Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni siyisisekelo semfundiso engokomthetho evimbela ukumangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yayo. Ithathwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nanye ukuya eMthethweni we-U.S., lesi simiso sinemiphumela emikhulu emikhankasweni yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yomphakathi, amabhuloho, izimiso zamanzi, izakhiwo zomphakathi, kanye nezimiso zokuthutha. Lapho kuphakama izingxabano ngalemisebenzi, izimo zezinga lokuvikela ezizimele ezingabangela ukumangalelwa, okumelene nobani, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Ukuqonda lemfundiso kubalulekile kubenzi bezempathiwe, onjiniyela, nochwepheshe, nochwepheshe bezomthetho abaqondisa indawo yezemisebenzi yomphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokuhlangana KoMbusi Kahulumeni

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nenye seZwe, esagunyazwa ngo-1795, siyanikeza: “Nakuba amandla okwahlulela e-United States engeke athathwe njengadlulisela noma yisiphi isimiso somthetho noma sokulunga, aqala noma amangalelwe omunye wase-United States yi-Citizens of the State, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZiquator noma iZinganiso zanoma yisiphi iZwe Langaphandle.” Nakuba umbhalo ubonakala uwumngcingo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yawuchaza ukuba uhlanganise isimiso esibanzi: imingcele enkantolo yangasese enkantolo yombuso ngaphandle kokuba ivume ukuqulwa noma ukuvinjelwa okungokomthetho okugunyaziwe. Lokhu kumelana nokuvikelwa kwezimiso kudlulela ezinhlanganweni nakunoma yisiphi isifundazwe.

Lemfundiso inemisuka ejulile emthetho wesiNgisi ovamile, lapho uHulumeni ungenakuquliswa khona ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Abakhi bathwala lomqondo ehlelweni lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, bewubheka njengobalulekile ukulondoloza isithunzi nokuqina kwemithetho yohulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yacwenganisa imfundiso ezicabeni zengqondweni zezwe njengaye Hans v. Louisiana [1890], eyayithi ibambelele ukuthi iso sokuzivikela ezihlahleni zezakhamuzi zayo kanye nezingamelekile, futhi ... Solomonlev yeFlorida[FLT].[FLT] [196] [196], okuyimics ikhono leMinglesston kulelo lwezigelemoult (ibulungu elingaphansi kwe-Grounithi Ize-Genethi.)

Indlela Ukungavumelani OkunguMbusi Okuthinta Ngayo Ukufundiswa Umphakathi

Imisebenzi yezensekelo yomphakathi iyinto engokwemvelo ebangela ukudideka. Ukuxabana kungavela ngokuphuka kwesivumelwano (umz., umbuso awukwazi ukukhokhela umakhi), ukulimala komuntu siqu (umz., umgwaqo onganakekelwa kahle ubangela ingozi), ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile (umz., iprojekthi wokwakha ungcolisa amaxhaphozi aseduze), noma izimpikiswano ezivelele. Esimweni ngasinye, ukuvikela kombuso kungavimbela ukungena kwesikhulu enkantolo yombuso, kubaphoqelele ukuba siphishekele ikhambi enkantolo yombuso, lapho uhulumeni ungafaka khona ukuzivikela komzimba (noma imibandela) ezindaweni zokuphatha.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Uma umakhi ozimele esayina izivumelwano nomnyango wezokuthutha kahulumeni ukuze akhe ibhuloho, isivumelwano singaba ngaphansi kokuzivikela kobubusi. Uma uhulumeni uphula isivumelwano, uma umakhi akanakumane amangalelwe enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uvimbele ukuvinjelwa kwawo esivumelwaneni noma ngomthetho kahulumeni. Izizwe eziningi zifuna ukuba abakhi bavume ukuvuma ukuqulwa kwesinqumo sokuqondisa noma ukumangalelwa enkantolo yezwe ngokwayo. Lokhu kunganqikaza futhi kwandise izindleko zezinhlangano ezizimele ezisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izinkulumo Ezishoyo

Uma isakhamuzi silinyazwe uphawu oluwayo esakhiweni sikahulumeni noma engozini yemoto ngenxa yomgwaqo kahulumeni olondoloziwe, ukuzivikela kombuso kungavimbela ukumangalelwa okuqondile esifundazweni. I-Federal Tort Initiess Act (FTCA) ayisebenzisi kuhulumeni; kunalokho, isifunda ngasinye sinezenzo zaso zokuzisholo ezingase zivikeleke ngokwemingcele ethile. Nokho, lezizimiso zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zidinga ukuqaphela ukuthi singazifaka phakathi kwe-frames, imbubhiso yecala, futhi sikhiphe izimpawu ezithile (umk., izinqumo ezihlakaniphile).

Izinselele Zendawo Ezungezile Nezokuqondisa

Amaqembu endawo ezungezile noma abenezindawo ezizungezile ezingase zibeke inselele kumsebenzi wesisekelo kahulumeni wokwephula imithetho yendawo ezungezile. Ukugonyelwa kombuso akuwafaki amasudi ezisebenzi zikahulumeni ekhonweni lawo elingokomthetho lokukhululeka okungalawuleki ngaphansi kwemfundiso emisiwe expace Young[ [1908]. Lokhu kugobeka kuvumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zidlulise izikhulu zesifundazwe ezingavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho noma eziphula imithetho engokomthetho, kodwa akuvumeli ukuba zifune ukulahlekelwa imali kuzwe ngokwako. Njengomphumela, izikhalo kumelwe zicophelele ekukhanseleni izikhulu ezihlaselayo futhi zifune ukukhululeka okungakho.

Isihluthulelo Esiya Embusweni Wobukhosi

Naphezu kokufinyelela kwayo kabanzi, ukuzivikela kombuso wobuso akuphelele. Izinga elithile elingaziwa livumela ukumangalelwa kwezindawo ezimelene nezindawo ezisenkantolo kahulumeni, ngalinye elinemiphumela ephawulekayo yokukhishwa kwesisekelo sesisekelo sesisekelo.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngaphansi kweSikhawulo 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iSishaya-mthetho sombuso singavikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni esubeni elisho ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Imoto evame kakhulu ngu-42 U.S.C. .1998, evumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zimangalelwe izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa yengozi nenkululeko yokungaphuki lapho lezozikhulu ziphula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho noma asemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isakhiwo sombuso sokwakha imigwaqo sicwasa ngamabomu ngokumelene nomphakathi omncane weSikhungo sikaClasse, izakhamuzi zingaseshwa izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokwawo. Nokho, isudi elimelene nombuso ngokwawo (njengobalwa nezikhulu) lingasevinjelwe ngaphandle kokuba umthetho owenzile.

I - REPS Iveza Ukungafi Kwabantu

I-odocter ingavuma ngokuzithandela ukuquliswa. Imvume enjalo kumelwe icace futhi icace. Iningi lisho ukuthi igomela ngokulandelana kwezenzo eziqondile, njengasezivumelwaneni ezihlanganisa izinombolo zokukhetha i-yum, noma ngokuhlanganyela ezimisweni ezinikeza imvume yokuvumelana. Abathuthukisi abakhi ngokuvamile baxoxa nabaphangi abanjalo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi bayoba nosuku enkantolo uma kuphakama izingxabano. Abakwanga bangakhetha phakathi kwezivumelwano ezihlanganisa i-fram-algion, noma ngokuhlanganyela ezinhlelweni ezingokomthetho ezifuna ukuvunyelwana.

Ukuzikhukhumeza Kwenhlangano Ngaphansi Kwegunya Elifanele

Isishaya-mthetho futhi singasusa izikhundla ezivikelayo lapho simisa umthetho ngaphansi kwegunya lazo lokuphoqelela, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweSiphendulo seshumi nane. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMelika anomthetho wokukhubazeka, ubandlululo lweNkathi eMsebenzi, kanye neSihloko se-Cuvil Rights Act konke kuye kwasekelwa njengokuvumelana okusemthethweni emongweni othile. Ezinhlanganweni, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukucwaswa kobukhubazeka komphakathi emikhankasweni yokuthutha noma ukucwaswa kweminyaka yobudala emsebenzini kahulumeni kungaqhubekela kumbuso naphezu kwesimiso somthetho. Nokho, iSishayamthetho singakwazi ukuvikela izikhali ngokusebenzisa iSiphakamiso I (umz. Clast Claus) njengendlela emisiwe [FLD:] [FLT] [FLD][FLT]]

Isuti elimelene namanxusa kahulumeni: Ex ngxenye yentsha

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ex e Young ivumela abaphethe izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba badlulise icala ukuze baqede ukuphulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elibucayi lamalungelo emvelo nawomphakathi ahilela isisekelo sesisekelo sezemvelo. Isibonelo, uma uhulumeni wakha idamu ngokwephula umthetho we-Gate Water Act, iqembu lendawo ezungezile lingase lifake umqondisi wenhlangano yezemvelo ukuba avimbele ukwakhiwa. Ukumangalela kubhekwa njengokumelene nesikhulu, hhayi isimo, ngakho ukuzivikela akusebenzi. Nokho, noma imuphi umonakalo owenziwe isikhulu noma uhulumeni kumelwe ukhokhe uma uvuma ngokuzithandela.

Izinkinga Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuzijwayeza

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kokuzivikela kombuso nesisekelo somphakathi kwenza ukuba kube nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi esingokomthetho okumelwe abaphethe baqondise ngaso. Abaphathi bezomthetho, abafaki besivumelwano, nabaphathi bezakhiwo bonke kudingeka baqaphele ukuthi ukuvikeleka kuyolithinta kanjani ikhambi lempikiswano necala.

Amasu Okuphoqelela

Uma kuqalwa izithiyo zokumangalela isifundazwe, izigebengu zomuntu siqu kufanele zihlanganise izimemezelo ezicacile ezisezivumelwaneni zabo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho egunyaza izinhlangano zazo ukuba zivume ukuvumelana nemingcele ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango wezohambo kahulumeni ungase uvume ukukhipha izimpikiswano zesivumelwano sokubopha ukubopha inkantolo emisiwe nenqaba yokuvikela ubukhosi. Ngaphandle komquluko onjalo, umakhiqize, uhulumeni angase alinganiselwe ekutholeni ikhampathi yezindlela zokulawula noma kungase kudingeke athembele kuwe kuwe-ampemper, inkantolo ethandabuza ukuthola.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphikisana nombuso kuvame ukucindezelwa, inqumbi yempikiswano ehlukile (ADR) izinqubo zokwenza izivumelwano, ukuhlanganisa, nokuthatha izicathulo ezincane . kwaye kwandile ezivumelwaneni zomphakathi zezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. I-ADR ingashesha, ingabizi kakhulu, futhi ingabizi kakhulu kunemithetho yenkantolo. Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna noma zikhuthaze i-ADR ezimpikiswaneni ezivela ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Federal Highway Ad Ad Ad AdSMministration iseke kudala i-ADR yemisebenzi yombuso esekelwe imvume yombuso egunyazwe, futhi imibuso eminingi iye yamukela izimiso ezifanayo. Abaxhasi be-Contratertars kufanele baqaphele lezi zimfuneko futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izigijikelezo zesinqumo zicacile futhi ziyagcinwa.

Umthetho Nomthetho Olawulayo

Kuzo izinhlangano ezivame ukusebenzelana nohulumeni bezwe — njengamaqembu okwakha, izinto zokusebenza zikamasipala, noma inzuzo yendawo ezungezile − ukusekela izinguquko zemithetho ezilinganisela ukuvikela uhulumeni ezindaweni ezithile kungaba ngcono. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamisa ukunqanda izivumelwano kodwa ezigciniwe ezivikelayo zokulwa nezifo; ezinye ziye zasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile zezinkulumo ezisingatha izimpikiswano zezesisekelo. Ukuqonda indawo yezombangazwe nokusebenza nemithetho kahulumeni yokulungisa imithetho yokuvikela ukunqanda ukunqandwa kwemithetho kunganciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho kuwo wonke amaqembu ahilelekile.

Imikhuba Nentuthuko Yamuva

Umthetho wobubusi wokuzivikela uyaqhubeka uguqula izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezenzo zikahulumeni zokushaya umthetho. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo iye yacacisa izici eziningana ezihlobene nesisekelo sesisekelo.

Tores v. Department of Public Safety Icala

.Texas Department of Public Safety [202]), iNkantolo ePhakeme yagomela ukuthi awenakuzimela ukuzivikela kombuso lapho ehlanganyela ngokuzithandela ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezihlanganisa inkulumo ecacile yokuvikela imfuno. Icala lihilela usosha owamangalewe wamacala eTexas wezentel Securety of Public Safety ngenxa yokukhetha kabusha umsebenzi ngaphansi kwezentengo ye-Rective Ressionment Reamentmentment Reament Rights Act (URRA). Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi uma uhulumeni wamukela izimali ze-oral provitionss noma izinzuzo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokuvision Act (UST) i-Acts Act, isho ukuthi izimo ezicacileyo ezisekelayo ezingokomthetho zenkantolo zokuviniza imvume. Inkantolo ishoshosho kahulumeni ukuthi: isimiso semithetho sisebenza ngokuqondile ukuthi: izimali zezindawo ze-migeomgeo yomphakathi sigunyaza i-Foctive

Izwe Iwaivers Nemikhumbi - mkhathi Yomphakathi

Izivumelwano zomphakathi zomphakathi (o-P3) zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusekeleni izakhiwo ezinkulu zezemfundo. La malungiselelo avame ukuhlanganisa ukwabiwa kwezingozi eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nonobangela wokungahleleki, ukulibala, nokungasebenzi. Ukuze akhange umbambeli womuntu siqu, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yokuthi isivikelo esincane sokuzivikela kweP3 yemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imithetho iyakuvimbela ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano noma ukuvikelwa kwe-tort okuvela ezivumelwaneni zeP3, ingaphansi kwezikhonkwane. Abanye badinga ukuba umngane womuntu siqu alondoloze umshuwalenselense futhi aqinisekise isifundazwe. Izinhlangano zomthetho ezizimele kufanele zithathe intshiseko efanelekile ngesimiso sokuvikela isakhiwo lapho umsebenzi ukhona, njengoba izinga lokuvikela kwesivumelwano kungafani kakhulu ukusuka esizweni kuya esimweni.

Izinkulumo Zokudlala Amathoyizi EziwuFederal Nokungahlangani KoMbuso

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ukuzivikela kombuso ngokusemthethweni kwesimiso sombuso sokuvikela izikhali zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-FTCA. Nakuba i-FTCA iwuvikela ukuziphatha kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni okunganaki, ayisebenzi kuhulumeni. Nokho, lapho imibuso isebenzisa izakhiwo ezixhaswa uhulumeni zokwenza izakhiwo ezihlukene ngokomthetho zokwenza imigwaqo emikhulu noma izimiso zokuthutha eziningi. Umbuzo wokuthi isiphi isivikelo somthetho sokuzivikela esisemthethweni esingasetshenziswa. Uma uma uma umakhi efaka uhulumeni ewusekela uhulumeni ngenxa yokunganaki emsebenzini oxhaswe yizwe, umbuso ungaqinisa isivikelo sobukhosi ngaphansi kweNguquko ye-Premitempleteth. Ikhathiso lendlu ngoko ixhomeke emthetho nakuvumelana kwesivumelwano sikahulumeni. Imvume yamuva ihlola ukuthi ingasetshenziswa yini ngaphansi kwe-Gocleast Acts of Water Acts, futhi ingenza ilungiselelo elivamile [FFoct:[0] i-FFoct:[1] i-Foctived .[2]

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kwabagibeli

Uma kucatshangelwa ubunkimbinkimbi besimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni, amaqembu ahilelekile emisebenzini yezemisebenzi yomphakathi kufanele athathe izinyathelo eziphambili zokunciphisa ingozi yokusebenzisa imishini. Amasu alandelayo atuswa kubenzi bezakhiwo, amaqembu okwakha abaklami, nabaxhasi bemisebenzi:

  • [ I-Negotiate iveza izinsalela kuzo zonke izivumelwano nenhlangano kahulumeni. Umkhohlisi kufanele achaze ubukhulu bemvume (umz., yiziphi izinkantolo, izinhlobo, iziphakamiso zomonakalo) futhi kufanele zibhalwe phansi.
  • faka amalungiselelo e-ADR abophekile amisa inqubo ecacile yokukhipha noma ukuhlanganisa, kanye namalungiselelo okuvimbela ukugcinwa kwemiklomelo eyenzekayo.
  • Izinguquko ze-contior state tracts emazingeni ezwe nakuhulumeni. Njengoba kuboniwe ku Trores, uKhongolo lungahlela ukuxhasa kwezimali zikahulumeni ezinhlangothini ze-ivolution. Amazwe futhi ngezikhathi ezithile abukeza izenzo nemithetho yesivumelwano.
  • Amacala angokomthetho amelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni kunokuba kufuneke ukukhululeka okungenayo. Amachalaza kufanele asho izikhulu ngazinye ezisebusweni bawo futhi aqhubeke ephulwa umthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho-mthetho.
  • Cabangela i-forum. [inkantolo kahulumeni] lapho ingatholakali, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukujwayelana kakhulu nemithetho yazo yokuzivikela yobuso. Ukuqonda inkantolo kahulumeni yeziphakamiso noma inqubo yokuphatha kunganikeza enye indlela engcono.

Isiphetho

Ukuzivikela kombuso akusona isithiyo esiqinile kodwa imfundiso eshukumisayo ehlangene nesigaba ngasinye sokuthuthuka kwezezisekelo zomphakathi. Kusukela ekwakheni ukuphikisana nesinqumo, ikhono lokumangalela umbuso (noma ukuntuleka kwawo) kuthinta izingozi zeprojekthi. Ngokuqonda iSichibiyelo seSiphendulo seshumi Nenye seMinyaka Enye, ukuhlukana okukhulu (amalungelo esizwe, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa ingqungqungquthela, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, [[FLL:0]] ingxebe yesigaba ), futhi izinqubo zamuva zokwahlulela zithinta izingozi nemiphumela, izigwebo, zingahamba kangcono endaweni engokomthetho. Njengoba ukuhlanganisa komphakathi nokutshala imali okusemthethweni kukhula, ukubaluleka kobukhomamende obuphethe umbuso kuyokhula kuphela. Iseluleko somthetho, umphathi wezomthetho, nezimiso zezimiso zezokusebenza kanye nezimiso zemisebenzi yezomthetho, nokuphatha izivumelwano lapho kubekwa khona ukuphatha okunga.

Kulabo abafuna imininingwane eyengeziwe, imithombo enegunya ihlanganisa i-Cornell Legal Information Institute yokucazulula kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye , umbiko weNkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congregational Paramente yoMnyango weSizwe I-Immuny kanye neSimemezelo seshumi nanye , kanye nemibono yamuva yeNkathi Ephakeme yeNkantolo enjenge [[FLT:] Testas v. Umnyango we-Provicence we-Uthetic Safety .]. Atnoysss khethekile ekusebenziseni isivumelwano somthetho womphakathi kufanele kuhlole futhi imithetho eqondileyo nezomthetho, njengoba imfundiso yokuvikela ingahluka kakhulu emagunjini ombuso.