Table of Contents

Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basabela emizamweni yokulawula nokuthatha isinyathelo ngezindlela ezihlukene neziyinkimbinkimbi ezibumba ukuhambelana kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, ithonya lesimiso, futhi banqume ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Lokhu kuthatha kusuka ekubopheni izivumelwano ezinika imvume nezimiso kuya ezindinganisweni eziqinile nasekucindezeleni okusobala. Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezimisweni zentando yeningi, amandla, kanye nezinqubo ushintsho lwezenhlalo oluvela ngazo.

Ukubukeka Okuhlukahlukene Kombuso Kahulumeni

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nabashisekeli baye bashintsha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Izenzo zezombangazwe zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ushintsho lwenqubo ngokukhuthaza umbono womphakathi, ukucindezela abenzi bezimiso, nokuthonya uhlelo lwezombangazwe, okusebenza njengembangela yezinguquko zemithetho nezenhlalo ngamasu ahlukahlukene. Lokhu kubambisana okunamandla kuhilela abadlali abaningi, amasu, nezici ezingokwezimo ezinquma ukuthi inqubo iholela oshintsho olunenjongo noma ukumelana nokuphikiswa.

I-activism yanamuhla ihlanganisa izindlela eziningi, kusukela ezinhlangothini zotshani ezigxile ezingxandeni zendawo kuya ezinhlanganweni eziphambili zomhlaba ezihlanganyela ekuxoxisaneni ngezimiso eziphezulu. Ukuhlukahluka kwamasu okushisekela kudinga ohulumeni ukuba bathuthukise izindlela zokusabela ezingafani. Abanye ohulumeni babheka izenzo zobuProfethi njengesibonakaliso esingokomthetho sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, kuyilapho abanye bebheka lokho njengokusongela ukuzinza negunya.

Ukusabela Kukahulumeni Oyinhloko

Ingxenye Eyakhayo Nokuxoxa

Lapho ohulumeni besebenzisana, baqaphela abashisekeli benkolo njengabasekeli benqubo. Le nqubo ihilela ukwakha imikhondo ehleliwe nengahleliwe yokuxhumana, ukuxoxa nokwakha. Ukuthembisana ngokukhakha kungathatha izindlela eziningana, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, amakomiti omphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwabasekeli bezimali, nokuxoxa ngokuqondile nezinhlangano zabashisekeli.

Ukuphanga kuyindlela eqondile lapho amaqembu abashisekeli bezombangazwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni ehlangana khona nezazi zezombangazwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze asekele izinguquko ezithile ezingokwenqubo. Ohulumeni abavumelana nalendlela bavame ukumisa izinqubo ezithuthukisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo. Lezi zingahlanganisa amahhovisi azimele, izimemezelo zamalungelo abantu, noma izinhlangano ezikhethekile ezisebenza ngokuhlobana phakathi komphakathi womphakathi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izinzuzo zokuthembisana okwakhayo zinkulu. Ivumela ohulumeni ukuba bafake ulwazi abanalo abashisekeli, oluholela ezimisweni ezinolwazi olungcono neziphumelelayo. Kusiza futhi ukwakha ukwethemba umphakathi nokufaneleka, kubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyasabela ezinkathazweni zezakhamuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembisana kokuqala nabashisekeli kungavimbela ukudlondlobala futhi kunciphise amathuba okubhikisha okuphazamisayo noma ukungalaleli komphakathi.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nenqubo

Enye yezindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo ingezinguquko zemithetho nezimiso. Impumelelo yama-1960 ihilela izindawo ezingokomthetho ezazinesisekelo esithandwayo nesihlangene, kanye noMongameli oshisekela uhulumeni esebenzisa umthetho wezwe nezokuphatha ukuze anqobe ukungalingani konya kwezifunda ezithile nezindawo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuthatha isinyathelo okuqhubekayo okungaholela ngayo ekuguquleni izinguquko ezingokomthetho uma kuhlangene nentando yezombangazwe.

Inguquko yezenqubo njengendlela yokusabela ekwakheni imithetho ilandela indlela. Okokuqala, abashisekeli baphakamisa ukuqaphela ngempikiswano futhi bakhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi. Khona - ke, njengoba ukucindezela kwakha, izishayamthetho ezinozwela noma izikhulu zikahulumeni zisekela imbangela ezindleleni zezinhlangano. Ekugcineni, uma inhlangano izuza amandla anele nokusekela kwezombangazwe, kwenziwa izinguquko zemithetho. Lenqubo ingathatha iminyaka noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka, idinga umzamo ophikelelayo kubashisekeli bezombangazwe kanye nesikhathi esimisiwe sokusebenzisa amathuba ezombangazwe.

Umqondo "wepolicy mafasitela" ukhanyisa indlela i-applicity engasiza ngayo ekutholeni izikhathi zokuvuleka kwezombangazwe ukuze kuphumele impumelelo yezimiso, njengoba lezi ziyizikhathi zesikhashana lapho ushintsho lwesimiso luba nokwenzeka. Abashisekeli abaphumelelayo bayawaqonda lamafasitela futhi balungiselele iziphakamiso ezibanzi ezihlongozwa kusengaphambili, belungele ukuveza lapho amathuba ephakama.

Imithetho Evimbelayo Nengokomthetho

Akuzona zonke izimpendulo zikahulumeni ekuthatheni izivumelwano. ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa izinyathelo zokulawula, ukulinganisela, noma ukunqanda imisebenzi yokushisekela. Lemingcele ingasuka ezidingweni zobuphekula kuya ezinqatshelwa ngokuqondile izinhlobo ezithile zokubhikisha noma inhlangano.

Izindlela ezivamile zokuqondisa zihlanganisa ukufuna imvume yokubukisa umphakathi, ukubeka imingcele ekuxhaseni kwezinhlangano zomphakathi zakwamanye amazwe ngokwezimali, ukumisa izimfuneko zokubhalisa nokubika kwamaqembu abashisekeli, nokumisa "izindawo zokufaka imingcele emisiwe" ebekwayo lapho imibhikisho ingakwenzeka khona. Nakuba ohulumeni ngokuvamile bethethelela lezi zinyathelo njengokudingeka ukuze kuvikelwe umphakathi noma ukulondeka kwesizwe, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi zingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuphikisa okungokomthetho nokunciphisa inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukuphumelela kwemingcele yokulawula kuyahluka kuye ngomongo wezombangazwe nokuzinzisa komphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, imithetho evimbela ngokweqile ibuya ngokubangela ukuphikiswa komphakathi nokudonsela ukunakekela kwezizwe zonke enjongweni yabashisekeli. Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi emongweni wobuphoqelelo, izinyathelo ezinjalo zinciphisa ngokuphumelelayo amandla ombango futhi zinqande ukuhlanganyela.

Ubugebengu Nokucindezelwa

Lokhu kuthatha izishosholo njengezigebengu noma izinsongo ekuvikeleni izwe, ukusebenzisa isimiso somthetho nemishini yokulondeka ukuze kuthule izikhala. AmaTacs ahlanganisa ukuboshwa okungenabo ubulili, ukuqashwa, ukuqashelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, nasemacaleni anzima kakhulu, ubudlova abamelene nabashisekeli bempi.

Lokhu kumangalelwa kungaphatha izijeziso ezinzima futhi ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziselwa ukuhlasela abashisekeli abavelele noma izinhlangano. Imiphumela eshaqisayo yezinyathelo ezinjalo idlulela ngalé kwalabo abahloselwe ngokuqondile, njengoba abanye bengase bavinjelwe ekuhlanganyeleni ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngenxa yokwesaba imiphumela efanayo.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke zibhala futhi zilahle ukusabela okucindezelayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo. Nokho, ohulumeni bavame ukusebenzisa la maqhinga ukuze balondoloze ukuhleleka, bavikele izithakazelo zesizwe, noma balwe nezinxushunxushu. Ukucindezela phakathi kwezinkinga zenhlalayenza yombuso namalungelo ayisisekelo enkululeko yokukhuluma nokuhlangana kuseyimpikiswano emazweni amaningi.

Imikhankaso Yokumelana Nezimo Nezokuxhumana Komphakathi

Ohulumeni baya ngokuya besebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuxhumana ukuze balwe nezimpindezelo zabashisekeli futhi balolonge umbono womphakathi.

Imikhankaso yokuphikisa ihlanganisa ukuqokomisa izindleko zezomnotho zezishoshoshozeli, ukungabaza izisusa noma imithombo yezimali yezinhlangano zabashisekeli, ukukhuthaza ezinye izindaba ezisekela izimiso zikahulumeni ezihloniphekile, noma ukugcizelela imiphumela emibi engaba khona yezinguquko ezifunwayo. Lemikhankaso yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko, iziteshi zezenhlalo, kanye nabakhulumeli bakahulumeni ukuze basakaze imiyalezo yabo.

Ukuphumelela kokufuna ukuthengwa kuxhomeke ekuthembekeni kukahulumeni, amandla ombango oshisekela ukulwa, kanye nemithombo yezindaba. Endaweni ezungezile enemithombo yezindaba ezimele nenolwazi oluphezulu, inkulumo - ze kahulumeni ingahlolwa futhi ibekelwe inselele. Nokho, emongweni lapho uhulumeni elawula izimemezelo ezinkulu zokusakaza noma angalawula ukugeleza kokwaziswa, ukuthena kwezehlakalo kungathonya ngokuphawulekayo umphakathi ngezenzo zobufashisa.

Ukufakwa kwe-co-optation kanye ne-Institution

Abanye ohulumeni basabela ekuthatheni izivumelwano ngokuzama ukuhola abashisekeli abakanye nabo noma ukwenza izinhlangano ezisekela uhulumeni zibe nezinhlangothi ezihlukene.

Ukuvocavoca kungathatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokumisa abaholi abashisekeli bezikhundla zikahulumeni noma amabhodi okuqondisa, ukunikeza izinhlangano ezishisekela ukushisekela imali ukuze kuncishiswe izicelo ezilinganiselwe, ukwenza izindlela zokusebenzisa izikhundla ezizimele zamaqembu abashisekeli, noma ukufaka ulimi nemigomo yabashisekeli ezimisweni ezingokomthetho kuyilapho kuzenza zibe yize injongo yazo yokuqala.

Nakuba ukubambisana kungaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso zangempela futhi kunikeze abashisekeli ukungenela kwezinhlangano, futhi kunezingozi. Izisebenzi ezithatha izikhundla zikahulumeni noma ukuxhasa ngemali zingabhekana nezinsolo "zokuxoshwa" zisuka ezindaweni zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlangano kungabangela izinhlangano ukuba zikwazi ukuvimbela, kunciphise ukuvumelana kwabo nezimo zabo kanye nemingcele eqinile. Inselele yabashisekeli yokushisekela ukungenela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa yizo.

Izici Ezicindezelayo Zisabela Kuhulumeni

Isimiso Sezombangazwe Nezinhlangano Zentando Yeningi

Isimo sesimiso sezwe sezombangazwe sithonya kakhulu indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo. Izimiso zedemokrasi ezinezikhundla eziqinile, ukubusa umthetho, nesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi ngokuvamile zinikeza indawo enkulu yokuthatha isinyathelo futhi zisengozini kakhulu yokusabela ngokuxoxa nangenguquko yezimiso kunokuba zicindezele.

Lapho izinhlangano zomphakathi zinomthwalo wemfanelo, lapho zithola ukwethenjwa kakhulu emphakathini futhi abantu bengenasithakazelo esincane ekuhlanganyeleni ekuthatheni izivumelwano zezombangazwe, kuyilapho ukuhlola kubonisa isidingo esingokoqobo sezinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zizibeke esimweni esiqondile njengoba isifiso sabantu sokucindezela uhulumeni ukuba ushintshe sincishiswa lapho ukwethemba izinhlangano kuphakeme. Lobu buhlobo phakathi kokuthembana kwenhlangano kanye nokuthatha impatho kudala indida eveza ukusabela kukahulumeni.

Ngokuphambene, imibuso yempoqo noma yemifantu exubile ibheka ukwenza izinto njengosongo ekulawuleni kwayo futhi ithambekele kakhulu ekusebenziseni izinyathelo ezicindezelayo noma ezicindezelayo. Nokho, ngisho nakumongo wobuphoqelelo, kungaba nokushintshashintsha kokusabela kuye ngokuxhomeke empikiswaneni ehilelekile, ukunaka kwezizwe zonke okugxile ezweni, nokuthembela kombuso ekuzinzeni kwalo.

Imvelo Nezindlela Zokwenza Umkhuba

Izici zobugada ngokwabo zithonya kakhulu ukusabela kukahulumeni. Amasu angenabudlova avame ukubangela uzwela lomphakathi kakhulu kunalawo anobudlova futhi aphumelela ngokuphindwe kabili ekufinyeleleni imigomo eshiwoyo. Ohulumeni bathambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuthula, ngokuhlelekile okuveza izimfuno ezicacile nokubonisa ukusekela komphakathi.

Ngokuphambene, i-ganol ehlanganisa ubudlova, ukubhujiswa kwempahla, noma ukuphazamisa kwezesisekelo ezibucayi ngokuvamile kubangela ukusabela kukahulumeni okunokhahlo. Ama-Riot ayebhekwa njengesithiya ukusekela okunzima kwababhikishi abangenabudlova, futhi iholela kuNixon's "umthetho nohlelo" ukumangalelwa nesimiso sezombangazwe. Lesi sibonelo esingokomlando sibonisa indlela amasu asetshenziswa abashisekeli angaguqula ngayo ukusabela okusheshayo kukahulumeni kodwa futhi futhi amise amandla ezombangazwe athatha isikhathi eside.

Izinhlangano ezihlela futhi zithumelelana imiyalezo yezinhlangano ezilwayo nazo zibalulekile. Izinhlangano ezihlela izifiso zazo ngokuphumelelayo ngokuqondene nezindinganiso ezahlukene, zihlanganisa izimpikiswano zazo nezindaba zomphakathi ezibanzi, futhi zakhe imifelandawonye ehlukene kakhulu zingabangela ukusabela okuhle kukahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziveza iziphakamiso eziqinile, ezinokwenzeka kunokuba zimane ziphikise izimo ezikhona zenza kube lula ngezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinozwela ukulwela injongo yazo.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokusakazwa Kwezindaba

Abathathi mithetho baphakamisa ukuqapha ngezindaba ezibucayi ngokuhlela ukubhikisha, imithombo yezindaba efuna ukuthungatha, nokusebenzisa amapulatifomu asebenza ngemishini ukuze bahlanganise futhi baqhube umphakathi, nalemizamo isiza ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi futhi icindezele abenzi bezimiso ukuba babhekane nezinkathazo. Izinga lapho ukuthatha isinyathelo kuthinta umphakathi omkhulu ngokuphawulekayo.

Lapho inqubo ibangela uzwela nokusekela komphakathi okusakazeke kabanzi, ohulumeni babhekana nokucindezela okukhulu kokusabela ngokuqondile. Izikhulu eziqashelwayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi zizwela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi, njengoba kumelwe zicabangele imiphumela yokukhetha ukusabela kwazo ekuthatheni isinyathelo sobufandamentali. Ngisho nasezimweni ezingaphansi kwesimiso sobudemokrasi, ohulumeni bangase balinganisele ukusabela kwabo uma isenzo sisekelwa umphakathi ngokuqinile, njengoba ukucindezelwa okunonya kungalulaza uhulumeni ukuba ube negunya elingokomthetho.

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umbono womphakathi mayelana nokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nokusabela kukahulumeni. Kunzima ukucabanga indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ekusebenziseni kabi amalungelo omphakathi ngo-1960 ngaphandle kokuvela kokubuthwa kwe-TV. Namuhla, imithombo yezokuxhumana iye yashintsha ngokwengeziwe le misebenzi enamandla, yenza abashisekeli bemidanti ukuba badlulise amasango angokwesiko futhi bafinyelele abantu abaningi ngokuqondile. Nokho, lokhu kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba basebenzise amasu okuziphikisa futhi kwezinye izimo, basakaze ukunqanda ukushisekela izikhungo zobushisekeli.

Ukucindezela Komhlaba Wonke Nezimo Zangasese

Izici zomhlaba wonke zithonya ngokuqhubekayo indlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni imithetho yasekhaya.

Ohulumeni abahlanganiswa emphakathini womhlaba wonke futhi abancike ekusizeni kwamanye amazwe, ekuhwebeni, noma ekutshaleni izimali ngokuvamile bazwela kakhulu ekugxekweni kwezizwe zonke kokuphathwa kwabo abashisekeli. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke zibhala ukuxhashazwa kwezimiso zokusekela abashisekeli bendawo, futhi ukunakekelwa kwemithombo yezindaba yomhlaba wonke kungakhulisa amazwi abashisekeli nokusabela okunqandelwa uhulumeni.

Nokho, ukuphumelela kokucindezela komhlaba wonke kuyahluka. Abanye ohulumeni bamisa ukufaneleka komthetho futhi balungise ukuziphatha kwabo emhlabeni wonke lapho besabela ekugxekweni kwangaphandle. Abanye, ikakhulukazi labo abasekela kakhulu ekhaya noma abasekela ezinye imithombo yezizwe, bangase bavikeleke ngokuqhathaniswa ekucindezeleni okunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa ngokukhetha ukucindezela kwezizwe zonke, phela, lapho abanye ohulumeni bebhekene nemiphumela yokucindezela ukulwa nokulwa kwezenzo zobumpoqo kuyilapho abanye bengakwenzi ukuthenjelwa kwezimiso zomhlaba wonke.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezomnotho Nengcebo

Imiphumela engokomnotho yezintelezi nemithombo ekhona kohulumeni nayo ithonya. Inqubo edinga izinqubo ezidinga izindleko zikahulumeni ezinkulu ingamelana nezikhathi zokucindezelwa okungokohulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufunwani.

Inzuzo yezomnotho ingathonya futhi ukusabela kukahulumeni ngezinye izindlela. Ukuthatha isinyathelo okusongela abadlali abanamandla bezezomnotho noma izinqubo zezebhizinisi ezisemqoka kungabangela ukumelana okunamandla kakhulu nohulumeni kunokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezingaphetheni nakancane. Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nosomabhizinisi, isimo somnotho, kanye necebo likahulumeni lokuthuthukisa izomnotho konke kubangela ukuba abhekane kanjani nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezenzo.

Imiqondo Yanamuhla Ekusabeleni Kukahulumeni

Ukuthatha Inqubo Ngobuchwepheshe Nokuzivumelanisa Nohulumeni

Ukunyuka kwe-mistricim ye-mistry ngokuyisisekelo kuye kwaguqula ubudlelwane bukahulumeni namakhono. Amathuluzi emishini akha i-"micikilisho yempikiswano" ehlukile kwekhona ngaphandle kolayini, ngokusetshenziswa okukhulayo kwamathuluzi emishini namapulatifomu abashisekeli ngokuqhubekayo okuholela ekusungulweni kwemifelandawonye ehloniphekile yabashisekeli abazimele nabangenamholi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-franse activivism.

Ohulumeni baye bavumelanisa ukusabela kwabo nalokhu kushintsha kwemishini ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Abanye baye basungula amakhono ayinkimbinkimbi okuhlola inqubo ye-inthanethi yokuhlola nokuhlukanisa abantu abahilelekile. Abanye baye bamisa imithetho elawula inkulumo ye-inthanethi nezokuxhumana, ngezinye izikhathi bethi balwa noma bavikela ukulondeka kwezwe. Ukuvinjelwa kwe-inthanethi phakathi nezikhathi zokubhikisha kuye kwaba yinqubo evame kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, nakuba kunezindleko ezingokomnotho futhi ngokuvamile kubangela ukugxekwa kwezizwe zonke.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-digitation avule amathuba amasha okubopha uhulumeni nabashisekeli.

Ukunciphisa Izindawo Ezinemisebe

Ingxenye yembulunga yonke eminyakeni yamuva iye yaba ukuncipha kwendawo yomphakathi, futhi ikhona nemithetho evimbela imisebenzi yezinhlangano zomphakathi, imingcele yezimali zakwamanye amazwe, ukubeka izimfuneko zokubhalisa eziwumthwalo noma ubugebengu obuthile.

Lokhu kuthonya kokubili imibuso ye-phorist nemibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi emisiwe, nakuba izinqubo eziqondile nobukhulu zihlukahluka. Kwamanye amazwe, imithetho elwa nobuphekula iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi kubashisekeli abayizisulu. Kwezinye, imithetho ngokusobala ihloselwe ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuhleleka komphakathi iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuthatha i-computer engokomthetho. Imiphumela egcwele yalezi zinyathelo iye yaba ukwenza ubudlelwano bube nzima kakhulu nobuyingozi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

Nokho, ukunqanda lemingcele kuseyinselele, ikakhulukazi lapho ohulumeni beyibeka njengokusabela okudingekile ekusongelwani kwezokulondeka kwangempela noma njengezenzo zokubusa kwesizwe ekuphazanyisweni kwamanye amazwe.

Ukugcizelela Okwandayo Kokuthatha Izenzo Nokusabela Kukahulumeni

Kokubili abashisekeli nohulumeni baye baba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emaqhingani abo nasemaqhingani abo. Izikhungo zokuzilungiselela zazisetshenziswa kakhulu yizinhlangano zomphakathi ukuthonya abadlali bezimiso futhi zifinyelele umphumela wazo, ngezenzo ezingokwesiko zokuzilungiselela ezisetshenziswa njalo ngezinhlangano ezinjengemibhikisho, imibhikisho, imikhankaso, imikhankaso nokuhlala ndawonye. Nokho, abashisekeli banamuhla bahlanganisa amasu angokwesiko kanye nezinqubo ezintsha ezingokwezinqubo zenhlangano, kuhlanganise ne-paligory procereder mentiviism, kanye nemikhankathi yezibalo.

Ohulumeni nabo baye basungula izindlela zokusabela ezicatshangelwe kangcono. Kunokuba bathembele ngokuncishiswa noma endaweni yokuhlala, ohulumeni abaningi basebenzisa inhlanganisela yamasu ahlotshaniswa nezimo ezihlukahlukene namaqembu abashisekeli abanokulinganisela. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuhlanganyela ngokwanelisayo nabashisekeli abanokulinganisela kuyilapho bencintisana noma becindezela izinto eziyingozi kakhulu, noma bevumela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngezindaba ezithile kuyilapho bezibekela abanye ababhekwa njengabazwela kakhulu.

Ukuqanjwa komsebenzi wobuProfethi kanye nokusabela kukahulumeni kuye kwadala izinhlangano zezezimali eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinhlangano zochwepheshe ezinolwazi olungokomthetho, ulwazi lwezimiso, namakhono okuxhumana zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nokho, lokhu kuqashwa kungadala futhi ibanga phakathi kwezinhlangano ezilwayo nezinyunyana zotshani, okunganciphisa ubuqiniso nobufanele bezenzo zobuProtivivism.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukusabela Okuphambene Kukahulumeni Kuyaboniswa

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu

Izenzo zesimo sezulu zinikeza isibonelo esishukumisayo sokusabela okuhlukahlukene kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwashintsha kakhulu emphakathini ngenxa yemizamo engapheli yabashisekeli nososayensi, okuholela ekucindezeleni ohulumeni kakhulu kwezombangazwe ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Abanye ohulumeni baye basabela ngokusebenzisa izimiso zesimo sezulu ezinamandla aphakeme, ukubeka izisulu ze-nethithi, nokutshala amandla avuselelwe. Lokhu kusabela okuqondile ngokuvamile kubangelwa yizenzo eziqhubekayo zesayensi kanye nobufakazi, ukucindezela komphakathi, kanye nezibopho zezizwe zonke.

Nokho, ukulwa kwesimo sezulu kuye kwamelana nohulumeni abakhathalela ithonya lezomnotho, ikakhulukazi emazweni ancike kakhulu ezimbonini zamandla avubukulayo. Abanye ohulumeni baye bazama ukonakalisa izinhlobo ezithile zokubhikisha kwesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi izenzo eziqondile eziphazamisa izakhiwo noma imisebenzi yebhizinisi. Ubunzima phakathi kokuphuthuma kwesenzo sesimo sezulu nokukhathazeka ngokuphazamiseka kwezomnotho buyaqhubeka buguqula ukusabela kukahulumeni ekuthatheni isimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke.

Imizabalazo Yokwahlulela Komphakathi

Kokubili i-Povil Rights Movement nenhlangano yeBlack Lives Matter yanamuhla emelene nonya lwamaphoyisa iye yazuza ezikhathini zokuhlela ngaphambili, kanye nomehluko ogxile ekudluleni koMthetho we-Polivil Rights ka-1965 kanye noMthetho ka-1966 Wokuvota iNkulumo Yamalungelo Omphakathi owanikeza indawo yokuhlala ehlukanisiwe nelungelo elivikelwe uhulumeni lokuvota, ligqugquzelwe abashisekeli abahileleke ekunqandeni okungaphazamisi, ukubhikishela nokubonakala okukhulu okuphawula ukushintshwa kwemizamo yangaphambili.

Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezenhlalakahle zamuva ziye zabangela ukusabela okuhlukene kukahulumeni. Amanye amagunya aye amisa izinguquko zamaphoyisa, athuthukisa izinqubo zokulandisa, futhi alungisa ukungalingani kwezimiso ngenxa yokuthatha isinyathelo okuqhubekayo. Amanye aye asabela ngokuvela kwamaphoyisa ekwandiseni ukubhikishwa, ukuboshwa kwabashisekeli, nokumelana nezinguquko ezicushiwe. Inqwaba yezigijimi . .[93][4] i-projectsss ibinokuthula, futhi ubudlova buye babangelwa amaphoyisa nabashushisi besizwe abamhlophe abamelene nempi, futhi beshukunyiswa yizinkulumo zezombangazwe.

Ukusabela okungafani ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe emiphakathini ekhuluma ngezindaba zohlanga, zobulungisa, nendima yokugcinwa komthetho. Lapho ukuthatha isinyathelo kuye kwakha izivumelwano ezibanzi futhi kwalondoloza ukujeziswa ngezindlela ezingenabudlova, ukusabela kukahulumeni ngokuvamile kuye kwakha ngokwengeziwe. Lapho ukubhikisha kuye kwahambisana nobudlova noma ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, ngokuvamile ohulumeni baye bagcizelela umthetho nokusabela kokuhleleka ngokusingatha izikhalo ezisobala.

Amalungelo abesifazane Nokulingana Kohlanga

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokulandela amalungelo namalungelo abesifazane nokulingana kwabesifazane kuye kwabangela ukusabela okuphawulekayo kukahulumeni eminyakeni yamuva. Izizathu zomthetho ziye zavela ezindabeni ezinempilo zokuguga, njengokunqamuka kokuya esikhathini, kanye nezinyathelo ezintsha, njenge Sprint for Women’s Health Initiativement of the Edval Research Projects Agency for Health (APA-H) kanye noMnyango Wezempi Yokhuselo Lungenisa Amanani ayizigidi ezingu-500 ngonyaka empilweni yabesifazane, ifuna ukuthengwa kwezentengo ezingakazelwe ngaphambili ekucwaningeni kwezempilo yabesifazane.

Ukusabela kukahulumeni ekusebenziseni amalungelo abesifazane ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezimo ezihlukene nezimpikiswano. Abanye ohulumeni baye basabela kahle ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngokusebenzela ukulingana emsebenzini, amalungelo okuzala, nobudlova obusekelwe ebulilini ngokumisa umthetho ovikelayo nangokumisa izinkonzo zokusekela. Abanye baye bamelana noma bagodla isivikelo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo njengamalungelo okuzala. Umbutho # u-MeToo wabonisa indlela ukuthatha isinyathelo okungasusa ngayo amasiko nokusabela okusheshayo, nakuba ukujula nokusekela kwalezinguquko kuseyimpikiswano eqhubekayo.

Ithonya Lokusabela Kukahulumeni Ekusebenzeni Nasemkhakheni Womphakathi

Imiphumela Emizabalazweni Yokuzitika

Ukusabela kukahulumeni kuthonya kakhulu ukuthonya nokuphumelela kwezinhlangano zabashisekeli. Ukusabela okuqondile, okwakhayo kungamisa izinkathazo zabashisekeli, kunikeze imithombo kanye nokutholakala kwezinhlangano, futhi kuholele ezinguqulweni ezinengqondo zenqubo. Nokho, kungaholela futhi ekuphakameni kanye, ekuhlaziyweni, nasekulahlekelweni kwemingcele enzima njengoba izinhlangano zihlelwa.

Ukusabela kokucindezela kungaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene. Kwezinye izimo, ukucindezelwa kucindezela ngokuphumelelayo ukuvimbela izenzo zobuphekula ngokuphakamisa izindleko zokuhlanganyela nokwenza ukwesaba phakathi kwabangabashisekeli. Kwezinye izimo, ukucindezelwa ngemiphumela ebangelwa ukubangela uzwela kwabashisekeli, ukudonsa ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuguqula izenzakalo. Ukuphumelela kwawo-1960 kwakhiwa hhayi nje ngokubhikisha okunokuthula, kodwa ukubhikisha okungabangelwa ukungavukeli okwazi ukuthi babhekene nokwenzeka, ngisho nokubulala, ngokulinganisa ukuthi ukubhekana nobudlova bobuhlanga kungabangela ukukhalaza okwanele ngenxa yokungaphikisani ngaphandle kwempikiswano.

Ukuzimela kwezinhlangano ezilwayo ezibhekene nokusabela okuhlukene kukahulumeni kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise namandla ezakhiwo zenhlangano, ukujula kokuzinikela phakathi kwamalungu, ukutholakala kwemithombo yengcebo, nokuba khona kwezinhlangano ezisekelayo. Izinhlangano ezingavumelanisa amacebo azo nokusabela ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni, zilondoloze ukubambisana kwangaphakathi, futhi ziqinise amandla esikhathi eside zisengozini yokufinyelela imigomo yazo kungakhathaliseki ukusabela kokuqala kukahulumeni.

Ithonya Elandile Emphakathini Nakwezombangazwe

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezenzo zikahulumeni nokusabela kobuProfethi kuthinta umphakathi nezimiso zezombangazwe. Uma ohulumeni besabela ngokunenzuzo ekuthatheni isinyathelo, kungaqinisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi, kwandise ukwethemba umphakathi kuhulumeni, futhi kubonise ukuthi ukuqasha okunokuthula kungaholela ekushintsheni. Lokhu kudala inguquko eqondile ekhuthaza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi futhi kuqinise isimilo sobudemokrasi.

Ngokuphambene, ukusabela okucindezelayo noma okuxoshayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokomthetho kungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi, kuthobe izinhlangano zentando yeningi, futhi kubangele ukungathembi ukuthi kungenzeka ushintsho olunokuthula. Lokhu kungaholela ekudidekeni kwezombangazwe, ukuphehla izimpi, noma ukuphehla impi. Imiphumela emide yendlela ohulumeni abasabela ngayo ekuthatheni isinyathelo idlulela ngalé kwezimpikiswano ezikhona, ithonya impilo yonke yomphakathi wezakhamuzi nezinga lentando yeningi.

Amaqembu asebenza ngokuqapha afeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ukumiswa kwezimiso, abeke ohulumeni nezinkampani icala, futhi aqiniseke ukuthi izimiso ziphoqelelwe ngokuphumelelayo, kuyilapho futhi engasekela izinyathelo zokufeza izinhlelo eziqinile futhi abeke inselele yezindlela zokuzingela noma ukuphoqelela okungenamandla. Lendima eqhubekayo yokuthatha izivumelwano zokubusa iqokomisa ukubaluleka kokulondoloza indawo yokuthembisana komphakathi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izicelo ezithile zabashisekeli ziyahlanganwa yini.

Imiphumela Emisiwe Nokuphumelela

Isilinganiso sokuphumelela kukahulumeni ekuphenduleni ekuthatheni izivumelwano ngokuvamile yimiphumela yenqubo ekhiqizwayo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zokuthonya inqubo yenqubo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amasu ahlukene ukuthuthukisa imbangela yenhlangano nokuthola ukusekela komphakathi, izikhulu zezombangazwe noma umphakathi, okungase kuthinte abenzi bemithetho ukuba bashintshe futhi noma basungule imithetho emisha yomphakathi. Ukuphumelela okubangela ukusabela okuhle kukahulumeni kungaholela ezinhlanganweni eziphawulekayo ezisingatha izinkinga zezenhlalo nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa.

Nokho, ukushintsha kwesimiso sodwa akuqinisekisi imiphumela ephumelelayo. Amaqembu asebenzayo afaka igalelo ekuhlolweni kwezimiso ngokuhlola ukuphumelela kwezimiso ezikhona, ukuhlukanisa izikhala nobuthakathaka, nokusekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso, nale nqubo edingekile yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ziyayifinyelela imigomo yazo futhi zishintshwa ukuze zixazulule izinselele. Izinga lokusetshenziswa, ukuhlelwa kwemithombo eyabelwe, kanye nokuzimisela kwangempela ukunquma ukuthi inguquko yenqubo iguqulelwa ekuthuthukeni kwangempela yini ekuphileni kwabantu.

Ezinye izimpendulo zikahulumeni ekuthatheni izivumelwano ziphumela ezimisweni ezingokomfanekiso ezibonakala zikhuluma ngezinkathazo zabashisekeli ngaphandle kokwenza izinguquko ezicatshangelwe. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bahlale beqaphile ekuhlolweni kokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi futhi benze ohulumeni balandise ngokulandela izibopho. Lokhu kudinga ukuthembisana okuqhubekayo okungaphezu kokunqoba komthetho wokuqala, kanye nekhono lokuhlaziya nokuhlola kwenqubo yobuchwepheshe.

Izisu Zokuhlanganyela Ngokuphumelelayo Ekwenzeni Isenzo

Ukwakha Izikole Nokusekela Okubanzi

Ngokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene anesithakazelo esifanayo, abashisekeli bangakhulisa amazwi abo futhi bandise ithonya labo, ngezinhlangano ezihlanganisa izinhlangano, amaqembu omphakathi, nabantu ababambisana ekuthuthukiseni imigomo efanayo. Imifelandawonye esekelwe ezindaweni ezibanzi kunzima kakhulu ukuba ohulumeni bayishaye indiva noma bayishaye indiva, njengoba bebonisa ukuthi izimfuno zabashisekeli ziveza izithakazelo ezisakazeke kabanzi kunokuba zibonise izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe.

Ukwakha izinhlangano eziphumelelayo kudinga ukuthola isisekelo esivumelanayo phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, ukusingatha ukungezwani kwangaphakathi, nokugcina ubunye ezimfunweni eziyisisekelo. Kuhilela futhi ukufinyelela ngokulandelana kwezimiso ezifuna ukuhlangana, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinozwela, abaholi bamabhizinisi, izinhlangano zenkolo, nabanye abadlali bomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukisa Imibandela Ecacile

Abakhiqizi abakha ikhonkthi, izihlongozo zezimiso ezilindelekile bathambekele kakhulu ekuboneni imfuno yabo ihunyushwa isetshenziswa. Ukusekela komphakathi kuye kwadlulela phambili, izinhlelo eziningi futhi zingahlomela ngokushesha ukubhikisha, futhi imizamo yokuphothula enjenge-Campaign Zero, ebangelwa ukugxekwa ngokuthi babengenazo izinqubo eziqondile, yakha iqoqo lezihlongozo zenguquko ezingase zisetshenziswe uma befika efestileni lethuba lokushintsha kwenqubo.

Iziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa inqubo zidinga ubuchwepheshe, ukuqonda inqubo yenqubo, nokuhlola okungokoqobo kwalokho okunokwenzeka kwezombangazwe. Abalweli bomthetho kungadingeka basebenzelane nochwepheshe bezezimiso, izazi zomthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezinozwela ukuze benze iziphakamiso ezifuna ukuvelela nokusetshenziswa. Ukuba nezihlongozo ezinemininingwane eminingi ezikulungeleyo kuvumela abashisekeli ukuba basebenzise amafasitela enqubo lapho bevula, kunokuba bazame ukusungula imibono lapho amathuba ephakama.

Ukusetshenziswa Okufanele Kwamaqhinga Amaningi

Izenzo zobuProfethi eziphumelelayo zisebenzisa ingxubevange yamasu kunokuthembela endleleni eyodwa. Ukucindezela kungathatha izindlela eziningi, futhi kuyindlela eqondile lapho amaqembu abashisekeli bezombangazwe nezikhulu zikahulumeni ehlangana khona nohulumeni ukuze akhuthaze izinguquko ezithile zezimiso. Amasu angaphakathi afana nokunxenxa amasu angaphandle afana nokubhikisha kungadala amaphuzu acindezelayo amaningi kubenzi besinqumo sikahulumeni.

Amasu okukhetha kufanele ahleleke, uma kucatshangelwa umongo wezombangazwe, isimo sendaba, nokusabela kukahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, ukuxhumana okuthulile nokuxoxisana kungaphumelela kakhulu. Kwamanye, ukucindezela komphakathi ngemikhankaso yemiboniso nangemikhankaso yezindaba kungase kudingeke ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Izinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile zigcina ukuvumelana nezimo, zivumelanisa izimo zazo njengoba zishintsha futhi zifunda ukuthi zisebenza kuphi ngokomo oqondile.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nemibono Yomphakathi Edumayo

Izindlela eziphumelelayo zemithombo yezindaba zisiza abashisekeli benkulumo, zakha ukusekela komphakathi ngokuqoqa abasekeli bezindaba, ukuhlanganisa ukulandisa okushukumisayo, nokusebenzisa imithombo yezindaba ukuze badlulisele imiyalezo yabo.

Ukulandisa nobufakazi bomuntu siqu kungaba namandla kakhulu ekubangeleni izindaba zobuntu kanye nasekuxhumaneni ngokomzwelo nomphakathi. Izazi zivame ukusebenzisa ukulandisa nobufakazi bomuntu siqu ukuze zizwane nabantu futhi zibangele ukuxhumana okungokomzwelo nomphakathi, ngale ndlela yenza izinkinga ezingabonakali zibonakale kalula futhi ziphuthuma, ziphoqelele abantu ukuba bahileleke ngokujule ngokwengeziwe ngembangela. Uma zihlangene nokwaziswa nobufakazi, lezizilandiso zingaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi zibangele ukucindezela kwesenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukulondoloza Isiyalo Esingenabudlova

Ukuzinikela emandleleni angenabudlova kuthonya ngokuphawulekayo ukusabela kukahulumeni nokusekela komphakathi ukuthatha isinyathelo. Nakuba kungase kube nezimpikiswano ngencazelo nemingcele yokungabi nobudlova, ukulondoloza ukujeziswa okunokuthula ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela engcono kunobudlova noma ukubhujiswa kwempahla. Ohulumeni bakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuthethelela ukusabela okucindezelayo ekuthatheni izenzo zokuthula, futhi uzwela lomphakathi luthambekele ekusekeleni izinhlangano ezingenabudlova.

Ukulondoloza isiyalo esingenabudlova kudinga ukuqeqeshwa, ukukhulumisana okucacile, kanye nokuhlelwa kwenhlangano okuqinile. Kudinga futhi ukusingatha ukukhungatheka nentukuthelo ngokuvamile okushukumisa ukuthatha isinyathelo kuyilapho kuqondisa leyomizwelo esenzweni esakhayo. Izinhlangano ezikwaziyo ukulondoloza isiyalo esingenabudlova ngisho nalapho zibhekene nokucasulwa noma ukucindezelwa ngokuvamile zithola igunya lokuziphatha eliqinisa ukuma kwazo futhi lenze ukusabela okuhle kukahulumeni kube nokwenzeka kakhulu.

Indima Yabasizi Bezomthetho Bomhlaba Wonke Nemibukiso

Ukusebenza Kwamalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke umisa izindinganiso zokusabela kohulumeni ekuthatheni izivumelwano, ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yokuveza, ukuhlangana, nokuhlangana. Lemiyalo yomhlaba wonke inikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukusabela kukahulumeni nokubheka imibuso enecala lokwephulwa. Amaqumrhu amalungelo abantu ezizwe zonke, njengezimiso ezikhethekile zeZizwe Ezihlangene namalungelo abantu, ihlola ukuphathwa kukahulumeni abashisekeli nokutusa noma izibopho.

Nakuba izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zinokulinganiselwa, “‘ ngokuvamile zintula amandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abo asemthethweni futhi zincike ekubambisanani kukahulumeni − zinikeza amathuluzi abalulekile kwabashisekeli bamalungelo abantu.

Amanethi Okuphanga Ezwe Lonke

Izisebenzi zisebenza ngokwandayo ezinhlanganweni ezihlanganisa izinhlangano zendawo nabasekeli bamazwe ngamazwe. Lezi zinhlangano zingathuthukisa ukushisekela izinhlangano zendawo, zinikeze imithombo yokwakha nobuchwepheshe futhi zigqugquzele ukucindezela kohulumeni emhlabeni wonke. Lapho abashisekeli bendawo bebhekene nokucindezelwa, izingosi zomhlaba zingadonsela ukunakekela esimweni sazo, zisekele isivikelo sazo, futhi zisekele umsebenzi wazo.

Izinhlangano zokuguqula izizwe ngezizwe zisiza futhi zikwazi ukufunda nokushintshana phakathi kwabashisekeli bamazwe ahlukene, zibavumela ukuba bahlanganyele amasu, amasu, nezifundo ezifundwayo. Lokhu kungcoliswa kwemibono kanye nokuthatha izindlela kuqinisa ukuthatha isinyathelo emhlabeni wonke futhi kusiza izinhlangano zisebenzise amasu aphumelelayo kusukela kwezinye izimo kuya kwezinye izimo zazo. Nokho, abashisekeli kumelwe futhi balawule izingxabano phakathi kokuzimela kwendawo nokuhileleka kwezizwe zonke, beqinisekisa ukuthi ukusekela kwezizwe zonke kuthuthukisa ukuhola nokufaneleka kwendawo.

Ukucindezela Okungalawuleki Nokungokomnotho

Ohulumeni bamazwe angaphandle nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke bangathonya indlela izigaba ezisabela ngayo ekuthatheni izivumelwano zasekhaya ngokubophana ngezivumelwano zezivumelwano nangokucindezela kwezomnotho. Izinkulumo eziphikisayo zilahla ukucindezelwa kwabashisekeli, ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu emihlanganweni engokwezigebengu, futhi ukunikeza usizo noma izivumelwano zokuhwebelana ngokuhlonipha umphakathi zingathinta konke ukuziphatha kukahulumeni. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokucindezela okunjalo kuxhomeke ekusebenziseni amandla akhona kanye nokuzimisela kwabadlali bomhlaba wonke ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu ngaphezu kwezinye izithakazelo.

Isijeziso sezomnotho noma imingcele yosizo lwempi amathuluzi avumelana kakhulu angasetshenziswa lapho kucindezelwa kakhulu. Nokho, lezi zinyathelo ziyaphikisana futhi zingaba nemiphumela engalindelekile, kuhlanganise nokulimaza umphakathi wabemi abangabuthonga noma ukuqinisa ukulandisa kohulumeni abanobushiqela ngokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Inselele ikuthola izindlela zokusekela abashisekeli bempi nokucindezela kohulumeni ukuba bahloniphe amalungelo ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo owenziwe noma ukudlala enkulumo - ze kahulumeni.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ubuchwepheshe Nezinga Lobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nokusabela kukahulumeni. Nakuba amathuluzi emishini enza izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela nokuzilungiselela, anikeza ohulumeni futhi amakhono okuqaphela angakaze abonwe ngaphambili. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha, ukuqapha kwezenhlalo, kanye nokuthola ukwaziswa kuvumela ohulumeni ukuba bavumele abashisekeli bemikhondo, ukugxwaya, ukubikezela ukubhikisha, kanye nabantu abahloselwe ukucindezelwa.

Abasebenza ngemishini kumelwe bathuthukise izindlela zokuzivikela ezimisweni ukuze bazivikele bona kanye nemishini yabo ekuqapheni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okuxhumana ayimfihlo, ukusebenzisa ukulondeka okuhle nokuqonda imikhondo ye-akhawutic abayishiyayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunesidingo sokusebenzisa izinombolo ezisemthethweni ezilawula amalungelo emishini, ukugqugquzela ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho ekuqashelweni ngokweqile nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busebenza kunokuba bunciphise ukuhileleka kwentando yeningi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Nokuvinjelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Njengoba ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kukhula, ukusabela kwendawo ezungezile cishe kuyokhula futhi kushintshe, okungaholela ezindleleni ezintsha zokusabela kukahulumeni. Ukuphuthuma kwesimo sezulu kungase kuholele abanye abashisekeli besimo sezulu ukuba basebenzise izindlela eziphazamisayo, ezingabangela ukusabela okunonya kakhulu kukahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqiniso elingenakuphikwa lemiphumela yesimo sezulu lingabangela ukuba ohulumeni bathambekele ngokwengeziwe ekusebenziseni inqubo yendawo ezungezile futhi bazimisele ngokwengeziwe ukumisa izimiso zesimo sezulu ezinamandla.

Ukuhlangana kwezimiso zesimo sezulu nezindaba zobulungisa bemvelo, amalungelo abomdabu, nokungalingani kwezomnotho kunezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi ekuxazululeni kohulumeni. Kuzodingeka ukuba ohulumeni balinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo futhi babhekane nethonya lezimiso zesimo sezulu kuyilapho besabela ezimfunweni zabashisekeli zokuthatha isinyathelo esiphuthumayo. Indlela ohulumeni abalawula ngayo lezi zinselele iyothonya ngokuphawulekayo kokubili imiphumela yesimo sezulu nekusasa lokusebenza kwemvelo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Nokuvikelwa Kwentando Yeningi

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe emazweni amaningi kwenza ukusabela kukahulumeni ekuthatheni isinyathelo kube nzima. Uma ukuthatha isinyathelo kuhlanganiswa nohlangothi olulodwa lwengxenye yezombangazwe, ohulumeni abalawulwa uhlangothi oluphikisanayo bangase bathambekele kakhulu ekusabeleni ngokuphambene kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyini ukufuna kwabashisekeli. Lokhu kuphola kungenza ukuthembisana okukhayo kube nzima futhi kwandise amathuba okusabela okucindezela.

Ukuphambana okulawulwa idemokrasi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba kuletha izinselele ezengeziwe zokuthatha isinyathelo. Njengoba izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziwohloka futhi ukuthambekela kwentando yeningi kuqina, indawo yokuthatha isinyathelo iyancipha futhi ukusabela kukahulumeni kuba yisithiyo. Ukuvikela indawo yomphakathi nezinhlangano zentando yeningi kuba yinto yokuqala kwabashisekeli bempi, ngisho nanjengoba bephishekela imigomo ethile yesimiso. Umzabalazo wokulondoloza izimo zobuProtistme ngokuphumelelayo ungase ube obaluleke njenganoma yimuphi umkhankaso.

Ukungezwani Nezinhlangano Ezihlanganisa Abantu

Kunokuqashelwa okukhulayo kokubaluleka kokuhlangana kwemiba ehlukene ekusebenziseni i-activesm , ukuqonda indlela ehlukene yokucindezelwa nokungalingani okuhlangene futhi okuthinta abantu ngokungafani. Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphumelelayo kuthinta impikiswano eziningi, ezihlangeneyo kunokugxila kakhulu ezimbangelani eyodwa. Lendlela yokuvula imigwaqo ingakha imifantu ebanzi futhi ibangele izixazululo ezibanzi, kodwa futhi idinga ukuhlelwa kwezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi nokulawulwa kwemibono ehlukahlukene phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Ukusabela kukahulumeni ekuphambaniseni imidanti kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba izimfuno zithinta izindawo eziningi zezimiso kanye nezimiso ezihlangene zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni bangakuthola kulula ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukene kunokuxazulula izinkinga ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo eziningi. Activos kumelwe bathuthukise amasu okusunduza ushintsho olubanzi kuyilapho futhi befinyelela ukunqoba okunwebela emigomweni emikhulu.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Eqhubekayo Phakathi Komthetho Nohulumeni

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni nabashisekeli buyingxoxo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene namandla, ubulungisa, nesiqondiso somphakathi. Ukusabela kukahulumeni ekuthatheni isinyathelo kusuka ekubopheni okwakhayo nasekushintsheni kwesimiso kuya ekubekeni imingcele nasekucindezeleni, elolongweni yizimiso zezombangazwe, isimo sokwenza imisebenzi, umbono womphakathi, nezinye izici eziningi. Lokhu, nakho, kuthonya ukugqugquzelwa kwezinhlangano ezilwela ukushisekela futhi kunemiphumela ebanzi yentando yeningi, intuthuko yezenhlalo, namalungelo abantu.

Ukuqonda iziphendu zikahulumeni zokusabela ekuthatheni izivumelwano kubalulekile kubo bobabili abashisekeli abafuna ukuthuthukisa izimbangela zabo nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhathalela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphumelelayo kudinga ukucabanga okufanelekile ngendlela yokuthola ukusabela okuhle kukahulumeni kuyilapho ulondoloza ukuzimela nobuqiniso. Kudinga ukuphikelela, ukuvumelana nezimo, nekhono lokuhlanganisa amasu amaningi nokwakha imifelandawonye ebanzi.

Kuhulumeni, inselele ukusabela ekuthatheni isinyathelo ngendlela ehlonipheni amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukusingatha izikhalo ezingokomthetho, nokuqinisa kunokuba kululaze izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ukubambisana nolwembu lwentando yeningi kungaholela ezimisweni ezingcono, ukuthemba umphakathi okwandayo, kanye nemiphakathi eqinile. Ukusabela kokucindezela kunganikeza ukuqina kwesikhathi esifushane kodwa ngokuvamile kugcinele izinkinga esikhathini esizayo futhi kukhukule izisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Njengoba izinhlangano zibhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe, indima yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa izinguquko ezidingekile ibaluleka ngokwengeziwe. Izinga lokusabela kukahulumeni ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo liyosilungisa ngokuphawulekayo yini ukuthi imiphakathi ingazisingatha ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokulinganayo yini lezi zinselele. Ukwakha nokugcina indawo yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuzisebenzela, ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izimiso zokwakha izingxoxo phakathi kwabashisekeli bezombangazwe nohulumeni kufanele kube yinto eza kuqala kunoma ubani ozinikele ekubuseni kwentando yentando yeningi nentuthuko yezenhlalo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kokwenza izenzo kanye nokusabela kukahulumeni kubonisa ushintsho olukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezombangazwe, nasemphakathini. Amathuluzi emishini aveza amathuba amasha okuhlela nezinselele ezintsha zokuvikela amalungelo. Ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kusho ukuthi ukuthatha izivumelwano endaweni kungahlanganisa amazwe ngamazwe nokuthi izimiso zezizwe nezimiso zezinhlangano zingathonya amandla emikhaya. Ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe nokuvukela kwentando yeningi kwezinye izimo kuhambisana nokuvuselelwa kwentando yeningi nentuthuko yezenhlalo kwabanye.

Ekugcineni, ubuhlobo phakathi kobushiqela nohulumeni abunakunyakaza kodwa buhambisana njalo. Ukusebenzelana ngakunye kuhlela amathuba esikhathi esizayo, kudala izenzakalo nezindlela ezithonya ukuthembisana okulandelayo. Ngokuqonda lezizici ezinamandla, ngokufunda kokuhlangenwe nakho kwesikhathi esidlule, nangokuvumelanisa namasu nezimo ezishintshayo, kokubili abashisekeli nohulumeni banganezela ebuhlotsheni obuhle ngokwengeziwe obuthuthukisa ubulungisa, buvikele amalungelo, futhi buqinise umbuso wentando yeningi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokuthatha isinyathelo nangokusabela kuhulumeni, izinhlangano ezifana Amnesty International kanye Ilungelo Lomuntu Watch inikeza ukuhlolwa okukhulu nokuhlaziywa. [[FLT:] I-CIVIUS]Monitor [ ye-active engqulile embulukeni yonke imbulunga yonke, kuyilapho izinhlangano zemfundo ezinjenge Carr Center for Human Rights Policy kunyakatho lweHarvard kulezimpikiswano. Ukuqonda lezi misebenzi kubalulekile kunoma ubani owenze noma okhathalela indima ebalulekile ye-democism.