Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe onikeza igunya nemithetho emisiwe. Wonke umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, osayinwe nguMongameli, futhi ubukezwe yizinkantolo ulinganiswa ngokumelene nalencwadi eyodwa. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho isishaya-mthetho siphakeme khona, i-U.S. isimiso sesimiso sakhelwe esimisweni sobuzwilandlela obuphakeme bomthetho-mthetho. Akukho mthetho ongama uma uphula umbhalo noma izimiso zomthetho. Lolu hlelo luhlela zonke izigaba zenqubo yomthetho, kusukela ekuhlelweni komthetho wokuqala ukuya ekuhlolweni komthetho womthetho womthetho kuze kube sekuhlolweni kwayo okuwufanele iNkanto ePhakakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mgaqongo ukwenza ukuba kuhlolwe igatsha ngalinye nemithetho egunyazwe yimithetho ebekwe kuwo.

Isisekelo Sokubusa: UMthetho - sisekelo njengoMthetho Ophakeme

UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthombo ongenakuphikwa wegunya elingokomthetho esimisweni sikahulumeni. ISiphakamiso VI, Claus 2, esaziwa ngokuthi iSupremacy Claus, siqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, kanye nemithetho ebekwe ukuba ubambelele kuwo, ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe. Lokhu kusho imithetho yezwe nemithetho yesizwe ayinakuphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, uma umthetho wahulumeni ngokwawo uwumgaqo-mthetho.

I-Pregagery ichaza izinhloso ezinkulu zikahulumeni: ukumisa uMahluleli, ukunikeza i-Inshuwarensience yezezimali zasekhaya, ukunikeza isivikelo sokuzivikela somphakathi, ukukhuthaza i-Welfare, nokuvikela iMibusi yeNkululeko. Nakuba i-Pregesa enganikezi mandla akhethekile, imisa isigaba sefilosofi sendlela imithetho echazwa ngayo. Isimo sencwadi ngokwayo siyisiqondiso sokwenza umthetho. ISiphakamiso semithetho ngokwaso sinikeza umthetho uhulumeni kuMkhandlu, iSiphathiso II sinikeza uMongameli, futhi iSiphathiso II sinikeza amandla owehlulele izinkantolo. Lokhu kwahlukanisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi indikimba efanayo ebhala umthetho ayiwona umthetho owenzisa noma ochaza.

Kubenzi bomthetho, uMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengencwadi yokusebenza. Utshela uKhongolo-mthetho ukuthi udlulise kanjani umthetho (i-bimeralism ne-panence), yintoni[[ [ingadlulisa imithetho mayelana (amandla anamandla anamandla), kanye [izinto [i-FLT] engenakuzenza (iMiba elinjengeSivumelwa-RLLT ye-R). Noma yimuphi ummisi wamalungelo ohlobalula umthetho kumelwe akhombe umthombo wegunya lokuyithethelela.

ISiphakamiso I: Lapho Kuqala Khona Amandla Okushaya Indiva

Igunya lonke lomthetho kahulumeni wombuso lisuka eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo. Ingxenye 1 imane ithi "Wonke Amandla eSishayamthetho agunyazwe lapha abekwe eMkhandlwini we-United States" amagama asebenzayo "agunyaziwe". ISishaya-Mkhandlu siyindikimba yamandla alinganiselwe, ahlelwayo. Ayinawo amandla avamile amaphoyisa afana nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Kunalokho, kumelwe ithole igunya layo kwenye yezigaba ezithile zeSigaba I, isiqephu 8.

Banamandla Futhi Basetshenziswa

Ingxenye 8 iqukethe uhlu lwemibuso engu-18 eqondile. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha intela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezohwebo nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe naphakathi kwemibuso, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, nokunikeza ibutho lemikhumbi yempi. Lena imibuso ehlangene[. Uma uMkhandlu ufuna ukuhlanganisa impikiswano yesizwe, kumelwe ubopha umthetho ohlongozelwe kwenye yalemibuso.

For example, the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act are based on the Commerce Clause, which gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce. The argument is that pollution in one state affects the air and water quality in other states, making it a matter of interstate commerce. Similarly, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was largely upheld by the Supreme Court under the Commerce Clause, finding that discrimination in public accommodations had a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

I - Enjini Yomhlangano: I - Claus Edingekayo Nefanele

Isigaba sokugcina seSigaba 8 sinikeza amandla "Okwenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthatha ukubusa amagunya angenhla." Lena i-Nacillary neFather Claus, futhi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Ellastic Clause. Isisekelo somthetho-mthetho samandla aqondiwe. [umcloch v. Maryland[[FLT] [18:19]] [18]) isungula ukuthi uKhomishano efanelekile ingadala noma yiziphi izindlela ezifanele ukufinyelela izinjongo zayo, uma nje inganqatshelwe umthetho womthetho. Lokhu kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ushintshe izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wesizwe awugunyazigunyazi ibhangemthetho wesizwe, futhi awugunyazi indlela efanele yokulawula iNkalelo nkantolo."

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophawulwe unikeza ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kwendlela ngayinye yalezizigaba eye yachazwa ngayo izinkantolo, isebenza njengekhombo elibalulekile lochwepheshe abangokomthetho abamisa umthetho namuhla.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Somthetho Ozimele

Inqubo yokwenza umqondo wezombangazwe ube umthetho obophayo ilawulwa imithetho ethile engokomthetho eklanyelwe ukunciphisa izinto, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zinqunywa, nokuvimbela isinyathelo esisheshayo.

Ukukhulekela I - biralism Nemvelaphi KaClaus

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 1 ihlukanisa iziKhongolo zibe amagumbi amabili: Indlu yabameleli neSigele. Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule kuzo zombili izingosi ngendlela efanayo. Lena i-badramatism[. Abasunguli babehlose ukuba lokhu kube yisithiyo esinzima. Indlu imelela abantu ngokuqondile, kuyilapho iSigebengu saklanyelwa ekuqaleni ukumelela imibuso.

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa futhi i-Claus e-'FLT' [Incazelo I, Ingxenye 7, u-Clause 1), edinga ukuba zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo zivele eNdlini yabameleli. Lokhu kubonisa isimiso se-"akukho ntela ngaphandle kokumelelwa," ukunikeza igumbi seduze kakhulu nabantu amazwi okuqala enkambisweni yentela. ISigele singahlosa ukubuyiselwa kwemali enkokhelweni, kodwa ngeke iqale.

Ukudla Namandla E - Veto

Ngemva kokuba isikweleti sidlulise kokubili iNdlu neSigeqe, sinikezwa uMongameli. Ingxenye I, iSiqeshana 7 iveza izinketho. UMongameli angasayina isikhokhelo emthethweni. Uma uMongameli engasivumeli, lesi sikweletu sibuyiselwa eSivumelwaneni ngomyalezo weveto. UKhongolo lungadlulisa leli halo nenani eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlini.

Kukhona futhi "i-pocket inveto" uma uMongameli engasayini noma aphindiseli isikweleti phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule) lapho uMkhandlu ukhona, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba umthetho. Nokho, uma uMkhandlu uvimbela ukubuya komthetho phakathi naleyo nkathi yosuku lweshumi, isigwebo asiwubeki umthetho. Le nqubo iphoqelela ukuba kube nempikiswano eqondile phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho nesikhulu phezu komthetho.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kwalenqubo

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziyohlola ukuthi inqubo yokushaya umthetho iyavumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yezwa amacala ephikisana ngokuthi uKhongolose udlulise umthetho ofanayo yini emagumbini womabili. Clinton v. City of New York[ [1998], iNkantolo yabulala i-Line Intete Veto Act ngoba yavumela uMongameli ukuba acishe izingxenye zomthetho, into engenakugunyaziswa nguMthetho womthetho.

Isihloko III Namandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyiniki ngokuqondile iNkantolo Ephakeme amandla okushaya imithetho. Nokho, isimo soMthetho-sisekelo kanye nokufaneleka komsebenzi wokwahlulela kwabangela amandla okubukeza okusemthethweni. Lena indlela imithetho evivinywa ngayo ngokumelene noMthetho-sisekelo ngemva kokuba imisiwe.

Marbury v. Madison nesisekelo sokubukeza

Kuwo wonke amacala kuMadison, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall wamisa isimiso sokuthi "kugcizelela isifundazwe nomsebenzi womnyango wokwahlulela ukuba usho ukuthi umthetho uyini." INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme nokuthi noma yimuphi umthetho owenyanyekayo kuMthetho-sisekelo uyize. Lesinqumo sanikeza i-judicary ihlola elinamandla egatsheni lomthetho. Namuhla, lapho umthetho ubekelwe inseleleka njengongawukhonzile, uhulumeni kumelwe uwuvikele ngokubonisa isisekelo noma isithakazelo esishukumisayo, kuye ngamalungelo ahilelekile. Umbhalo ogcwele nomsindo [FLT:] v.[FLY]

Izincazelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze enze futhi ahlaziye imithetho ixhomeke kakhulu kuyifilosofi echazayo yabahluleli nabenzi bomthetho abahilelekile.

  • UbuOriginalist:[ Lombono usekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yasekuqaleni yombhalo wawo ngesikhathi ugunyaziwe. Imithetho ehlanganisa incazelo yamagama afana "ummerce" noma "edingekile" izakushaywa amajaji akuqala.
  • I-alticism:[ Isondelene no-iformism, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kugxila kakhulu ekuqondeni okucacile komthetho-mthetho noma umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Ayikhathazeki kakhulu ngenhloso yabasunguli futhi kakhulu kunalokho umuntu onengqondo angaqonda amagama aqonde ukuthi asho ukuthini.
  • I-Constitutionism ephilayo (Pragmaticism): Lendlela iphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi evumelana nezimo eguquka nomphakathi. Umsunguli womthetho-sisekelo ophilayo angachaza izisho ezibanzi njenge "isijeziso esingavamile" noma "inqubo yokuqala" ngokukhanyiselwa kwezindinganiso zamanje nezimo.

ISishaya - mthetho esilawulwa ifilosofi ethile singase silindele ukuba kusekelwe imithetho, bese siphoqelelwa enkantolo elandela indlela yefilosofi ehlukile.

Izinqubo Zokunqanda Imithetho Engekho

Uma inkantolo ithola umthetho ongekho emthethweni, ingakhipha umyalo ovimbela ukugcinwa kwawo. Umthetho ungenalutho i-initio (kusukela ekuqaleni) noma unqanyulwe ukuze izingxenye zomthetho-sisekelo zihlale zikhona kuyilapho amalungiselelo angekho ngokwemithetho emisiwe esuswa. Uhulumeni uboshelwa kulemithetho. Uma igatsha lomthetho liphikisana nencazelo yomthetho, linezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukusikisela ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (i-activementment (i-Actle V) noma ukudlulisa umthetho omusha othinta amaphutha avezwa inkantolo.

Itshe Elivundlile: Imininingwane Iyahlola Futhi Ilinganiselwe

UMthetho-sisekelo awugcini nje ngokuhlukanisa; uzihlanganisa ngokwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingamelana nokungezwa ezinye. Lesimiso amasheke nezilinganiso [ sibaluleke kakhulu endleleni uhulumeni akha ngayo imithetho futhi ayenze ngayo.

Iseluleko Nokuvumelana

UMongameli unamandla okwenza izivumelwano futhi amise amanxusa, amajaji ombuso, nezikhulu zekhabethe. Nokho, iSiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesibili sifuna ukuba uMongameli afune "Isivumelwano nesivumelwano" seSigele. Ukuqapha okungaphezulu kakhulu okungama-35 kuyadingeka ukuze kwenziwe izivumelwano, futhi iningi lidingeka ekumiseni. Lokhu kunikeza iSigele iphi izwi eliqondile ekulolongeni igatsha lesikhulu nejaji likahulumeni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke agcwalise uhulumeni ngama-gadale.

Ukuzikhohlisa: Ikhambi Elikhulu

ISiphakamiso II, iSigaba 4 sithi uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States zingasuswa ezikhundleni ngokungagunyazi, nokuvunyelwa, ukubhucungwa, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme. Indlu inamandla okuphela kokungagunyazi (ukuletha amacala), futhi iSigebengu sinamandla okuphela okuzama ukujezisa. Lena inqubo eqondile yegatsha lomthetho womthetho yokuphoqelela amaphoyisa aphethe namagatsha enkantolo.

Amandla Okuthenga

ISiphakamiso I, isiqephu 9 sithi "Ayikho imali eyokotshwa kuTsheya, kodwa e-Consational of Appropriation enziwa nguMthetho". Umthetho ulawula uhlelo lokuhlela. Asikho isenzo sokuphatha esingaxhaswa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Lokhu kungezinye zezihlolo eziphumelela kakhulu isishaya-mthetho esinazo phezu kwesikhulu. Uma uMkhandlu uphikisana nendlela umthetho ofakwa ngayo, ungamane wenqabe imali efanele ukuze usebenze. Lo mbuso uphoqeqe ukuba uqhube isikhulu neSishaya-Mkhandlu.

IScread Ethe Njó: IFederalism NeSichibiyelo Seshumi

Ngalé kokuhlola okuqondile phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo udala ukwahlukana okunganqamukiyo kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezwe. Isichibiyelo se-10 [ sisho ngokucacile: "Imibuso engaphathiswanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma inqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelanayo, noma kubantu."

Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe awunakuyala izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukuba zidlulise noma ziphoqelele imithetho kahulumeni. Ukushintshwa kwe-United States (1997), iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya ingxenye yeBrady Handgun Leagn Prevention Act ngoba yayifuna izikhulu zezwelonke nezisebenzi zomthetho ukuba ziqondise isizinda sesizinda somthetho. Inkantolo yabambelela ekutheni lokhu kwephule iSichibiyelo seshumi ngokuyalela izikhulu zikahulumeni. I-United States ine "igunya lezempatho" ekwandiseni izindaba zempilo, inhlalakahle, inhlalakahle, nesimilo. Umthetho womthetho wezemthetho, umthetho wendawo, umthetho, nesivumelwano womthetho umthetho, hhayi umthetho wesizwe. Abaphathi be-Congresstyry kumelwe baqaphele ukuba bangene ezindaweni ezivamile ngaphandle kokuba babonise amandla amasiko, ngaphandle kokuba babonise amandla abekwe amasiko abekwe njengezentengo yezentengo yezentengiso.

Amacala Anamuhla Avivinyayo: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho - sisekelo Emigatsheni Emisha

Umthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa ngekhulu le-18, kodwa uhulumeni kumelwe awusebenzise ezinkingeni zamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Lokhu kudala izinselele ezinkulu enqubweni yokwenza imithetho.

Imithetho yezentengiselwano u-Claus e-Digital: ixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni umsebenzi ukhona yini "ezentengiselwano zezwe" ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo inqume ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungazifuna ukuba abadayisi be-Internet baqoqe intela uma benenzuzo engokomnotho ezweni ([] South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., 2018],. Imithetho ehlela imicimbi yezemkhalo-mkhakhakha kumele iqinisekise ukuthi imithetho yabo ifanele ihambisane nemithetho ephakathi kwemingcele yezentengo zika-Claus noma enye i-Calciocle.

[[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli sonyaka ne-International Surveillance: Ikhono likahulumeni lokuqoqa ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe liye laphakamisa imibuzo ngesivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Ku-[FLT] i-Carpartent v. United States [2018], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni udinga isiqinisekiso sokufinyelela indawo yocingo yomlando womuntu, ngisho noma ukwaziswa kwakunakekelwe yilungu lesithathu. Lesinqumo sithinta ngokuqondile ukugcinwa komthetho nomthetho wesizwe, idinga imithetho yezemisebenzi ehlobana nalemithetho ethinta lezi zikhungozomthetho.

I-Article V ne-Formantal Change:[ Uma uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ubhekwa njengonganele ukuxazulula inkinga yesimanje, inqubo yokulungisa i-Agament V engokomthetho ingasetshenziswa. Nokho, lenqubo inzima kakhulu, idinga amavoti amabili-mitha-ntathu kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu nokwandiswa ngezingxenye ezintathu zezifunda zamazwe. Ngenxa yalenkinga, uhulumeni uncike kakhulu encazelweni yokwahlulela nasemithethweni emisha ukuze uvumelanise uhlakani olukhona lwemithetho yemithetho eyisisekelo amaqiniso amasha.

Ubuhlobo Obuqhubekayo

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona insalela engathi shicilele. Uhulumeni usebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengenkemba nesihlangu esiyisisekelo sombuso. Zonke iziphakamiso ezibekwe eNdlu, zonke izinqumo ezikhishwa igatsha eliphetheyo, futhi zonke izinqumo ezikhishwa yijaji, kumelwe zibuye zibuye zilandelelwe emuva kumalungiselelo awo. Uhulumeni usebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengenkemba nesivikelo esiqinile, futhi njengomthombo wamandla okwenza futhi umngcele olawulwa yimingcele. Wonke umthetho uyinqubo esetshenziswa ngokulandelana komthetho womthetho womthetho. Ukusuka egumbini lekomiti ukuya ebhentshini leNkanto ePhakakhulu, umbuzo uhlale ufana: Ingabe lo mthetho uvumelana nomthetho ophakeme wezwe? Impendulo inquma ukuthi inhloso yezombangazwe iba yinto engokomthetho. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukubusa kwaseMelika, i-Constituple i-consternal production; i-gamgamgamgam, futhi i-modul, i-mememe.