Isingeniso: Umbono Wokwanda Okuphelele ENdiya

Uhambo lwe-Indiya lokuthuthuka luye lwachazwa isikhathi eside ngesibopho sokuhlanganisa inzuzo — icebo eliqinisekisa intuthuko yezomnotho liguqula izinzuzo ezingokoqobo kusenzeka kusinye isakhamuzi ngasinye, ikakhulukazi esisengozini kakhulu. Phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule, uhulumeni waseNdiya uye wasungula futhi wandisa izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle eziklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa izithuba zemali, impilo, imfundo, isakhiwo, nokufinyelela kwemali. Lezi zinyathelo azizona nje amanethazo zokuvikela; ziyizinjini zezenhlalo, ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ubumpofu, ukukhuthaza imiphakathi, ukuthuthukisa izomnotho, futhi zidala indawo engcono kakhulu yezenhlalakahle. Lesihloko sihlola izinhlelo ezinkulu zezenhlalakahle, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, izinselele, nezokufinyelela ezisemuva ekukhuleni kwe-India.

Ukuchaza Ukwanda Okuphelele: Ngalé Kwe - GDP

Ukwanda okugcwele kudlulela ngalé kwezinyathelo ezingokwesiko zokwanda kwezomnotho. Nakuba umkhiqizo omkhulu wasekhaya (GDP) udingeka, awuzinciphisi ngokuzenzekelayo izinga lokuphila noma ithuthukise izindinganiso zokuphila kubo bonke. Ukwanda okugcwele kugxila ekusakazeni amathuba [, ukufinyelela ezinkonzweni eziyisisekelo, nokuncishiswa kwezindawo ezihlukene ezisezindaweni, izigaba, ubulili, namaqembu emalini eholayo. Ngokwe-Indiya, lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abalimi basemaphandleni, abahlala emadolobheni, abesifazane, nemiphakathi engokwesiko engcono bahlanganyela futhi bazuza ekushintsheni kwezomnotho. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo zingamathuluzi eziyinhloko zokusebenza zikahulumeni kulombono.

Izinhlelo Ezinkulu Zezenhlalo Ezishukumisa Ukwanda Okuphelele

IMahatma Gandhi National Accounting Ecrial Act (MGNREGA)

I-MGNREGA ingenye yemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni eqinisekisa izinhlelo. Inikeza imikhaya yonke yasemaphandleni enamalungu amadala azimisele ukwenza umsebenzi wezandla ongenawo umsebenzi cishe ngezinsuku eziyikhulu zomsebenzi weholo [ ngonyaka wezimali. Uhlelo alwenzi indawo yokuziphilisa kuphela kodwa futhi ludala impahla yomphakathi eqinile njengemigwaqo, amachibi, nemisele yezempompela. Ngokwemininingwane engokomthetho, i-MGNREGA iye yasiza ngokuqondile emakhaya angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu- 150 kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, idlala indima enzima ekulungiseni iholo lasemaphandleni phakathi nezinkathi zokulima ezixekethile kanye nezomnotho. Icebo liye lanika abesifazane amandla angaphezu kuka-50% wemisebenzi ye-MGGANRE, futhi lingenisa inzuzo yezenhlalo yezezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

2. Isimiso sokusakaza Omphakathi (PDS)

I-PDS iyinhlangano enkulu kakhulu yaseNdiya yokulondoloza ukudla, isakaza ukudla okusanhlamvu okungangeni maza ngokolweni, ngelayisi, nangaphandle okungagqwali-okanye okungaphucukile (kungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-80 abaxhaswe yiNational Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013. Isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi imikhaya efanelekayo ithola ukudla okusanhlamvu okunganele kakhulu (njengoba kuphansi kakhulu 761-3 kg), i-okglogremu. I-PDS ibisiza ekunciphiseni indlala nokungondleki, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezendlala. Inguquko yamuva, kuhlanganise nesiqalo se- Isizwe esisodwa, i-Roct [[FLT][FLD:1], ivumela izisebenzi ezifudukayo ukuba zingene noma kuphi naphi naphi nakwe isihluthulelo. Inqubo yokudla yafinyelela kulelo elivamile phakathi kwe-Pradkd (ir.)

3. UPradhan Mantri Awake Yojana (PMAY)

Isidingo esiyisisekelo sokuzinza kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho. I-PMAY ihlose ukulungiselela “ Ukukholisa Bonke” ngo-2022 (kamuva okhulisiwe). Icebo linikeza usizo lwezimali ekwakheni noma ekuthuthukiseni izindlu zabampofu basedolobheni. Ngaphansi kwe-PMAY-Urban, abazuzayo bathola indawo engaphezulu kuya ku-761.8 lakh ebhacekezelwe ngesikweletu ngenxa yemali yokubolekwa kwezindlu ezithelekayo. I-PUY-Gramin (umdarin) inikeza usizo lwengxenye yezindawo zasedolobheni nezimpofu. Maphakathi-20, izigidi ezingaphezu kwezingu-30 zabe, nezindlu eziningi seziye zandisiwe. Isimiso sithuthukile kakhulu ngenxa yezindawo zokuhlala, futhi sincishisiwe ngenxa yeminde yeminde.

4. ISwachh Bharat Abhiyan (Umsebenzi Ohlanzekile WaseNdiya)

Ukuhlanzeka kuyisisekelo sempilo yomphakathi nesithunzi. I-Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, eyaqanjwa ngo-2014, ihloselwe ukuqeda ukukhucululwa kwendle futhi ithuthukise ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu okuqinile kwezindawo zokuchitha indle esemaphandleni nasemadolobheni aseNdiya. Lo mkhandlu wafinyelela intuthuko engokomlando ngo-2019 lapho umemezela izwe livula idensenseko (ODF) [[FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]] ngemva kokwakha izindlu zangasese zasekhaya eziyizigidi eziyikhulu. Ngalé kwezakhiwo zemvelo., umkhankaso wagxila ekushintsheni kwesimilo ngokuhlangana komphakathi. Umphumela ube mkhulu: ukuhlola kubonisa ukunciphiswa kwezifo zesifo sohudo, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwesikole kwabesifazane, futhi kwandisa ukuphepha kwesigaba sesibili (FyBrath Mission) manje, i-scrical, i-s.

5. UPradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

Ukufakwa kwemali kuyimfuneko yokuhlanganyela kwezomnotho. Kwaqala ngo-2014, i-PMJDY iwumsebenzi wesizwe onikeza ukufinyelela kwezindawo zokubhaka . Ngaphansi kohlelo, abanikazi bemali bathola i-akhawunti yebhange eliyisisekelo edinga ukulingana, ikhadi lengozi elifihla i-RPABT, umshuwalense wengozi owenzelwa ukufinyelela ku-1962 lakh, nesakhiwo esingaphezu kwe-2024 000 000. Ngonyaka ka-2024, izigidi ezingu-500 ze-akhawunti ziye zavulwa ngaphansi kwe-PMMBY, eziletha izigidi zabantu abangakathwali, ikakhulukazi abesifazane nabasemaphandleni abangazange baphinde bangene. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kutholakale inzuzo eqondile, ukudilikane, ukudilika nokulondolozwa kwemiphakathi kwemali.

6. U - Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Aroshima Yojana (PM-JAY)

Izindleko zezempilo ziyimbangela eyinhloko yobumpofu nokuboleka izikweletu phakathi kwemikhaya ehlawulwayo ephansi. I-Ayushman Bharat, icebo elikhulu kakhulu lempilo emhlabeni, linikeza ama-lakh ngomkhaya ngonyaka [[ ama-alkh ngohlobo lwe-odwa [kuyi-pacester ne-tertiary interricatry produreat ku- 500 000 000 000 (cishe amaphesenti angu-40 ezakhamuzi zaseNdiya). Icebo lihlanganisa izimo ezikhona ngaphambili futhi linikeza izindleko zokuvikela izimali ezingokwezenzwe zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi nezezezezomuntu. Ngokulungisa isibhedlela esiyinhloko. Ngokuqondene ne-PMPM-JAY, uhulumeni usungule 1.55 kh .WC.[5] Ukunikeza izingalo eziyinhloko zempilo zezempilo.

7. UPradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISITAN)

Izolimo zisekela cishe ingxenye yezisebenzi zaseNdiya, kodwa abalimi bavame ukubhekana neholo elilinganayo. I-PM-KISAN iyisu eliyinzuzo eqondile elinikeza imikhaya yabalimi eyizigidi ezingu-20. Ukuthutha imali kuyasiza ekuhlangabezaneni nezindleko zokulima, inzuzo yezengeziwe, futhi kunciphisa ukucindezeleka. Uhlelo lusebenzisa i-Aadhaar inkokhelo yemali ekhukhwelweyo kanye nesimiso se-PM. Isu elikhisi lokuthutha i-2019, manje lihlanganisa izindleko zokulima.

8. UPradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

I-Entrepreneurship iyinjini enamandla yokukhula okugcwele, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangathembekile noma abangatholi mlando wokuthenga ngesikweletu. I-MSMY iboleka imali efinyelela ku-7610 lakh kuya ku-orporate, amabhizinisi amancane/micro ngaphansi kwezigaba ezintathu: i Shishu (ukuya ku-650 000), iKishor (650,001-95 lakh), ne Tarun (765,00,0010) engakhokhwani okuncane, i-2023), imali ebolengiswe kakhulu, ngokuhlanganyela okukhulu kokuya kwabesifazane, iSheched Castels, iShechemilygo, nenye i-sting. I-Tarn-ez (injini,00,00/10) futhi i-lakh) ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela: Intuthuko Nemisebenzi Efeziwe

Umphumela onqwabelanayo walezi zinhlelo zezenhlalakahle uyabonakala ezikhombisa ukuthuthuka kweNdiya. Ubumpofu obuyi-Muldimension buye behla kakhulu: ngokwemibiko ye-2023 NITIAyog, amaNdiya ayizigidi ezingu- 135 abalekela ubumpofu phakathi kuka-2015 no-2019-191. Izinga lobumpofu (okusekelwe ku-Multdimension Poverce Index) behla kusukela ku 24,85% kuya ku-14. Iminikelo eyinhloko yavela ekuthuthukiseni ukudla, iminyaka yemfundo, ukuhlanzeka, nokufinyelela ezindaweni zamabhange ezibhekene ezichazwe ngenhla.

I-MGNREGA ilokhu inikeza imikhaya engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 imisebenzi njalo ngonyaka, njengoba ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane kwanda kwafinyelela ku-55% eminyakeni yamuva. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-PDS kwanwetshwa ngaphansi kwe-NFSA, futhi ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe (imishini enikeza i-biometic) kwanciphisa ukuvuza. I-PMAY yaletha izigidi zemikhaya ezindlini ezilondekile, okwathi kamuva kwathuthukisa imiphumela yempilo nemfundo yabantwana. Ukulandisa kwe-Dhan kwasiza ukudluliswa kwezinzuzo eziqondile ze-32.5.5.5.5.5 I-okanye i-PMAY yaletha izigidi zemikhaya ezindlini elondekile, okuthiywayyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyplish projectives.

Amaqumrhu ezwe lonke njenge IBhange lezwe kanye ne-UNDP aye aqaphela isimiso sezokuvikela kwezenhlalo yaseNdiya njengenye yezizwe ezisathuthuka kakhulu. IBhange lamuva lobumpofu nombiko wezentengiselwano liphawula ukuthi ukwehla kobumpofu eNdiya kuye kwasheshiswa ngokushesha kunemithombo yontanga eminingi, ngenxa yezinga lokungenela kwezenhlalakahle.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo: Amagebe Nemifantu Yamabhodlela

Naphezu kwale mpumelelo, izinhlelo zezenhlalo zaseNdiya zibhekana nezinselele eziningana ezihlelekile ezinciphisa amakhono azo ngokugcwele:

Ukonakala Nokukhwabanisa

Nakuba ukuthunyelwa kwezobuchwepheshe okunenzuzo ngokuqondile (DBT) kuye kwanciphisa ukuvuza, inkohlakalo ihlala ikhathazekile ngamaqhinga ahlanganisa izakhiwo ezingokoqobo noma ukuvunyelwa ngekhono. Abaxhaswe nguMoya, abaqoqi beqoqo eligcwele e-MGNREGA, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlayiya ezincane e-PDS kuye kwabikwa kwezinye izizwe. Ukukhononda okunamandla kwezimiso zokulungisa i-redress kanye namatheku okubona kuyadingeka.

Ukungawutholi Umthamo Ofanele Imali Nemali Yokuyivala

Izinhlelo eziningi azidingwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isidingo somsebenzi we-MGNREGA sivame ukwedlula imali emisiwe, okuholela ekutholeni umsebenzi. I-PMS-KIS imboza kuphela labo abanesilinganiso samahekthare amabili, ishiya izisebenzi eziningi zokulima ezingenamasimu ngaphandle kokusekelwa. Ukushintshela ku-DBT kuye kwadala amaphutha okukhishwa uma ukutshala i-Aadhaar kungaphelele noma i-biomimetric kuhluleka ukuqinisekiswa ngenxa yezimpikiswano ze-soci zezokuxhumana.

Izakhiwo Nezimo Zokuvimbela Imithombo Yengcebo Yomuntu

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga isisekelo esiqinile sosizo lwe-inthanethi, izikhungo zezempilo ezihlonyiswe kahle, izakhiwo zesikole ezanele, nezisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe. Ezindaweni ezikude nezinezimpi, lezizisekelo zivame ukulahleka. Inani elilinganiselwe lezisebenzi eziphambili (ASHE, aganwadi abasebenzi abasebenza ngokweqile nezisebenzi ezisebenza kakhulu) zithinta ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo.

Isimo Sezulu Nezinkinga Zezomnotho

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta kakhulu isivuno esiphansi sezolimo saseNdiya, esisongelayo, ukutholakala kwamanzi, nokuzinza kwezindlu. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezikhona ngokuvamile aziklanyelwanga ukusabela ekushayweni kwesimo sezulu noma ekuzivumelani nezidingo zesikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezomnotho kwandisa isidingo sokuvikelwa kwezenhlalo njengoba nje nezivumelwano zezindawo ezisemkhathini.

Umklamo Ohlanganisa Amaqembu Ahlukene

Nakuba izinhlelo eziningi zihlasela abesifazane, amaShedynad Castens, namaShedynalFold, ukuhlukana kwabesifazane nokuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba kuyaqhubeka. Abesifazane bahlala bengaphansi kwezindima ze-MGNREGA zobuphathi futhi ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa. Izindawo zomphakathi zingabhekana nezithiyo ezingokwezempilo, zokuhlala, nokukhokhwa. Ukungenela kwezezigaba nokuhlola komphakathi kungasiza ekutholeni imingcele.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Isivumelwano Somphakathi

Uhulumeni waseNdiya uye waphawula inhloso yawo yokuguqula izinhlelo zenhlalakahle yezenhlalo zibe yisimiso esihlangene, esinemiphumela nesezigunyazo zobuchwepheshe. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

Ukusetshenziswa Kakhulu Kokwaziswa Nezinongo

Izinyathelo ezifana ne- Socio-Economic Caste Census (SEC) ne-Aadhaar zivumela ukuhlolwa kwabazuzayo nokuhlola kwangempela kohlelo. Imizamo kahulumeni yesikhathi esizayo i-Direct Benefit Transvection platifomu ye-'FLT] isisindise kakade ngaphezu kuka-62.7 cround ngokususa i-diction enziwayo kanye nokuhlola izinhlelo zomgunyathi. Imizamo yesikhathi esizayo izakunweba ukusetshenziswa kokubikezela i-FLT'ult kudinga nokuvimbela izinhlekelele.

Izinkonzo Eziyisisekelo Zabo Bonke

Umqondo wezinkonzo eziyisisekelo zonke [UBS] [UBS]] (UBS)-unika ukufinyelela empilweni ephambili, emfundweni, ekutholeni imfuno, ekudleni, nasekuxhumaneni kwamanani (i-trakiti). Ezinye ithumela ukudluliswa kwemali kanye nezithombe zokufinyelela emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwezinga lesizwe, ukwanda kwe-Ayushman Bharat kanye nokusunduza amanzi acwiliziwe, amanzi afakwe emibhobho, kanye nokufakwa ezindaweni ezibanzi kuyo yonke indawo kubonisa loluhlangothi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Esiluhlaza

Ukuhlobanisa inhlalakahle nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. IMGNREGA kakade isihlanganisa imisebenzi engokwemvelo yokuphatha izisekelo (ukuvuna amanzi, ukugawula amahlathi). Imiklamo yesikhathi esizayo ingahlanganisa izindlela zokuziphilisa zesimo sezulu, njengokunisela ngelanga, ukuvimbela isomiso, kanye nokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi eluhlaza. [DHYDYDY kanye [FLT]PMAY

Ukuncishiswa Nokulandisa Kwendawo

Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekuhilelekeni kwezinhlangano zendawo − i-panchayat, izindikimba zendawo, nezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini. Ukuqinisa amandla azo, ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwezikhwama ngesikhathi, nokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole (inani lokuhlola umphakathi) kuzokuthuthukisa ukulandisa. Uhulumeni uye wandisa ukusetshenziswa kobukhandi bezenhlalakahle ngaphansi kwe-MGREGA futhi kancane kancane uthuthukisa lomkhuba kwezinye izinqubo.

Isiphetho: NgaseNdiya Elinokulingana Okuthé Xaxa

Izinhlelo zenhlala - kahle ezifuna ukuvelela zezenhlalo zaseNdiya aziwona nje amanetha okuphepha kuphela, kodwa ziyizinkonzo ezikhethekile zokuthuthukisa ukukhula okukhethekile. Ngokuhlanganisa ukusekela okuqondile kweholo, indalo, ukulondeka kokudla, umshuwalense wempilo, indawo yokuhlala, ukufakwa kwezimali, nesizinda sendlela yokuphila, uhulumeni ubeka isisekelo somphakathi lapho wonke umuntu enganikela futhi achume khona. Intuthuko phakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule iye yaba ephawulekayo: amakhulu ezigidi aye asuka ebumpofwini, amandla abesifazane aye aqina, futhi izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zifinyelele emajukujukwini ezwe.

Kodwa uhambo lukude ukuba luphele. Isigaba esilandelayo sokukhula okugcwele sidinga ukubhekana nezinselele eziphikelelayo ngokusungula izinto ezintsha, ubuqotho, nokuzihlela. Ngobuchwepheshe obuzinzisayo, ukwamukela izixazululo zesimo sezulu, nokubeka ezisengozini kakhulu esisekelweni somklamo wezimiso, i-Indiya ingaqhubeka ibeka isibonelo sembulunga yonke sokuthi isizwe esikhulu, esihlukene singafinyelela kanjani intuthuko engashiyi muntu. Izinguquko eziqhubekayo nezinyathelo ezintsha, ezisekelwe ekufuneni okunamandla kwezombangazwe kanye nesidingo somphakathi, zinganikeza indlela ethembisayo eya esikhathini esizayo esiphelele.