana kwasekhaya, kuqhathaniswa namalungelo omshado angokwesiko. Kuhlanganisa umongo ongokomlando, isivikelo esingokomthetho, ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezizimele, ukuhlanganisa intela, amalungelo obuzali, izinqubo zokuhlukanisa, nokunye. Ekugcineni, abafundi kufanele babe nokuqonda okucacile ukuthi isikhundla esingokomthetho sifanelana kanjani nezidingo zabo nokuthi lezizinketho zihluka kanjani ngokombuso noma izwe.

Umlando: Okwenza Kwasungulwa Ubumbano Lwangaphakathi Nobuhlobo Basekhaya

Ukuhlangana kwamakhaya kanye nokuhlangana kwamakhaya akuzange kuvele ekuncishisweni okungokomthetho. Ngokuyinhloko kwathuthukiswa njengokukhishwa kwemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo emshadweni. Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, abashisekeli nabenzi bomthetho bakhuthaza ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho kobuhlobo obubodwa obubodwa obungokocansi, kodwa amalungelo agcwele omshado abhekana nokuphikiswa okunamandla kwezombangazwe nenkolo. Njengokuhlehla, imibuso eminingana yakha izikhundla ezingokomthetho ezanikeza abanye noma eziningi zamalungelo omshado ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igama elithi “umshado."

IDenmark yaba izwe lokuqala ukunikeza ubuhlobo obubhaliwe (ofana nezinhlangano zomphakathi) ngo 1989. E-United States, uVermont wasungula umthetho wokuqala wenyunyana kahulumeni ngo-2002, walandelwa ezinye izifundazwe. Ubuhlobo basekhaya, ngokuvamile obulinganiselwe kakhulu, baphayonwa amadolobha kanye neziqu zomphakathi (umz. Berkeley, San Francisco) ngawo-1980 futhi kamuva wamukelwa ezinye izifunda. Lezi zinye izikhombisi zavumela imibhangqwana ukuba ithole imvume yokuvakasha esibhedlela, amalungelo efa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi intela kahulumeni, kodwa zawa ngamabomu ngenxa yomshado ophelele.

Ngemva kwesinqumo so-Obergefell v. Hodges ngo-2015, esabhaliswa ngokomthetho ngomshado ongokobulili ezweni lonke e-U.S., amazwe amaningi alondoloza isibopho sawo somphakathi nemithetho yemiphakathi. Eminye imibhangqwana isakhetha lezi zikhundla ngezizathu zomuntu siqu, zezimali, noma ezingokomthetho. Ezizweni zonke, amazwe amaningi ayaqhubeka enikeza izinyunyana zomphakathi noma ukubhalisana okungavumelani, kungaba ngemibhangqwana efanayo kuphela noma kuyo yonke imibhangqwana.

Buyini Ubunye Bezakhamuzi?

Incazelo Nezici Zomlomo

Inyunyana yomphakathi iwubuhlobo obuqashelwa ngokomthetho obuklanyelwe ukunikeza amalungelo amaningi, uma kungenjalo wonke, nemithwalo yemfanelo yomshado esimweni sombuso. Ukuhlangana komphakathi kuvame ukuhluka ekumisweni komshado, abanye abakubheka njengokuhlehla phakathi kokulingana okuphelele futhi ukungaqashelwa. Amalungelo akhethekile anikezwayo ayahluka ngokwegunya kodwa ahlanganisa ifa, isinqumo sezokwelapha, ukwenza, ukwamukelwa, ukuba nendawo eyodwa, kanye nezinzuzo ezisasele.

Isibopho sikahulumeni simiswa ngokubhalisa negunya likahulumeni (ngokusho umabhalane wesifunda noma umbhalisa) futhi kungenzeka noma kungahlanganisi umkhosi. Ezinye izizwe zidinga ukubhaliswa, kuyilapho ezinye zifuna kuphela isiqinisekiso esisayinwe. Ukunqandwa kwenyunyana kulandela inqubo efanayo nesahlukaniso, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwempahla kanye nokusekelwa okungase kuthathelwe indawo.

Lapho Kukhona Ubunye Bezakhamuzi Namuhla

E-United States, amazwe amaningana asanikeza izinyunyana zomphakathi, kodwa indawo iyaqhubeka ishintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wenyunyana ye-New Jersey usasebenza, nakuba imibhangqwana exhunyiweyo ingashada manje. IColorado yathatha indawo yemishado yomphakathi ngemva kokulingana kodwa isavumela izinyunyana zomphakathi ukuba ziqhubeke. Illinois, iRhode Island, neHawaii futhi inemithetho ehlukanisayo ehlala ezincwadini kodwa manje engasasetshenziswa kakhulu. Imishano yomphakathi iyatholakala emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise neFrance (PACS), iJalimane (ukubambisana okusemthethweni), iSwitzerland, iGreece, nezingxenye ze-Australia. I-Hulenoisland, isho imithetho ehlukanisa amalungelo ehlukene, eyenza ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu ukuba imibhangqwana iqonde imithetho yendawo.

Amalungelo Avamile Ahlanganisiwe Emphakathini

  • [ Isinqumo sokusebenza nokwethaba esibhedlela: omngane bangazenzelana izinqumo zokunakekela impilo futhi bavakashele izibhedlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kunezabangane bomshado.
  • [ Inzuzo yefa namalungelo efa: ngokungabikho kwefa, umngane osasele udla ifa lempahla nempahla, okufana nomngane.
  • Izinzuzo ze-tax ezisesilinganisweni sombuso: Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni ngenjongo yentela yeholo futhi zinikeza intela yempahla kubantu abasele abazokwethulwa.
  • Izinzuzo zokusinda: nezinzuzo zokhuseleko lwezenhlala-khona (uma kungenzeka) zingadlulela kumngane osele.
  • Amalungelo oParents: Ezizweni eziningi, umntwana ozalelwe umbhangqwana enyunyana wakwahulumeni uqashelwa ngokomthetho njengengane yabo bobabili abantu abakanye, okwenza kube lula izinqubo zokutholwa.
  • Isivikelo ekudilikeni: izinkantolo zisingatha ukwahlukana kwempahla, ukusekela, nokuwisela izingane ngemithetho efanayo njengesahlukaniso.

Amalungelo Avame Ukuntuleka EMbusweni Wangaphakathi

  • Ukuqashelwa kwe-Federal (e-U.S.): Nakuba uhulumeni manje eqaphela imishado engu-88sex ezweni lonke, akaqapheli ukuhlangana komphakathi ngezinjongo eziningi. Lokhu kungathinta izinzuzo zabasindi beNyuselo yomphakathi, ukuthunyelwa kwezokufuduka, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwenzuzo yezisebenzi zikahulumeni.
  • Ukuboniswa kwezifundazwe namazwe: Inyunyana yomphakathi enikezwa kwelinye izwe ingaphathwa njengomshado, ubungane basekhaya, noma ingabikho nhlobo kwesinye isifundazwe. Isinqumo sika-2013 nomthetho ka-2015 Oberge wawa wadinga izifundazwe ezifanayo ukuqaphela imishado efanayo yezentengiselwano eyenziwa kwenye indawo, kodwa azizange ziphoqelele ukuba ziqaphele izinyunyana zomphakathi ezivela kwezinye izifunda. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho yokuguqula imishado yezakhamuzi kwezinye izifunda, ukuba zibe imishado noma izivumelwano zasekhaya, kodwa lokhu akuhlangani.
  • Izinzuzo zokungena: Umshado kuphela onikeza indlela yemvume yokungena noma ikhadi eliluhlaza okwengca nge-U.S. i-Immigigation Services (USCIS). Izinyunyana zombango azifaneleki ngenxa yezinzuzo zikahulumeni zokufuduka.
  • [ Inkululeko yomshado engokwenkolo:[ Eminye imithetho yenyunyana isho ngokucacile ukuthi isibopho asiwona umshado, ongathinta amalungelo ahlobene nemikhosi engokwenkolo, ukudivoswa, nokwenqaba konembeza ekunakekeleni impilo.

Buyini Ubuhlobo Basekhaya?

Incazelo kanye nezinga

Imishado yasekhaya iyindlela evumelanayo futhi evame ukulinganiselwa kakhulu yokuqaphela ubuhlobo. Isebenza emibhangqwaneni ehlala ndawonye futhi ihlanganyela ukuphila komkhaya, kodwa isivikelo esingokomthetho sincane kunemithetho enikezwa yizinyunyana zomphakathi noma imishado. Imithetho eminingi yobuhlobo bomkhaya yasungulwa eqophelweni likamasipala noma lesifundazwe, ivumela imibhangqwana engabhaliswanga ngokomthetho ukuba ithole izinzuzo ezithile, njengomshuwalense wempilo kumngane womshado okhokhela isibopho esinjalo.

Ngokungafani nezinyunyana zomphakathi, ezivame ukuvunywa emshadweni, ubuhlobo basekhaya bungahlelwa njengezimo zokubhalisa kuphela noma “njengezivumelwano ezisuswe ngefa” ezinikeza uhlu lwamalungelo athile. Amanye amagunya avumela kokubili imibhangqwana efanayo ye-sassex ne-extsex ukuba ibhalise, kanti amanye alinganisela ubuhlobo basekhaya emibhangqwaneni efanayo kuphela.

Lapho Kutholakala Khona Imishado Yasekhaya

E-U.S., imishado yasekhaya inikezwa ezindaweni zikahulumeni eCalifornia (kubantu ababhaliswe abashadile, ikakhulukazi imibhangqwana ebhalisweyo lapho omunye eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-62), iNevada (kuyo yomibili imishado ye-"%sex neyokushayana kwe-"%schex), i-Oregon (imibhangqwana esondelene nemishado elinganiselwe), neWashington (yabanye ababhaliswe ekhaya). Amadolobha amaningi, kuhlanganise neNew York City, iMinneapolis, ne-Denver, anikeza imishado yekhaya enikeza inzuzo elinganiselwe yendawo. Izizwe zomhlaba zonke, ubuhlobo bakhona bubonakala emazweni anjenge-Netherlands (eggertreeterrard) i-Afrika, i-South Africa, nezingxenye ze-United Kingdom (ivil Citys, e-Novil, nase-Interern Ireland manje)

Amalungelo Avame Ukuhlanganiswa Ekusebenzelaneni Kwasekhaya

  • Imali yomshuwalense wesikhanyiso: Abaqashi abaningi bavumela abangane bomkhaya ukuba bahlanganiswe ngaphansi kwempilo, amazinyo, kanye namehlo kamngane, nakuba lokhu ngokuvamile kufanelwe ubufakazi bokuncitshiswa kwezimali.
  • Ukuhambelana nama-hospital nokuthatha izinqumo zezokwelapha: ngokuvamile abantu abasebenza ekhaya banelungelo lokuvakashela umngane wabo esibhedlela futhi benze izinqumo zezokwelapha uma umngane womshado ekhubazekile, uma nje isivumelwano esibhaliwe noma ukubhalisa kugcinwa.
  • Impahla encishisiwe namalungelo asemthethweni: eminye imithetho yasekhaya inikeza amalungelo okuhlala ndawonye, avikela isithakazelo somngane osele ekhaya.
  • Amalungelo oParents (elinganiselwe): Kwezinye izifundazwe, umngane obhalisiwe wasekhaya angakwazi ukuthatha ingane yomngane wakhe kalula kakhulu, kodwa lokhu akuzenzakaleli.

Amalungelo Ngokuvamile Angekho Ezisebenzini Zasekhaya

  • Amalungelo efa azenzekelayo: Ngaphandle kwentando, abangane bomshado abanalo ilungelo elizisebenzelayo lokudla ifa kumngane wabo womshado, ngokungafani nomngane womshado emshadweni noma umsizi wenyunyana ezifundeni eziningi.
  • Izinzuzo zikahulumeni nohulumeni: Ubuhlobo obuningi basekhaya abuvumeli ukukhokhwa kwentela ehlangeneyo, futhi i-IRS ayizazi izibopho zasekhaya zezinjongo zentela kahulumeni. Umphathi- professo onikezelwe umshuwalense wempilo kamngane womshado ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengemali ekhokhelwa intela kumsebenzi (iholo elilinganiselwe), kanti ukukhokhwa kwemali okuphuthumayo kukhululekile.
  • Izivikelo zokulungisa iziqu: Imithetho eminingi yasekhaya ayinikezi inqubo engokomthetho yesehlukaniso. Ukuqeda ubuhlobo basekhaya, imibhangqwana kungadingeka ibhale icala lecala ukuze ihlukanise impahla futhi ilungise izikweletu, okungalingani kakhulu kunesehlukaniso.
  • Izinzuzo zokusinda ezilungiselelweni zikahulumeni: abasinda ekulondekeni kwezenhlalo bazuza futhi izinzuzo zomuntu ongomakadebona azidluliseli kubantu abahlala nabo.
  • Ukholo olugcwele kanye nokuboleka izikweletu kungathi: Ubuhlobo basekhaya obusungulwe kwesinye isifundazwe bungase bungaqashelwa omunye umbuso nganoma yini ngaphandle kokuvakasha esibhedlela. Ezinye izifunda zenqaba ngokuqondile ukuqaphela ubuhlobo basekhaya obuvela kwezinye izifunda.

Imbangela Yokungavumelani Phakathi Komshado, Ukubambisana Kwabantu, Nobuhlobo Basekhaya

Izinga Lamalungelo

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu uwukuthi umshado unikeza iqoqo elikhulu kakhulu lamalungelo angokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni (izezimali, umbuso, nezizwe ngezivumelwano). Izinhlangano zombango zizama ukuveza amalungelo omshado ngokwezinga likahulumeni kodwa ngokuvamile ziyahluleka ekuqapheleni nokwehla kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Imishado yasekhaya inikeza isilinganiso esilinganiselwe samalungelo, ngokuvamile esigcinelwe umqashi ezinzuzo ezisekelwe ku-66 kanye nesivikelo sendawo.

Ukuqashelwa Ngaphesheya Kwemingcele

Umshado ujabulela ukuqashelwa cishe yonke indawo emazweni, nakuba ukuqashelwa kwezizwe ngezizwe kuhluka. E-United States, i-Filg Faith and Creaste idinga izifundazwe ukuqaphela imishado eyenziwa kwezinye izifunda. Ukuhlangana komphakathi nobudlelwane basekhaya akuzenzekeli ukwamukela leyo mpatho efanayo. Umbhangqwana oshadile eNew York ushade ngokomthetho eTexas; umbhangqwana osenhlanganiseni yomphakathi eVermont kungenzeka ukuthi awunaso lesosikhundla esiqashelwa eLouisiana. Lokhu kungabi namathuba amakhulu okuhlala kahle kuyinkinga yemibhangqwana engase ithuthe ukuthutha, ukuhamba, noma ukudinga izinzuzo zikahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwentela

AspectMarriageCivil UnionDomestic Partnership
Federal tax filingJoint or married filing separatelySingle or head of household (no joint federal return)Single (no joint federal return)
State tax filingJoint in most statesJoint if state allows (varies)Usually separate; California allows joint state return for registered domestic partners
Health insurance tax treatmentTax‑free spousal coverageMay be tax‑free if state mandates; federal tax may applyImputed income for federal tax (employer‑paid premiums are taxable to employee)
Estate tax exemptionUnlimited marital deductionLimited; federal estate tax does not apply to civil unionsNo unlimited deduction

Amalungelo Okutholwa Kwabazali

Umshado unikeza izingane ezizalwa umbhangqwana oshadile cishe kuzo zonke izinhlangano. Kulokhu ukuhlangana komphakathi, ukuba umzali kusungulwa ngendlela efanayo, kodwa kungase kudingeke ukuba izingane zokutholwa kwezinye izindawo. Ubuhlobo basekhaya bunikeza ukuqashelwa okuzisebenzelayo okuncane kakhulu komzali; ezimweni eziningi, umngane womshado ongewona owamadala kumelwe athole umntwana wabazali bokutholwa noma inqubo yokutholwa yesibili engabiza futhi ebiza isikhathi esingu-76.

Emishadweni esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuzala (umz., ukubeletha, ukufakelwa kwezibeletho), isimiso somzali esingokomthetho siyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe ziyonika umzali oshadile ilungelo lokunikeza umzali ngokuvuma ngokuzithandela ukuba umzali, kodwa abangane abangashadile (kuhlanganise nalabo abasenzinyunyana zomphakathi noma abasondelene ekhaya) kungase kudingeke baphishekele umyalo wenkantolo ukuze basungule abazali. Lokhu kungaholela ekungaqiniseki okungokomthetho uma ubuhlobo buphela noma uma umbhangqwana uthuthela esimweni esingaziqapheli izikhundla zawo.

Inqubo Yokuxazulula

Ukuchitheka komshado (ukwahlukana) yinqubo esemthethweni elawulwa umthetho kahulumeni, namalungiselelo okuhlukanisa impahla, ukusekela komshado, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nokusekelwa kwabantwana. Izinyunyana zombango zidinga inqubo efanayo yokwahlulela, nakuba amagama angase ahlukane (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ukudilika kwesibopho somphakathi). Imishado yasekhaya, ikakhulukazi leyo esezingeni likamasipala, ingase ingabi nenqubo engokomthetho yokuhlukanisa impahla. Imibhangqwana ingadinga ukuxoxa ngesivumelwano sokuhlukana noma ukuhlanganisa icala lenkantolo yesifunda ukuze inqamule izibopho ezingokomthetho, ezingase zifinyelwe ngokomthetho futhi zibiza kakhulu.

Ubani Okufanele Acabangele Ubunye Bezakhamuzi Noma Ubuhlobo Basekhaya?

Uma ucabangela ukulinganiselwa, kungani noma yimuphi umbhangqwana wawungakhetha isibopho sikahulumeni noma ubuhlobo basekhaya ngenxa yomshado?

  • Izizathu zezimali: Eminye imibhangqwana ingafisa ukugwema umthwalo wentela owengeziwe imishado engawubeka (umz., “isijeziso somshado” kumabhuloho athile eholo). Kwezinye izizwe, izinyunyana zomphakathi zivumela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ehlangene kodwa hhayi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlangeneyo, okunganciphisa intela ephelele. Imibhangqwana kufanele ithintane nochwepheshe wentela.
  • [ Ukumisa ukumiswa komshado: Abanye abantu baphika ukushada ngezizathu zemibono, ezenkolo, noma zamalungelo abesifazane kodwa basafuna ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo babo.
  • Ukucabangela ukuhlangana: kwemibhangqwana exubeneyo ↑status e-U.S., umshado uwukuphela kwendlela enikeza indlela yekhadi eliluhlaza. Nokho, eminye imibhangqwana yomhlaba wonke ingakhetha ukubhalisana ngokomthetho ezweni lakubo uma ihlala kwelinye izwe futhi ishade ingadala izinkinga zezindawo ezimbili ezakhelwe kulo ifa noma imithetho.
  • Imibhangqwana (noma leyo engaphezulu kuka-62): ECalifornia, ubuhlobo basekhaya bukhona kwimibhangqwana lapho umngane womshado eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-62, inikeza enye indlela engcono yokushada engase ithinte izinzuzo zenhlala- kahle noma amalungelo empesheni asindayo. Kusebekhulile, umshado unganciphisa izinzuzo ezithile (umk., izinzuzo zomfelokazi), kuyilapho ubuhlobo basekhaya bungase bubavumele ukuba balondoloze lezonzuzo lapho besathola umshuwalense wezempambo wokunakekela inhlalakahle noma amalungelo empesheni.
  • Izibopho ezingakwazi ukushada ngokomthetho: Kwezinye izifunda lapho ukushada ngokwezenkanuko yegazi kungaqashelwa khona (amazwe athile nezindawo zase-U.S.), izinyunyana zomphakathi zingaba izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuqashelwa okungokomthetho okukhona. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izizwe zase-Caribbean nezingxenye ze-Asia, imishado ikhona kodwa ayivunywa.
  • Izivumelwano ezifuna “isifungo esingekho ngokomthetho”: Eminye imibhangqwana ayikhululekile ngokuhlala njalo ngokomthetho nangokwesiko komshado kodwa isafuna ukumiswa okungokomthetho okunikeza isivikelo esiyisisekelo. Izincwadi zobungane zasekhaya zivame ukuba khululekile noma ziphansi futhi azidingi mkhosi.

Ukukhathalela Okuwusizo Kwemibhangqwana

Hlaziya Izinto Eziza Kuqala

Ngaphambi kokukhetha isimo sobuhlobo, imibhangqwana kumelwe ihlole izidingo zayo eziqondile.

  • Uma kunjalo, umshado unikeza isivikelo esiqinile sabazali. Ukushada kwangaphakathi kungase kwanele kwezinye izindawo uma kuphishekelwa ukuba nezingane zokutholwa.
  • Sinazo yini izinto ezibalulekile noma izikweletu? Umshado unikeza uhlelo olucacile lokuhlukanisa impahla nokusekelana kwemishado.
  • Ingabe siyazidinga izinzuzo zikahulumeni (Ukulondeka Kwesizwe, izinzuzo zomuntu osemnkantsh ’ ubomvu, ukufuduka)?
  • Umshado uyathwaleka; kungenzeka ukuthi izinyunyana zomphakathi azinakusetshenziswa.
  • Abaqashi abaningi banikeza umngane wabo womshado izinzuzo, kodwa ukukhokha intela akukuhle kakhulu kunomngane womshado.

Hlola Imithetho Yasendaweni

Imithetho yokuqaphela ubuhlobo ihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe namazwe.

  • Ku iCalifornia, abangane bomshado ababhalisiwe cishe banawo wonke amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yomshado ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kodwa basabhekene nentela kahulumeni nokungahambi.
  • Illinois, izinyunyana zomphakathi zingaguqulelwa emshadweni, futhi umbuso uqaphela ukuhlangana kwesizwe njengemishado. Nokho, akuwona wonke amalungiselelo enhlangano yomphakathi ahlangene nomthetho kahulumeni.
  • Colado, umthetho wenyunyana (njengoba iphinde yalinganiswa ngemva komshado) usadinga imibhangqwana ekhona ehlangeneyo yesizwe ukunquma ukuthi ingaguqukela emshadweni noma ihlale iboshiwe ngokomthetho; uhulumeni awusazi ukuhlangana okusha komphakathi.
  • I-PACS eFrance (i-pactive commun de latiture) inikeza imibhangqwana amalungelo amaningi kodwa ingenamandla okumukela ngokuhlangene. Nokho eminye imibhangqwana ikhetha ngoba ingancitshiswa ngesimemezelo esilula enkantolo. [isivumelwano esibhaliwe saseJamanisi [ [manje]] esivalelwe amafa amasha, kodwa esasebenza namanje) inikeza ifa nezinzuzo zentela, kodwa hhayi ukwamukelwa okuphelele.

Ukuhlela Ifa

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlangana kwezakhamuzi kanye nokubambisana kwasekhaya akuqashelwa ngokomthetho, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba imibhangqwana yakhe amaphepha angokomthetho ukuze kugcwaliseke izikhala. Izincwadi ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ifa netestamente:[ iqinisekisa umngane njengefa ngaphandle kokulibala.
  • Amandla acushiwe ommeli ngokwezimali: uvumela umngane ukuba aphathe ama-akhawunti ebhange, akhokhe izikweletu, futhi aphathe impahla uma omunye engasakwazi ukusebenza.
  • Isibambiso sokunakekela esiqinile noma amandla ezokwelapha ommeli: unika umngane igunya lokwenza izinqumo zezokwelapha.
  • Ukuphila kuzolandelana/ukuqondisa kokungaphambili: izintandokazi zase-e joft-of uwanakekela.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwelungelo lokunakekela abantwana abancane: Uma kushona umngane, umngane osele angadinga ukunxusa imvume yokuwinwa; ukufakwa kwegama kuqinisa icala.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuphikiswa

Intuthuko ekulinganani emshadweni ayizange ibangele ukuba ukuhlangana kwemishado kanye nokubambisana kwasekhaya kuphelelwe isikhathi. Abasekeli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela ukuba imibhangqwana ekhethayo ihlale ikhona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuba khona kwezimo ezihlukene kuqhubekisela phambili “okuhlukene kodwa okulinganayo” okululaza isimiso sokulingana komshado. Kwamanye amazwe, ubuhlobo bomphakathi buye banwetshwa phakathi kwemibhangqwana ehlukene, kuthembisa ukushada okuhlukile kuyo yonke imibhangqwana (umz., iFrance, i-Netherlands, i-South Africa). Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlangana kombana komphakathi kungaphenduka kube yikho okuvumelanayo esemthethweni emhlabeni wonke, kunokuba kube yinkoda yobandlululo.

Kubenzi bezimiso, izindaba eziyinhloko ziqinisekisa ukuthi noma isiphi isimo esingokomthetho siyanikezwa:

  • Ukubukeka: isimo kufanele siqashelwe phesheya kwezindawo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Amazwe kufanele amukele imithetho efanayo yokuguqula imishado yenyunyana noma ubudlelwano basekhaya ekuthatheni indawo.
  • Isivikelo esilinganayo:[ Uma umbuso unikeza isimo esihlukile, kufanele unikeze iqoqo elifana ncamashí namalungelo okushada ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomzali, ifa, intela, nokudilika.
  • Izinqubo zokususa: Zonke izimo kufanele zibe nenqubo yokwahlulela eqondile noma yokuphatha yokuqeda ubuhlobo obungokomthetho.
  • Asikho isijeziso sokukhetha isimo somshado esingalinganiyo: imithetho ye-Federal kufanele ilungiswe ukuze kudluliselwe izinzuzo ezithile (njengekhefu lomkhaya kanye nokuphatha umshuwalense wempilo) enyunyana nemibhangqwana esebenzelanayo ekwazi ukubonisa ukujula kokuzinikela okufanayo.

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Ngolwazi

Isinqumo phakathi komshado, isibopho somphakathi, noma ubuhlobo basekhaya sixhomeke kakhulu kumuntu siqu futhi sisekelwe kumongo. Umshado uhlala uyindinganiso yegolide yokuqashelwa ngokomthetho, unikeza isivikelo esiqinile, ukutholakala kwezindawo, nokwamukelwa emphakathini. Nokho, imishado yomphakathi inikeza cishe amalungelo alinganayo ngokwezinga likahulumeni futhi ingaba ngcono ngemibhangqwana efisa ukugwema intela ethile kahulumeni noma emelene nomshado njengenhlangano. Imishadolo, nakuba ilinganiselwe, inikeza isivikelo esiyisisekelo semibhangqwana ehlala ndawonye futhi edinga ukufinyelela umqashi inzuzo engcono ngaphandle kokwenza ilungiselelo lomshado.

Imibhangqwana kufanele ithintane nommeli wezomthetho wemikhaya ojwayelene nemithetho yezwe noma izwe layo, njengoba imibono ehlukile inkulu futhi imiphumela yokukhetha okungalungile ingathinta intela, ifa, nezindaba zomkhaya. Ngokuqonda umehluko ochazwe lapha, imibhangqwana ingasebenzisa indlela engokomthetho ngokuqiniseka futhi ikhethe ukuqaphela okuvumelana kangcono nezindinganiso nezidingo zayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-NCSS ifushanisa i-confish ye-nyunity kanye nemithetho ye-partine ye-, i-IRS FAQ yemibhangqwana efanayo ye-sarbex[, kanye nokungena kwe-Cornell Information Institute [].