Table of Contents

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza phakathi komthetho-sisekelo odinga ukuchazwa ngokucophelela kwencwadi esungulweyo yesizwe ukuze isungule, isebenzise, futhi isebenzise imithetho. Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyinqubo lapho izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo zisetshenziswa khona ngemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu zikahulumeni. Le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ihlela ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha ohulumeni ahlukene, ichaza izinga lamalungelo, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi zihlala zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho ezimiswe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo usebenza njengoMthetho oPhakeme Wezwe, amalungiselelo awo kufanele achazwe kanjani eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ngemva kokuba ebhaliwe?

Isisekelo Sokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

Isikhundla esiyingqayizivele seNkantolo Ephakeme sisukela ekuzibopheleleni okujulile kwabantu baseMelika kuya ekuMthethweni woMthetho nasekuhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo. I-United States iye yabonisa ukuzimisela okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kokulondoloza nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wayo obhaliwe, kanjalo inikeza i-America "ukudluliselwa kwentando yeningi" noMthetho-sisekelo omdala olotshiwe omdala osemthethweni. Lencwadi ehlala njalo isebenza njengegunya eliyinhloko lazo zonke izenzo zikahulumeni, idinga incazelo eqhubekayo ukusingatha izinselele zanamuhla abaFramers angenakuze ilindele.

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States uyincwadi elinganiswe kahle. Iklanyelwe ukulungiselela uhulumeni wezwe onamandla ngokwaneleyo novumelana nezimo ngokwaneleyo ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ze-riphabliki, kodwa ilinganiselwe ngokwaneleyo futhi ivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi aqinisekisiweyo; ivumela ukulinganisela phakathi kwesidingo somphakathi sokuhleleka nelungelo lomuntu lenkululeko. Lokhu kulinganisela okuwubuntwensi kudinga ukuchazwa okunengqondo ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphumelela kwakhe phakathi kwemisebenzi eshintshashintshayo, ezomnotho, kanye nesayensi yezinto.

Ukumiswa Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Nakuba umsebenzi wokuhlola kokwahlulela unganikezwanga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, wawulindelwe ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kwalelo dokhumende. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1789, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zase zizigumbuqele kakade izenzo zomthetho-mthetho eziphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo wombuso. Lomkhuba wamisa isiqalo esibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika.

Naphezu kwalesizinda amandla eNkantolo okuhlola kokwahlulela awaqinisekiswanga kwaze kwaba ngo-1803, lapho icelwa uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall kuMarbury v. Madison. Lesi sinqumo sengqokombululo samisa igunya leNkantolo Ephakeme lokunquma ukuthi imithetho idluliswa yiKhongolo-mfutho noma izenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sokuhlola sokwahlulela siye saba isisekelo sokubusa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseMelika, sinikeza inqubo yokuhlola i-propatimentalmentation nomphathi.

Indima eyinkimbinkimbi yeNkantolo Ephakeme kulesimiso isuka egunyeni layo kuya ephuculweni umthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu, esazicabangelayo isahlulelo, eziphikisana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lo mbuso "wokwahlulela" unike iNkantolo umthwalo obalulekile elungelweni lomuntu ngamunye oqinisekisayo, kanye nasekulondolozeni "Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" o amalungiselelo awo amakhulu aqhubeka esetshenziswa ezimweni ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima Eyinhloko Yegatsha Lokwahlulela Ekuchazeni Umthetho-mthetho

Lenqubo ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba ithonya ngokuphawulekayo amandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu ngabanye, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwesiko isebenza njengegunya eliyinhloko kulezincazelo. Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo, nakuba lendima ikhona esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuhlanganisa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu.

Ukugcina Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho ngempikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuthi isahlulelo sisokugcina; izinqumo zayo zingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo esetshenziswayo yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma ngesinqumo esisha seNkantolo. Nokho, lapho ichaza umthetho, kungathathwa isinyathelo esisha sokumisa umthetho. Lokhu kuqokomisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlala njalo phakathi kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho kanye nencazelo yemithetho, nemithetho yezomthetho ethwele ubukhulu obungaphezulu kakhulu nokuqina.

Njengommeli wokugcina womthetho, iNkantolo ibekwa icala lokuqinisekisa abantu baseMelika ngesithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi kanjalo, isebenza njengomqaphi nomhumushi woMthetho-sisekelo. Lomthwalo wemfanelo ubeka ijaji esimweni esiyingqayizivele esisesimisweni sikahulumeni, ifuna ukuba abahluleli balinganisele izimiso zomthetho, umlando, kanye nezidingo zanamuhla.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Izazi ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi amajaji kahulumeni amiswa kukho konke ukuphila futhi avikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, angachaza uMthetho-sisekelo ongenakho ukuvelela nobandlululo lwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi abahluleli baqeqeshelwe umthetho, bathambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izincazelo zabo ezingokomthetho noma ngokokuziphatha kunezimiso zeSishaya-Mkhandlu noma umongameli ongase athonywe izinkathazo zezombangazwe ezidlulayo. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwenza abahluleli benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho kunezimiso zezombangazwe.

Madison wayebhale ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe ishiyelwe ekwahlulelweni okunengqondo kwabahluleli abazimele, kunokuba ibangele isiyaluyalu nengxabano yenqubo yezombangazwe. Uma yonke imibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo ibinganqunywa ngokuphikisana komphakathi kwezombangazwe, uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi, uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzoncishiselwa ekubeni inkundla yempi yamaqembu aphikisanayo, inkanuko yezombangazwe nomoya we-croscope. Lesimiso esiyisisekelo siyaqhubeka ukuqondisa indlela yokuqondana nomthetho sisekelo waseMelika.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zomphakathi NoMbuso

Njengendaba engathi shukelwe, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezichaza umthetho kahulumeni ziboshwe yizibonelo ezisebenzayo zenkantolo kahulumeni nezindaba okumelwe zibukezwe iNkantolo Ephakeme. Lesi simiso sezikhulu siqinisekisa ukuvumelana encazelweni yomthetho - sisekelo kulo lonke izwe, sivimbela ukuchazwa okungqubuzanayo kwamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ukuba abangele ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho.

Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso bucaciswe kakhulu kunesigaba esiphansi sobufundisi. Uma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. izama ukuthola umthombo ofanele noma isibonelo esisebenzayo lapho iphendula imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, ngezinye izikhathi iphendukela ekubekeni izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuze iqondiswe. Kulezo zenzakalo, abahluleli bahlola futhi bamukele izincazelo zemithetho-mthetho yenkantolo njengemithombo eyinhloko yokuthola incazelo kumthetho-Constitution kazwelonke. Lomkhuba wokwahlulela uveza ukuhlanganisa okunamandla phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene enkantolo yaseMelika.

Izindlela Eziyinhloko Zokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States ngezinye izikhathi incike ezindleleni ezithile zokuchaza ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho-sisekelo. Lezizindlela zokuchaza zimelela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zefilosofi zokuqonda umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ngamunye unezisekelo zawo ezisekelwe ezicini ezinengqondo, izicelo ezisebenzayo, nabasekeli abahluleli nezazi ezingokomthetho.

Ukuchaza Isimo Sokuqala: Kusekelwe Encazelweni Yasekuqaleni

UbuSulumane bugxila ekuqondeni amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo ngesikhathi esamukelwa. Lendlela ifuna ukuthola ukuthi umbhalo wawusho ukuthini kulabo ababebuthela futhi bawugunyaze, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala ngo 1787 noma ngo-1787. Abaqaphi baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inikeza ukuzinza futhi ivimbela abahluleli ekubekeni izinqumo zabo siqu ngaphansi kokuchaza umthetho.

Nokho, ukuthatha indawo akuyona imfundiso eguquguqukayo. Njengoba inkantolo iye yachaza kumongo wesibili seSichibiyelo, uMthetho-sisekelo awukhiqizi "umthetho ovalelwe enhlakalweni yokutsheka" kunalokho, izinkantolo zisebenzisa incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo sesibili ezimweni zanamuhla, ezingaphumela emiphumeleni ehlukile kweyatholwa. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nencazelo yakuqala kumelwe ivumelane nezimo zamanje kuyilapho isekelwe ekuqondeni okungokomlando.

Abahluleli abathatha isizinda bahlola imibhalo engokomlando, kuhlanganise ne-Federalist Papers, imibhalo yemihlangano engokomthetho-sisekelo, nezichazamazwi zamuva, ukuze baqonde incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo wolimi. Lendlela iye yaba nethonya elikhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabahluleli ababambelele ezimisweni zemithetho eqinile abayibheka njengenqandelwe ukusungulwa komthetho-mthetho kanye nendlela yokulondoloza umklamo wokuqala woMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Encazelweni Ecacile

I-textalism igcizelela incazelo evamile yolimi lomthetho-sisekelo, igxila kulokho amagama ngokwawo akudluliselayo kunokuba afune ukuchaza izinhloso zabaHluleli. Abalobi babuza ukuthi isikhulumi esinengqondo sesiNgisi singadluliselani ngamazwi aphikiswayo. Lendlela iphatha uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi engokomthetho okumelwe incazelo yayo ithathwe ngokuyinhloko embhalweni wawo.

Ababhula ngemibhalo baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji akumelwe abheke ngalé kombhalo womthetho-mthetho emlandweni wemithetho, ukucabangela imithetho, noma eminye imithombo ngaphandle kokuba umbhalo ngokwawo udida ngempela. Lendlela ifuna ukuthuthukisa ukubikezela nokulinganisa ngokuma incazelo yolimi lwangempela lwencwadi. Ukuchaza imibhalo kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulayo ekuchazeni inqubo futhi kuye kwasetshenziswa nasemibuzweni engokomthetho-mthetho.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Zanamuhla

Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ubheka lencwadi njengevumelanayo futhi ekwaziyo ukuxazulula izinselele nezindinganiso zamanje. Abasekeli balendlela baphikisa ngokuthi abasekeli basebenzisa ulimi olubanzi ngamabomu ukuze bavumele izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo. UMthetho-sisekelo, owasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 leminyaka, uphawulwa ngolimi olubanzi futhi ngezinye izikhathi olungacacile, oluholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Lefilosofi echazayo isikisela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaziguqula futhi ishintshe njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nemibuso kahulumeni kukhula. Abameleli bakhomba olimini oluvamile loMthetho-sisekelo nokuqaphela kwamaFramers ukuthi abanakukwazi ukubheka zonke izimo zesikhathi esizayo njengobufakazi bokuthi umbhalo wawuklanyelwe ukuvumelana nezimo.

IJaji eliyinhloko uMarshall laveza inselele iNkantolo Ephakeme ebhekene nayo ekulondolozeni uhulumeni okhululekile ngokuphawula: "Akumelwe nanini sikhohlwe ukuthi kuwumthetho-sisekelo esiwuchazayo . . .. ohloselwe ukukhuthazela isikhathi esizayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuvunyelelwa ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene zezindaba zabantu." Lombono usekela indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokugcizelela isidingo sokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuhlale kusebenza ezizukulwaneni.

Ukuthenga: Ukufuna Ukuzimisela Okusemthethweni

Abathengi babuza ukuthi isiphi isishaya-mthetho esinengqondo esasingazama ukufinyelela ngokumisa lomthetho ophikiswayo. Nakuba lendlela ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuchazeni imithetho, ithonya futhi ukuhlaziywa komthetho-mthetho. Abahwebi bahlola izinhloso ezibanzi nezindinganiso amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ayeklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa, bebheka ngalé kombhalo ongokoqobo ukuze baqonde izinkinga abaFrame ababefuna ukuzixazulula.

Lendlela icabangela umongo ongokomlando, isimo soMthetho-sisekelo, nezinjongo ezisekelwe kumalungiselelo akhethekile. Abathelisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila kuphela embhalweni noma encazelweni yokuqala kungaholela emiphumeleni elulaza izinjongo eziyisisekelo zoMthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi amajaji kufanele achaze amalungiselelo ngezindlela eziqhubekisela phambili izinjongo zawo eziyisisekelo.

Incazelo Eyisisekelo: Ukuhlaziya Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yesakhiwo ihlola indlela amalungiselelo ahlukene omthetho-sisekelo ahlobene ngayo nendlela isakhiwo sebhukwana sonke esichaza ngayo izigaba ezithile. Lendlela icabangela isimiso soMthetho-sisekelo semibuso ehlukene, uhulumeni, kanye nezilinganiso ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi amalungiselelo ngamanye kufanele achazwe kanjani phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo.

Abahumushi bezakhiwo baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo udala isimiso sikahulumeni esivumelanayo, nokuthi ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ekuchazeni amalungiselelo athile ngendlela efanele. Lendlela ivame ukugxila ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni naphakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nohulumeni.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

Nakuba kungeyona indlela echaza ngokuqinile, imfundiso yokubuka idecis(-) yangaphambi kwesinqumo sokwahlulela ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zilandela izenzakalo ezimisiwe zokuthuthukisa ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokuhlonipha amathemba axazululiwe. Nokho, ukubuka akuwona umyalo ongabekezeleleki, futhi "kubuthakathaka kakhulu lapho [INkantolo] ichaza [uMthetho-sisekelo]."

Ezinye zezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeNkantolo ngokomthetho ziye zalawula izenzakalo zangaphambili. Bheka, umz. Brown v., ibhodi yemfundo, 347 U.S. 483, 491 (idlulisa isinqumo esinedumela elibi ePlesty v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, kanye nenzalo yayo). Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi nakuba isiqalo sinobunzima obuphawulekayo, asibophi izinkantolo ngokuphelele lapho kuchazwa izinhlelo zomthetho-mthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho izinqumo zangaphambili zibhekwa njengezinephutha eliyisisekelo.

Indlela Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Okulolonga Ngayo Ukwenziwa Komthetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ithonya ngokuqondile inqubo yomthetho ngokumisa imingcele abamisi-mthetho okumelwe basebenze kuyo. Imithetho yezobuciko iqaphela indlela izinkantolo ezingachaza ngayo imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho emandleni kahulumeni, futhi ukuchaza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho kungaqeda imithetho, kudinge ukushintshwa kwemithetho, noma ukuvula izindawo ezintsha zokulawula.

Ukulindela Okungokomthetho Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Abameli kanye nabameli babo abangokomthetho bacabangela njalo imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho lapho behlela umthetho. Bahlaziya izenzakalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme esekhona ukuze bathole ukuthi yimiphi imithetho engase iphumelele ekuhlolweni kokwahlulela kanye nomthetho wezomthetho ukuze ihambisane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo ezichazwe izinkantolo. Le nqubo elindelekile isho ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuthonya ukwenza imithetho ngisho nangaphambi kokuba imithetho ibekelwe inselele enkantolo.

Abahluleli baphawula ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo wavimbela ukunquma kokwahlulela ngokumisa iziKhomishane, hhayi izinkantolo, njengegatsha lokwenza umthetho. Lokhu kuqashelwa kwezindima zokuhlela kuhlela indlela abahluleli nabashaya imithetho ababheka ngayo imisebenzi yabo ngokwabo, futhi ngokuvamile izinkantolo zihlobanisa izinqumo zemithetho ngaphandle kokuba ziphikisana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo.

Umkhosi Wokugwema

Uma umthetho ulula ukuthatha izakhiwo eziningi ezinengqondo, izinkantolo kufanele zikhethe incazelo egwema ukuphakamisa izinkinga zomthetho-mthetho. E-US, loluhlu lwemithetho luye lwaqina kakhulu emlandweni wamuva. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza izinkantolo ukuba zichaze imithetho ngezindlela ezigcina ngazo umthetho - sisekelo uma kungenzeka, ukuvumela inhloso yomthetho ukuba isebenze kuyilapho igwema izingxabano zomthetho-mthetho.

Imithetho enqabile ithonya ukumiswa kwemithetho ngokukhuthaza izishayamthetho ukuba zibhale imithetho ngokuvumelana nemithetho ngendlela eqinile ukuze izinkantolo zikwazi ukuyichaza ngokomthetho-mthetho. Kubonisa futhi inhlonipho yamajaji ngemisebenzi yemithetho kanye nokungathandi ukuchitha imithetho ngaphandle kokuba ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho kucacile futhi kungenakugwenywa.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo Nokwanda Komthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo yathi uKhongolo lwalunawo amandla okumisa ibhange lesizwe ngaphansi "komthetho-mthetho odingekile nofanelekile" we-U.S.. INkantolo yanquma futhi ukuthi imithetho ye-United States ishaya imithetho kahulumeni futhi ngenxa yalokho, uhulumeni awunakukhokha intela yebhange lesizwe. Ukubaluleka: Isinqumo se McCulloch samisa izimiso ezimbili ezibalulekile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo esiqhubeka namuhla: amandla asikiselayo kanye nokuphakama kukahulumeni.

Lencazelo ephawulekayo yegunya lombuso wengqungquthela elikhuliswe ngalé kwemibuso eqoshwe ngokucacile eMthethweni, ibonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okunganwebeka ngayo noma kunciphe kakhulu ukuphakama kwamandla kahulumeni. Imfundiso yamandla ashiwoyo iye yenza uMkhandlu wakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga amaFramers ayengenakuzilindela, kusukela ekuqondiseni uhambo lwezindiza kuya ekumiseni izinhlelo zenhlala - kahle.

Ukuchaza Kwezentengiselwano UClaus

INkantolo yathi iyindima kahulumeni kahulumeni ukuba alawule ezentengiselwano zasezweni futhi ohulumeni bezwe abanakukwazi ukusungula imithetho yabo yezentengiselwano elawulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo yakha incazelo ebanzi ye "ikhomputha," icabanga ukuthi leligama lalihlanganisa okungaphezu kokudayisa nokuthenga nje. Le ncazelo ebanzi yeChwebo Claus Claus engokomthetho ilungiselele isisekelo somthetho wemithetho ebanzi yezentengiselwano, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, nezinye izindawo eziningi zomthetho.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwencazelo yeCommerce Claus kubonisa indlela ukuqonda amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo okunganwebeka ngayo noma kwenziwe isivumelwano ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuthinta ngokuqondile ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemithetho engenziwa iSishaya - mthetho nokuthi yiziphi iziphathi - mandla ezilawulwa ababusi.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kwezinkolelo - ze Zokwahlulela

Amafilosofi amabili ayinhloko ahlela indlela ubulungisa obuvumelana ngayo nokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo: ukunqandwa kokwahlulela nokuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela. Lezindlela eziphikisanayo zibonisa imibono ehlukene ngendima efanele yezinkantolo zentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi ngokuphawulekayo ithonya indlela ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo okuthinta ngayo ukwenza imithetho.

Ukuvinjelwa Okwahlulela

Ngenxa yalesizathu, amajaji amaningi eNkantolo akholelwa ukuthi kumelwe azibambe ukuze bagweme ukuxabana njalo namagatsha akhethiwe. IJaji uFelix Frankfurter laphikisa lefilosofi yokuzilawula kokwahlulela emibhalweni eminingi phakathi kuka 1939 no 1962. Ukuvimbela kwezenkantolo kugcizelela ukuthobela izinqumo zemithetho nezikhulu, futhi izinkantolo zingenela kuphela lapho ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho kucacile futhi kuqinile.

Waveza ukuthi izinkantolo azinawo amandla angokwezimali noma ezempi futhi zincike ekusekeleni okubanzi komphakathi ukuze zinxuse amanye amagatsha ukuba aphoqelele izinqumo zenkantolo. Uma zibekela eceleni izinqumo zentando yeningi zezishaya - mthetho noma amongameli njalo, lokhu kusekela komphakathi kuyoshabalala njalo. Lokhu kucabangela okuwusizo kuqinisa iphuzu elicatshangelwayo lokunqandwa kokwahlulela ngokusekelwe ekugunyazwa kwentando yeningi.

Amajaji alandela ifilosofi yokuzibamba azama ukugwema noma okungenani ukulibala ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Baphakamisa izithiyo ezingokwesiko ukuze kuvinjelwe ukumangalelwa kwamacala noma ukunqunywa kwezizathu ezingekho ngokomthetho. Lokhu kunciphisa ukugxambukela kokwahlulela emagatsheni ezombangazwe futhi kugcina ukuvumelana kwemithetho ukuze kuxazululwe imibuzo.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokwahlulela

Kunamafilosofi ahlukene ngokuphathelene nokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ukunqanda ukwahlulela, okusekela ukuphazamisa okuncane ezinqumweni zomthetho, nokuthatha izivumelwano zokwahlulela, okusekela indima eqinile kakhulu yeNkantolo elawula umthetho. Izenzo zokwahlulela zihilela izinkantolo ezithatha indima eqinile ngokwengeziwe ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu futhi kuhlolwe amandla kahulumeni, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kudinga ukugumbuqela izenzo zomthetho noma zezikhulu.

Abasizi bemithetho baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ngamandla, ikakhulukazi lapho zivikela amalungelo amancane noma inkululeko eyisisekelo engase isongelwa ezombangazwe ezinkulu. Lendlela iye yahlanganiswa nezinqumo eziphawulekayo ezandisa amalungelo omphakathi, inqubo yobugebengu, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Ubunzima Bempi

Igatsha likahulumeni elinquma ukuthi yini amanye amagatsha angayenza noma angayisebenzisi, futhi lokho kuqeda ukukhethwa kwezimiso okwenziwa amagatsha akhethiwe nangamacala, akubonakali kufana "nobuthakathaka kakhulu" Yebo, abahluleli bazimele, futhi abasunguli bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzikhethela kungavikela ikhono labo lokusekela umthetho, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kungathandeki. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kuzibusa kungabonakala njengokungaqasheki futhi kungadala lokho isazi esiphambili esingokomthetho uAlexander Bickel esikubiza ngokuthi ubunzima "i-coriodore triant .""

Lokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kokuzimela kokwahlulela nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi kuseyinselele eyinhloko emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele umthwalo wazo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela imingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho wentando yeningi ngokumelene nokufaneleka kwamagatsha akhethiwe ngokwentando yeningi, ukulinganisela okuye kwachazwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene namafilosofi okwahlulela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Kusemcimbini: Izibonelo Eziyinhloko

Ukuqonda indlela ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo okuthinta ngayo ukwenza imithetho kudinga ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile lapho izinqumo zokwahlulela ziye zathonya khona igunya lomthetho namandla kahulumeni.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

INkantolo ehlangene yagumbuqela uPesley no Ferguson futhi yathi imithetho kahulumeni efuna noma evumela izikole ezihlukene ngokohlanga iphula i-Encial Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. INkantolo yasho ngokudume kakhulu ukuthi "izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo." Lokhu kuchazwa kabusha kweSivikelo esilinganayo uClaus sanciphisa imithetho yokuhlukaniswa kwesizwe futhi idinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esikhulu sokumisa ukunqanda ukuhlukana kwesizwe.

Ngokugumbuqela lemfundiso, iBrown Court yasiza ekumiseni isisekelo senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi nokuhlangana kwezwe lonke. Lokhu kubonisa indlela incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo engahlanganisa ngayo ushintsho olubanzi lwezenhlalo nomthetho, idinga umthetho omusha ukuze ufeze izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo njengoba zisanda kuqondwa.

Isenzo Sesigebengu Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Inkantolo yathola ukuthi iziHluzi zeSihlanu neseSithandathu zifuna ukuba amaphoyisa azise abantu abasejele ukuthi banelungelo lokuthula futhi basizwe ummeli. NgokweNkantolo, uma amaphoyisa ehluleka ukwenza kanjalo, uma ijaji lenkantolo linganquma ukuthi noma iziphi izinkulumo ezishiwo ummangalelwa ngeke zivunywe njengobufakazi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kuchazwa kwamalungelo omthetho kwakha izimfuneko ezintsha zokugcinwa kwemithetho ezweni lonke, kubonisa indlela ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo okungagunyaza ngayo imiyalo ethile engokomthetho.

INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha selungelo lokusiza ekunikezeni iseluleko sisebenza ekuqulweni kwecala futhi "izazi ezisenkantolo zobugebengu azizona izinto ezidingekile eziphambili." kanye nelungelo lokusiza abamangalelwa basombuso, isinqumo sikaGideyoni saba nomphumela wokwandisa izimiso zomphakathi ezweni lonke. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho okungadinga ngayo ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kukahulumeni nentuthuko yezinhlangano ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ubumbano Negunya Lombuso

Ukuchazwa komthetho kuyaqhubeka kuhlela ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. Izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo anjenge-Commerce Claus, iSichibiyelo seshumi, neSiphendulo seSupremacy Claus ukuze zinqume ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezihlokweni ezithile. Lezincazelo zithinta ngokuqondile lokho imithetho eshoyo engamisa futhi zisho ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezihlala zingaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho - sisekelo wemithetho kahulumeni kubonisa indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezingashintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi igunya likahulumeni lande nezinye izikhathi ziqinisa ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Lokhu kushintsha kokuqonda komthetho - sisekelo kudinga ushintsho olufanayo kokubili emthethweni kahulumeni nokahulumeni.

Indima Yegatsha Elingokomthetho Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba izinkantolo zinendima eyinhloko ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo, igatsha lemithetho libuye lihileleke emibuzweni engokomthetho - sisekelo futhi lithonye indlela uMthetho - sisekelo oqondwa futhi usetshenziswe ngayo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo

Phela, kungenye into ukuthi izinkantolo zingawuchaza futhi kufanele ziwuchaze uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi zishaye imithetho nezenzo ezingokomthetho eziphikisana nawo, kodwa kuthiwani uma uMkhandlu, noma uMongameli, noma uhulumeni, bephikisana nencazelo yezinkantolo? Lombuzo uqokomisa ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo akuwona umsebenzi wokwahlulela kuphela, nakuba izinkantolo ziqukethe igama lokugcina emacalani afanele.

Abameli bafunga ukuthi bazowusekela uMthetho - sisekelo futhi kumelwe benze izinqumo zabo ngezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo lapho kuhlelwa futhi kuvotwa umthetho. Izimpikiswano zomphakathi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ingxoxo enkulu ephathelene nomthetho - sisekelo, nezishaya - mthetho zicabangela ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo iyavumelana yini nemingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho elawula umbuso.

IziNguqulo Zomthetho - sisekelo Njengezimpendulo Ezichazayo

Lapho iziKhongolo nezifunda ziphikisana nezincazelo zokwahlulela zoMthetho - sisekelo, zingaveza izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze zigumbuqele noma zicacise lezozincazelo.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye, esachitha isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esiphathelene nokuvikela uhulumeni ekuzimela, neSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha sikahulumeni, esagunyaza ukukhokhwa kwentela yeholo ngemva kokuba iNkantolo inqanyule umthetho wentela wangaphambili. Lezi zinguquko zibonisa ukuthi nakuba incazelo yokwahlulela inegunya, ayigcini ngokuphelele lapho ukuvumelana okwanele kwezombangazwe kukhona ukuze kulungiswe uMthetho ngokwawo.

Ukusabela Okungokwemithetho Ezinqumweni Zomthetho - sisekelo

Abameli bangasabela futhi ezincazelweni zomthetho - sisekelo ngokumisa imithetho emisha esingatha izinkathazo eziphakanyiswa izinkantolo noma efinyelela izinhloso zokuqondisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zomthetho - sisekelo. Lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho ngezizathu zomthetho - sisekelo, izishaya - mthetho zivame ukubukeza indlela yazo yokufinyelela imigomo efanayo yemithetho kuyilapho zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo ezichazwa izinkantolo.

Le nqubo ethathayo phakathi kwencazelo yokwahlulela nezenzo zomthetho ibonisa ukubusa komthetho-mthetho okunamandla, igatsha ngalinye lithonya ukuqonda nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Incazelo Yegatsha Eliphethe Nomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha eliphethe lifeza nendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo, kokubili ngezinqumo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyenzeka futhi kuthathwe izikhundla ezingokomthetho ezithathwa izinhlangano eziphethe kanye noMnyango Wobulungisa.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuphoqelelwayo

Izikhulu eziphethe kumelwe zichaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo lapho zinquma indlela yokuphoqelela imithetho nokusebenzisa imibuso elawulayo. uMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe zenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho ngobukhulu begunya eliphethe, imingcele yamandla okubusa, nezimfuneko zamalungiselelo amalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Abameli begatsha abaphethe kahle bangathinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo, ngisho nangaphambi kwezinkantolo, banikeza iseluleko somthetho - sisekelo esilawula izinqumo zemithetho, izenzo zokuqondisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza.

Izimiso Eziphethe Negunya Lomthetho - sisekelo

Iziyalezo zikamongameli kumelwe zivumelane nemingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho ephethe amandla aphakeme, zifune ukuba amongameli bachaze amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo abusa iziphathimandla eziphethe.Izinkantolo zibukeza iziyalezo eziphethe zokuvunyelwa komthetho - sisekelo, kodwa amongameli benza izahlulelo zokuqala ngokuphathelene nalokho uMthetho - sisekelo okuvumelayo noma okudingayo.

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwencazelo engokomthetho ephethe nokuhlolwa kwezokwahlulela kubangela esinye isici senqubo yokuchaza, njengoba amagatsha ahlukahlukene engase afinyelele iziphetho ezihlukahlukene ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kuze kube yilapho izinkantolo zixazulula izingxabano.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo isalokhu iyimpikiswano enkulu, nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngezindlela ezifanele zokuchaza nokusebenzisa kwazo ezindabeni zanamuhla.

Ubuchwepheshe Namalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunikeza imibuzo emisha edinga ukuchazwa kwezinhlelo ezihlelwe enkathini yamakhono obuchwepheshe ahlukene kakhulu. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume indlela iSichibiyelo sesine esivikela ngayo ekuhloleni okungacabangeli okusebenza emininingwaneni yezobuchwepheshe, ekulandeleni kocingo, nasekuhloleni kocingo. Izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala esisungulwe ukuze kunyatheliswe imithombo yezindaba nezokuxhumana kwe-Internet kumelwe zisetshenziswe ngayo emapulatifomuni ezokuxhumana.

Lezi zinselele ziqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, njengoba izazi zokuqala zifuna ukusebenzisa izimiso zokusungula ezobuchwepheshe banamuhla nezazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila ziphikisana ngezincazelo ezikhuluma ngezinto ezingokoqobo zanamuhla.

Ukubambisana Kwezinhlangano Negunya Lokuchaza

Umqondo "wobuzwe" uthatha ukuthi igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni "linamakhono akhethekile noma ubuchwepheshe, futhi isihluthulelo sikahulumeni olungile asikona nje ukuveza ukuthi yiyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu, kodwa ukusungula ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano okufanele zenze izinqumo nokuthi zonke izinhlangano kufanele zihlanganise ziphi." Lesimiso sithonya izimpikiswano ngokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ngokuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi igatsha liphi elifanelekela kangcono ukuxazulula imibuzo ethile engokomthetho-sisekelo.

"[T] imigaqo yencazelo [i-athensing] enikeza amandla okwenza umthetho phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, futhi leyomithetho kufanele ibonise futhi ihloniphe lokho, uma kukhona, uMthetho-sisekelo ozokusho ngaleyondawo." Lokhu kuqonda kusebenza ngokufanayo ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo, kusikisela ukuthi izindlela zokuchaza kufanele zihloniphe ukwabiwa komthetho-mthetho phakathi kwezinhlangano zohulumeni ezihlukahlukene.

Indima Yomlando Ekuhloleni Umthetho - sisekelo

Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zagcizelela ukuhlaziywa komlando ekuchazeni umthetho - sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezithiyo Zesibili Eziwukuchithwa nasemandleni aphakeme.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila ngokweqile emlandweni kungaveza imiphumela engahlangani namaqiniso anamuhla, kuyilapho abasekeli bephikisa ngokuthi ukusekela komlando kuvimbela amajaji ekubekeni imithetho yawo siqu.Le mpikiswano ibonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngokuphathelene nesimo sencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nendima efanele yezinkantolo zentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Umphumela Wokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Ezicini Eziqondile Zomthetho

Ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuthinta cishe zonke izici zomthetho nesimiso somphakathi, kulolonge lokho ohulumeni abangakwenza nabangenakukwenza.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nokubhekana Kwabantu Ngamunye Nezinkinga

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho imise umthetho wezokwelapha, izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi uMkhandlu unegunya yini ngaphansi kwe - Commerce Clause noma igunya elikhokhisayo elifuna abantu ukuba bathenge umshuwalense wempilo. Lezi zinqumo ezichazayo zawuthinta ngokuqondile umthetho wezokwelapha oyinhloko, zibonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okuthonya ngayo ukuklanywa kwesimiso somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Izinga lomthetho kahulumeni wokuqondisa indawo ezungezile lixhomeke ezincazelweni ezingokomthetho zamandla ombuso ngaphansi kwe - Commerce Clause namanye amalungiselelo. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza imingcele engokomthetho egunyani eliwuhulumeni ukuba ilawule izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, ukungcola komoya, nezinhlobo zezilwane ezisengozini, nalezi zincazelo zinqume ukuthi isivikelo sendawo ezungezile singavikelwa futhi siphoqelelwe kuphi.

Umthetho Wokukhetha Nokunikeza Amalungelo

Izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho omthetho ahlanganisa i - Ecult Protection Claus, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, neSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yimiphi imithetho yokhetho evunyelwe, ethinta ngokuqondile izinqubo zentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nenkulumo

Incazelo yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala inquma lokho ohulumeni abangakulawula, ithinta imithetho elawula yonke into kusukela emikhankasweni ye - Internet kuya ekulinganiseni okutholakala kuyo.

Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo iyoqhubeka iguquka njengoba abahluleli abasha bejoyina iNkantolo Ephakeme, kuphakama izinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho, futhi umphakathi ubhekana nezimpikiswano ezintsha ezidinga ukuhlaziywa komthetho - sisekelo.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezixubile Nemibuzo Ephathelene Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuhlakanipha okuyenziwe, isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nezinye izinto ezisavelayo zizoveza imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo edinga ukuba izinkantolo zichaze amalungiselelo okusungula nge-era ngemimongo abangeke bawacabange. Indlela incazelo yomthetho sisekelo esingatha ngayo lezi zinselele iyoyithinta kakhulu intuthuko nomthetho.

Ukubusa Kwembulunga Yonke Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ukwanda kokuxhumana kwembulunga yonke kuphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo mayelana nokuhlobana komthetho - sisekelo wezizwe zonke nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo aphakeme ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo ezindaweni ezihlukene. Incazelo yoMthetho - sisekelo iyothonya indlela iUnited States ezilawula ngayo lezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Negunya Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo ngokuphathelene negunya likahulumeni elilawulayo, amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo, kanye nokunikezwa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Indlela izinkantolo eziwachaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo kulomongo kuyoyithinta ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yesimo sezulu nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi nasekwakheni komthetho - sisekelo abasebenzela ukumisa umthetho - sisekelo.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Izakhamuzi ziyazuza ngokuqonda indlela ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo okusebenza ngayo, kuzenze zikwazi ukuhlaziya izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho - sisekelo, futhi kubeke izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise ngokuhlonipha imithetho engokomthetho.

Ukuphoqelela Umthetho Nokusekela Umthetho - sisekelo

Abameli nezisebenzi zabo kumelwe baqonde ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kwemithetho yokuhlela ezosinda ekubukezweni kokwahlulela. Lokhu kudinga ukujwayelana nezenzakalo ezihlobene neNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuqaphela izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza, nekhono lokuqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zingawuhlaziya kanjani umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukuqapha Nomthetho - sisekelo

Abameli nabasekeli bemithetho babekela imithetho inselele noma bavikele imithetho ngezizathu zomthetho-sisekelo kumelwe baqonde izindlela zokuchaza izimpikiswano eziphumelelayo. Ukuphumelela ekukhankasweni komthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekukholiseni izinkantolo ukuba zithathe izindlela ezithile zokuchaza noma zisebenzise izindlela ezimisiwe ngezindlela eziqondile.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Umthetho - sisekelo

Kutholakala imithombo eminingi yalabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nendima yawo ekubuseni kwaseMelika.

Imithombo eyinhloko

Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Enkulu kunikeza ukuqonda okuqondile ngendlela amajaji achaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo futhi asebenzise izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza ukuvunyelwa kwezinqumo zamuva, kuyilapho imithombo yezomthetho inikeza iqoqo elibanzi lamacala angokomlando. I-Federalist Papers kanye nezinye izincwadi zokusungula inikeza umongo wokuqonda incazelo yakuqala yomthetho-sisekelo.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Izinhlangano ezinjenge Isikhungo somthetho-mthetho wesizwe [ zinikeza izinto zokufundisa mayelana nencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nemithombo ehambisanayo, izihloko zezazi, nezinhlelo eziveza imibono ehlukene emibuzweni yomthetho-sisekelo. inikeza imithombo ebanzi yomlando nohlelo lomthetho-mthetho.

Ubuciko Obungokwemfundo

Izincwadi zomthetho zihlaziya futhi zinyathelisa izihloko zezazi ezihlaziya incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, zihlola izindlela eziqondile zokuchaza, futhi ziphikisana ngezimpendulo ezifanele zemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Le mithombo inikeza ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwemibono echazayo nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo.

Imininingwane Yezomthetho Namachashaza

I- I-Constitution Anenoted, eshicilelwe i- Library of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivumelanayo. Lencwadi inikeza ukuhlola okuningiliziwe ngendlela izinkantolo eziye zachaza ngayo izikhombo ezithile zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo isebenza njengebhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kwencwadi yokusungula eyasungulwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zokubusa kwamanje. Uhulumeni uncike ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza incazelo ye-($kuhlanganisa nokuchaza amagama, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezikhona ezimweni zanamuhla. Lokhu kuchaza ukumiswa komthetho ngokuchaza imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokunikeza igunya phakathi kwamagatsha nezingalo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene.

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lifeza indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni umthetho-mthetho, kodwa amagatsha aphethe ahlanganisa nemibuzo yomthetho-mthetho nezimbulunga zawo. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwalamagatsha kwakha isimiso esishukumisayo lapho incazelo yomthetho ngokomthetho ishintsha ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, ukusabela kwemithetho, nezenzo zezikhulu, konke kulawulwa umbhalo nokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze kungenele ukubusa ngentando yeningi eMelika. Izakhamuzi, abamisi-mthetho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni konke kuyazuza ekuqondeni indlela izindlela zokuchaza umsebenzi osebenza ngayo, indlela ezithinta ngayo ukuhlelwa komthetho, nendlela ezilungisa ngayo ukulinganisela phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha . Ukusuka ekuthuthukeni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni isimo sezulu kuya ekushintsheni izindinganiso zezenhlalo. . . ."Qhubekeni ukuchaza izimiso eziyisisekelo zezimiso zomthetho kuqhubeke kufeza indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni izimiso zamanje kuyilapho kulondoloza isibopho somthetho womthetho wombuso olinganiselwe, imibuso ehlukeneyo, namalungelo avikelekile.

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nezindlela ezifanele zokuchaza ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nentando yeningi, igunya lokwahlulela, kanye nokubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba lezizimpikiswano zingasoze zixazululwe ngokugcwele, zibonisa amandla omthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwencwadi esunguliwe ekubuseni kwamanje. Ngokucabanga ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi nezikhulu zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka, njengoba uMahluleli oMkhulu Marshall achaza, uhlelo "oluzimisele ukukhuthazela iminyaka eminingi ezayo" kuyilapho "uhambisana nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zezindaba zabantu"."

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo ukuze benze imithetho, ukuqonda okuyinhloko ukuthi ukuchaza akuyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe engokomthetho kodwa isici esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi esilawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo, kuchaza izinga lamalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi kunquma imingcele yamandla kahulumeni kuzo zonke izici zomthetho nesimiso.