Table of Contents

Ukuguqula amabalazwe kuyimingcele yesifunda esikhethayo ukuze kutholwe iqembu elithile lezombangazwe. Lomkhuba uye waba usongo olubaluleke kakhulu lokumelela ngokulunga idemokrasi yaseMelika, ngokuyisisekelo ushintsha indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo emandleni ezombangazwe. Uma amabalazwe eqondiswa, abezombangazwe nabavoti abanamandla bakhetha abavoti esikhundleni sokukhetha abezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela ukuvota okusebenza, ithonya lako emiphakathini, kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo ukuwasebenzisa kubalulekile kubo bonke abavoti abafuna ukuvikela ubuqotho bokhetho lwentando yeningi.

Yini Ebangelwa Umdlavuza Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

Njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, isho ukudweba imingcele yezigodi ze-converation ne-operations ukuze kuboniswe izinguquko zenani labantu, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvuselelwa kwenani labantu. Nakuba le nqubo idingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abamelelwa ngokushintsha kwemiphakathi, futhi idala amathuba okusebenzisa izombangazwe. Igama elithi "gerrymaning" laqala ngo-1812 lapho uMbusi we-Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina incwadi ehlanganisa isifunda esifana nesalamandela, iholele abagxeki ukuba baqambe igama elithi "Gerry-mander".

Ukuvuleka kuyithuba lalabo abalawula lenqubo ukuba bafake amabalazwe ukuze bathande abanye abazofuna ukubhapathizwa noma amaqembu ezombangazwe, umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymaning ehlukanisayo. Ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho silawula inqubo yokulungisa i-redifirection, okusho ukuthi iqembu elisebukhulwini lingadweba amabalazwe abenza bazuze eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo. Lokhu kudala impi eyinhloko yesithakazelo lapho abezombangazwe bekhetha abavoti babo kunokuba bakhethe abamele abameleli babo.

Imiphumela yokuzihlela idlulela ngalé kwemiphumela yokukhetha. Ukukhomba i-partisan kungenza okungaphezulu kunokuphazamisa ukumelelwa kwe-congress. Kululaza inkolelo yokuthi ukukhetha kulungile, isisekelo sokufaneleka kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi imiphumela ekhethiwe inqunyelwe kusengaphambili ngokusetshenziswa kwebalazwe kunokukhethwa yibo abavoti, kuqeda ukwethemba kuso sonke isimiso sobudemokrasi.

Indlela Ukusonta Kwezilomo Okuletha Ngayo Imiphumela Yokukhetha

Amandla okuhlela ama-skew okhetho awanakuchazwa ngokudlulele. Umphumela uwehla, ungameleki amabalazwe lapho imiphumela yabavoti iqinisekiswa khona, ngisho nalapho abavoti bekhetha ukuvota ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iqembu elidweba amabalazwe lingase likwazi ngisho nokuzuza izihlalo eziningi ngisho nakuba lizuza idlanzana levoti.

IBrennan Center ilinganisela ukuthi lokhu kulawula kuyokwenza amaRepublica athole inzuzo yezihlalo zezindlu ezingu - 16 emncintiswaneni wama - 2024 ukuze alawule uMkhandlu uma kuqhathaniswa namabalazwe alungile. Lenzuzo inganquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu alawula iNdlu yabameleli, athinta yonke into kusukela emthethweni kuya ezabelweni zamakomiti ukuya ekwabelweni kwemithwalo yemfanelo.

I-North Carolina inikeza esinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zethonya le-gerrymaningering. Ngaphansi kwebalazwe elidwetshwe yinkantolo, i-North Carolinian yakhetha iDemocrates eziyisikhombisa namaRepublicans kuma 2022. Lo shintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeka naphezu kwezinguquko ezimbalwa ekukhetheni kwe-gerrymander, iRepublicans redw ibalazwe, esikhundleni semephu elikhethekile likamphathi 7-8-7-ibalazwe ngebalazwe elidwetshwe ngokwemithetho elikhethe i-10 Republics kanye ne-4 Democrats ngo-2024. Lo shintsho oluphawulekayo lwenzeke naphezu koshintsho oluncane ekukhetheni kwevoti yezindawo, kubonisa indlela imigqa yesigodi iyodwa enganquma ngayo imiphumela yokhetho.

Ngo-2024, abasekeli beNyakatho Carolina Democrates bawina amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu - 46 amavoti emijaho ehlangene (ngemva kokujwayela izinhlanga ezingaphikiswa), kodwa amaphesenti angu - 29 kuphela ezihlalo zobuhlanga. Lokhu kungafani okukhulu phakathi kwesabelo sokuvota nokuhlelwa kwesihlalo kubonisa ukungalungi okuyisisekelo okudalwa yisigebengu.

Ukwakheka Kwezinhlayiya Eziphephile Nokuncintisana Okuncishisiwe

Inhloso kaGerrymandering iwukunciphisa ukuncintisana ngokuvikela izihlalo ezisuka ekushintsheni kombono wabavoti, ukushintshela amandla emiphakathini enciphileyo, futhi inciphise isilinganiso somdlandla, ngaleyo ndlela kubikezelwa ukuthi izikhulu zikagesi ziyantengantenga. Uma izifunda ziklanyelwa ukuba zingancintisani, ukukhetha kwangempela kwenzeka emincintiswaneni eyinhloko ephansi kunakukhetha okuvamile.

I-Gerrymandering ehlela iziteshi ngokuklama, iguqula okhetho oluvamile lube "ezilondekile" nokushintsha ukulandisa ezihlalweni ezimngcingo. Lapho izifundakazi ziklanyelwa ukuba zingaphazamisi ngoNovember, umncintiswano onqumayo uhamba uhambe uhambele ezingeni eliphansi, lapho abameleli abancane, abancane, abambalwa, bahlela umphumela. Lokhu kunciphisa isikhuthazo sokuba izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphendulele ezinhlalweni ezinhlalweni ezivumelayo futhi zikhuthaze ukuba zanelise izakhi ezisezinzile zazo.

Ukwehla kwezigodi ezincintisanayo kunemiphumela enzima yokubusa. Uma abameleli bengenaso isisongelo esingokoqobo sokulahlekelwa izihlalo zabo okhethweni oluvamile, abanaso isisusa sokuhlehla, sokusebenza ezindaweni ezisemgceni, noma sokusabela ezinkathazweni ezihlangene. Lokhu kunezela ekuncipheni kwezindawo kanye nasekufuneni imithetho.

Umphumela Obhubhisayo Emiphakathini

I-Gerrymandering ayithinti nje kuphela imiphumela yokhetho − ngokuyisisekelo ilulaza ukumelelwa komphakathi namandla ezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi ezinezithakazelo, izinkathazo, kanye nezimpawu ezihlukene ngamabomu noma eziqiniswayo ukuze zinciphise amandla azo okuvota.

Ukuqedwa Kwamandla Amancane Ashukumisayo

Imiphakathi empofu nemiphakathi enemibala empofu ithonywa kakhulu ukuxokozela, futhi ngenxa yalokho, amandla ayo ezombangazwe ayahlanekezelwa. Lokhu kwenzeka kokubili ngokuzitika kwezinhlanga nezinhlangothi, ngokuvamile okuhambisana nakho.

Izindawo zokuvota ezihlukene ngokwezinhlanga, ikakhulukazi ezizweni zaseningizimu, zisho ukuthi ukuhlukanisa noma ukupakisha imiphakathi yemibala kungaba ithuluzi eliphumelelayo uma kuyisisulu sokudala izinzuzo zeqembu elilawula ukudonsa ibala. Nakuba iVoting Rights Act ka-65 yaklanyelwa ukuvimbela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuhlobiseni, izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zanciphisa lezisivikelo, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba amazwe adwebe amabalazwe alula ukudweba amabalazwe alula amandla okuvota ngaphansi kokucabangela i-transcheme.

Ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga nobandlululo kwakha izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zokucwasa. Ezizweni nasezindaweni ezizungeze izwe, ukuhlukanisa okungenalutho kuyasetshenziswa kakhulu njengezaba zamabalazwe anciphisa amandla okuvota emiphakathi yesizwe ekhula ngokushesha. Lokhu kuvumela abadwebi bebalazwe ukuba bafinyelele ukucwaswa kohlanga kuyilapho befuna izisusa zabo bangabanhlobo.

Ukugqashula Emphakathini Othakazelisayo

Ngaphandle kokucabangela ubuhlanga, ukucwasana ngokuvamile kuhlukanisa imiphakathi ethanda izinto ezifanayo, ekhathalela izinto ezifanayo, noma ekwazi ukubhekana nazo. Amadolobha angase ahlukaniswe phakathi kwezigodi eziningi zasemaphandleni, izindawo ezingase zihlukaniswe nezikhungo zazo ezingokwemvelo, futhi imiphakathi enezinkinga zemvelo noma zezomnotho ingase izithole isakazekele ezifundeni eziningi nabameleli abangenaso isisusa sokunakekela izidingo zayo.

Lokhu kuhlukana kwenza kube nzima ngemiphakathi ukuba ihlele inzuzo yayo kwezombangazwe nakusekela. Uma indawo ihlukene phakathi kwezifunda ezintathu noma ezine, izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa ikhono lokubeka ummeleli oyedwa icala ngokusingatha izindaba zendawo. Umphumela uwukuthi eminye imiphakathi ithola ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwayo kuvezwa ngokuhlelekile kuhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivota kanjani.

Izindlela Zokugaya I - gripmander

Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele lapho ukumelela kwabo kululazwa.

Ukujikijela: Imishini Yokuphikiswa Ehlukanisayo

Ukudweba kuhilela ukudweba izigodi ngendlela yokuba kuhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezithile zabavoti ezifundeni eziningana kangangokuba ziyidlanzana kwezifunda ngasinye, cishe lingekho ithemba lokuthola ukumelelwa kunoma yisiphi isifunda. Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu lapho ihlasela amadolobha noma imiphakathi emincane.

Elinye isu eliphazamisayo ukuqeda ukuvota kwamadolobha ngokuhlanganisa izigodi eziningi ezivela emaphandleni njengezimemezelo zesondo esiqongweni sedolobha esicekelwe phansi. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elingakhetha abameleli ababili ababonisa izinto zalo eziza kuqala emadolobheni esikhundleni salo lingase lihlukaniswe phakathi kwezifunda zasemaphandleni ezinhlanu, liqinisekise ukuthi abavoti basedolobheni bahlala beyidlanzana esifundeni ngasinye futhi bengakwazi ukukhetha ngisho nommeleli oyedwa obeka phambili izinkathazo zabo.

Izibonelo zamuva zibonisa ukuphumelela kokwahlukanisa. ETennessee, amaRepublica ahlongoza ukuhlukanisa i-crack Nashville ngenjongo ehlukile: Bafuna ukuhlukanisa amavoti eDemocratic phakathi kwezifunda eziningana ukuze baphumelele kakhulu. Lokhu kuvimbela abavoti bakaNashville basedolobheni ukuba bakhethe abameleli ababonisa ukuthanda kwezombangazwe zedolobha.

Ukupakisha: Ukuqeda Imishini Yokuphikiswa

Ukupakisha kubhekisela emkhubeni wokudweba izigodi ezithile ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umgadi womunye uwina lowo mnyango ngebanga elikhulu. Nakuba lowo omelene nawo eqinisekile isihlalo, ukupakisha kwenza izigodi ezizungeze izifunda zinganciphisi kakhulu, futhi kanjalo ukhokhise ukulingana kwamandla enqubeni yemithetho jikelele eqenjini elibusayo.

Ukuqongelela kwenzeka lapho abasekeli abaningi beqembu labahlaseli beminyana emincane yezifunda, bebanikeza ukunqoba okunamandla. Khona - ke amalungu asele omshushisi ayaqhekeka, asakazekele ezifundeni eziningi, ukuze aqhubeke ewina ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-50 evoti. Lokhu kwenza iqophelo elihlukile lapho iqembu eligcwele lizuza khona izifunda ezimbalwa ngemingcele emikhulu kuyilapho lilahlekelwa izifunda eziningi ngemingcele emincane.

Ukuphumelela kokupakisha kusekuchitheni amavoti okuphikiswa. Uma iqembu lingawina isifunda nge-55% yevoti, noma yikuphi ukuvota okwengeziwe okudlula kulowo mnyango kulahlwa kakhulu. Ngokugxilisa ukuphikiswa kwabavoti ezifundeni lapho bewina khona nge 75% noma 80% yamavoti, abalandeli bebala baqinisekisa ukuthi labo abaphikisayo abangaphezulu abakwazi ukuwina izihlalo ezengeziwe kwenye indawo.

Ukuphoqelela: Ukuphoqelela Ababedinga Ukubambisana

Ukuthatha kabusha imingcele yesifunda kuhlanganisa ukudonsa imingcele yesifunda ukuze kuphoqelelwe abameleli abamelene nesigaba ukuba bancintisane ngokuqondile noma bancintisane ezifundeni lapho bebhekene khona nezimo ezinkulu. Lokhu kungenzeka ngokubeka ababili ababoshelwe esifundeni esisodwa, ukubaphoqelela ukuba bancintisane esifundeni esiyinhloko, noma ngokukhipha futhi abameleli abancintisanayo ukuze bahlanganise iningi labavoti beqembu eliphikisayo.

Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu phakathi nemijikelezo yokulungisa isimo lapho iqembu elilawula le nqubo lifuna ukuqeda abameleli abathile abaphikisayo. Ngokuhlaziya ngokucophelela ukuthi kuhlalaphi abasekeli besisekelo, imidanti yemephu ingenza izigodi cishe zingakwazi ukuwina futhi abameleli abathile.

Ukudilika: Ukuhlanganisa Ubuchwepheshe Ukuze Kube Nemiphumela Emikhulu

Nakuba ukuqhekeka nokupakisha kuyizindlela eziyinhloko zokulungisa, imidwebo yemephu eyinkimbinkimbi ivame ukuhlanganisa izindlela eziningi ukuze yandise inzuzo. Lezi zinqubo ezimbili zisebenza ngokuzwana, kodwa zombili zingasetshenziswa iqembu elisemandlani elifuna ukuveza amathuba alo aphezulu ngokufaka i-gerrymander.

Ababheki bamabalazwe abaphumelela kakhulu basebenzisa ukuqhekeka kwezinye izindawo nokupakisha kwezinye, kuye ngokuthi baphi ukusakazwa kwendawo yabavoti kanye nenani lezihlalo ezisengxotsheni. Lokhu kwakha izifunda ezihlanganisa isihlalo sesifunda semephu nesigaba esinesabelo esikhudlwana sesigaba seqembu le-mepu kuyilapho benciphisa ikhono lokuphikiswa lokuwina izihlalo ngisho nalapho bethola ingxenye enkulu yengqikithi yamavoti.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamagciwane Kwanamuhla: Ubuchwepheshe Bukwenza Kube Kubi Kakhulu

Nakuba ukuvota kuye kwaba khona kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zentando yeningi yaseMelika, ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye benza i-software yokubala izibalo eqonde kakhulu futhi iphumelele kakhulu. I-program ecubushiwe, imininingwane yovota enemininingwane, nemithetho-algorithri enamandla yenza abavoti bakwazi ukubikezela ukuziphatha kokuvota ngokunembe kakhulu.

Ama-mead-mead manje asenemvume yokuthola ukwaziswa okubonisa ukuthi amagceke avote kanjani kuphela okhethweni lwesikhathi esidlule, kodwa ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana nokubhaliswa kweqembu ngalinye, ukuvota umlando, izici zokuzalana kwabantu, ngisho nokuziphatha kwabathengi okuhlanganisa izintando zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuwenza akwazi ukudweba izigodi ngokunenzuzo yokuhlinza, andise inzuzo ngokunakekela ukuma kwe-compact, izifunda ezibonisa ukulinganisela.

Ingwenya ehlakaniphile ingadala izigodi ezidiliziwe neziminyene ezibukeka zicocekile futhi zinezikwele kodwa nakuba kunjalo zithandene kakhulu neqembu elilodwa. Nakuba imigqa yezifunda ingabonakala ilungile, ihlela abavoti ngokunemba okukhulu kangangokuba amaRepublica aqinisekiswe ngokuwina ishumi lemijaho engu-14 ye-omperalion kazwelonke futhi angawina inqwaba yamalungu alingana ne-11 — umphumela ohlotshisiwe kakhulu wendawo yempi ehlala njalo ekhetha amaDemocrat amahhovisi kazwelonke.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti abakwazi ukuncika ekuhloleni okubonakalayo ukuze babone izigodi ezihlotshiswe. Nakuba ezinye izifunda ezinezimo ezingavamile, ezixubile, abavoti abaningi banamuhla basebenzisa izifunda ezibonakala zihlangene futhi zinengqondo kodwa nakuba kunjalo zihlonyiswe ngokucophelela ukuze ziveze imiphumela enqunyiwe.

Ukuhlanganiswa Komthetho Wentando Yeningi

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yayo esheshayo yokhetho, ukukhohlakala kululaza ukufaneleka okuyisisekelo kokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zabavoti okhethweni ngo - 2020 no - 2022 kubonisa ukuthi amaMelika abheka ukukhohliswa ngokudelela okufanayo agcinela ukufumbathisa nezinye izinhlobo ezisobala zenkohlakalo yezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuhlanganyela Okuncishisiwe

Lapho abantu bekholelwa ukuthi ukhetho lunqunywa izazi zezombangazwe, kunokuba kunqunywe abavoti, bangase bangathambekele ekunikeleni kwabazovota, abavoti, noma ngisho nasekuveleni kuleyo zindawo zokuhlola. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo omubi lapho ukuncintisana okunciphisa khona ukuncintisana, okunciphisa ukuthembisana kwabavoti, okwenza kube lula ngabavoti ukuba balondoloze igunya kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benzani.

Ithonya elingokwengqondo le-gerrymandering linweba imigqa yeqembu. Imiphumela kaBowler isikisela iziphambano ezididekile. "Ngisho noma unguRiphabliki eTexas, uyazi ukuthi ukukhohlisa kwaqhubeka," wathi. Ngisho nabavoti abavoteli abathe iqembu labo bazuza ngokuzinika inzuzo ekwamukeleni idemokrasi.

Ukulandisa Okubuthakathaka

UGrerymandering ufaka isandla ekuncipheni kokuthembela komphakathi okhethweni. Kunciphisa umuzwa wabantu ongase wenzeke, futhi kunciphisa ikhono labavoti lokulandisa kubaholi. Uma abameleli bazi ukuthi izihlalo zabo ziphephile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi benzani, abanaso isikhuthazo sokusabela ezinkathazweni zomphakathi noma emsebenzini wokubusa okuphumelelayo.

Ukulandisa kudinga ukuncintisana: uma kunethuba elingokoqobo lokuthathelwa indawo, abaholi abakhethiwe banesizathu sokulalela nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Injongo ka-Gerrymandering ukunciphisa ukuncintisana ngokuvikela izihlalo ekushintsheni kombono wabavoti, ukushintsha amandla abe yimiphakathi enciphileyo, nokuncishiswa kwenani elihlangeneyo, ngaleyo ndlela kuxegiswe ukulandisa okulimazayo.

Lokhu kukhukhuleka kokulandisa kuthinta ukubusa ngezindlela eziqinile. Abameleli abavela ezifundeni ezidukile basengozini enkulu yokuthatha izikhundla eziphezulu, cishe bangayekethisi, futhi bangasabeli ezinkathazweni zabantu abangebona abeqembu labo. Lokhu kufaka isandla ekuhleleni imithetho futhi kunciphisa ikhono likahulumeni lokusingatha izinselele eziphuthumayo.

Izwe Lamanje LaseGerrymandering EMelika

Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2020, amaRepublic alawula inqubo yokuvuselela izigaba ezisezindaweni eziningi kunamaDemocrates, futhi asebenzisa lenzuzo ngonya. Lokhu kuye kwaveza inzuzo yokwakha ethinta ukulingana kwamandla eSishaya-mthetho nasemasontweni ahlangene kulo lonke izwe.

Naphezu kokuncintisana kwendawo ezungezile ezweni lonke, amaRepublica angena engxenyeni yokugcina yomkhankaso ezuzayo ngesiqalo sokwenziwa ngenxa yokulawula isilinganiso sikahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaDemocrates adinga ukuwina ukuvota okuthandwayo kwesizwe ngengxenye ephawulekayo ukuze nje abe nethuba lokuwina iningi elincane eGabheni labameleli.

Izindlela Zesifunda Nezingavumelani

Amabalazwe awenziwe amaRepublic anikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ezifundazweni ezingu-11, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu nase Midwest. Lezinzuzo ziphawuleka kakhulu ezifundeni lapho amaRepublic elawula khona kokubili isishaya-mthetho nombuso, ezinika amandla aphelele enqubweni yokulungisa isimo.

Nokho, i-gerrymandering ayiwona umkhuba weRepublic kuphela. Bobabili abahlanganyela ekusebenziseni ithuba lapho benalo, nakuba ukusakazwa kwamandla kahulumeni kwamanje kuye kwanika amaRepublican amathuba engeziwe okulawula imijikelezo yamuva yokulungisa i-rediforming. Impikiswano ngokuyinhloko ingeyohlobo lwenqubo yokuvuleka kwesigaba kunokuba ihole ukuziphatha kwanoma iliphi iqembu elithile.

Indida Yokuzitika Ngokungaphezu Kwezinga

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuhlasela okunonya ngezinye izikhathi kungaba nemiphumela engemihle. I-Gerrymandering kungenzeka yenza izihlalo zeRepublic zahlala ngokuphepha, kodwa ngokuvota kwamaRepublic ezifundazwe ezinamandla kakhulu, yaba nomphumela ofanayo wokwenza izihlalo zedemokrasi zibe eziphephile. Kodwa, ngokuyinsimbi, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo eziningi kangaka ezilondekile zase-GOP kungenzeka zinezinga elilinganiselwe leRepublic Republics's 2024.

Uma iqembu lizenzela izihlalo eziningi eziphephile, lisakaza abavoti balo abancane ezifundeni eziningi, lishiye abavoti abambalwa bekhona ukuba bathathe izihlalo ezengeziwe emijikelezweni yokukhetha elungile. Lokhu kunganciphisa ikhono lomphakathi lokwandisa iningi ngisho noma izimo zesizwe ziwuvumela, ukudala uphahla lwendawo engcono.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nokusabela Kwenkantolo

Indlela engokomthetho yokulawula i - gerymander iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo eminyakeni yamuva, futhi kwaba nemiphumela ehlukahlukene kulabo abafuna ukulwa nalo mkhuba.

ISiphakamiso seNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme ithe izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngeke zidlulisele iziphakamiso zokulawula okumsulwa. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo kuRucho v.Common Cast (2029) sasusa ngokuphumelelayo izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphethe amaphoyisa, sishiyela lendaba ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasezindlini zezishayamthetho.

Inhloso yeNkantolo yayiwukuthi ukuqamba ama-gerrymander anikeza umbuzo "wezombangazwe" ngaphandle kwesilinganiso sokuhlolwa komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, njengoba kungekho mthetho-sisekelo ocacile wokunquma ukuthi kuthathwa imibandela eguqulwayo nini. Lesi sinqumo siye saba nemiphumela emikhulu, ngokuyinhloko sinika izishaya-mthetho inkululeko yokuzivumela ukuba zingenele uma nje zingaphuli amanye amalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho.

Ukungenela Kwenkantolo YoMbuso

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zawanqanda amacala ahlukanisayo, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zazimisele kakhulu ukungenela. Inkantolo yeUtah ikhumbuza izwe eligcina ipeni ekubusweni ngentando yeningi lapho lishaya ibalazwe lalo lenhlangano engu - 2021 futhi likhipha imigqa emisha evumelana nezinguquko ezigunyaziwe zamavoti, ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banegunya elingokomthetho lokuguqula uhulumeni wabo.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ePennsylvania, eNyakatho Carolina (ngaphambi koshintsho engomeni yenkantolo), kanye nezinye izifundazwe ziye zabulala amabalazwe abekwe ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukuthi imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo yombuso inganikeza isivikelo ekuvikelweni kwemithetho ngisho nalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zenqaba ukungenela.

Nokho, ukuphumelela kwenkantolo kuxhomeke ekuhlelweni kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasemalungiselelweni akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukunquma izigebengu zezishaya - mthetho, kuyilapho kwezinye, ukushintshwa kwezigaba zomthetho ezihlelwa enkantolo kuye kwaholela ekuguqukeni kwezandulela ezimelene nomthetho.

Ukuhlanzwa Kobuhlanga Kusafaneleka

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zenqaba ukusingatha ukuqulwa kweqembu, ziyaqhubeka zizwa amacala ahilela ukulwa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi koMthetho Welungelo weVoing Rights noMthetho ka-Exvilt Protection Claus. Nokho, umehluko phakathi kwabashokobezi nabashisekeli bobuhlanga uye waba yizififi.

Lapho abavoti abamnyama bebekela isithiyo esivunyelelwe futhi esisenkantolo kahulumeni njengendlela yokulawula ubuhlanga, abamisi-mthetho bavikela ibalazwe elisekelwe kwezombangazwe — okungukuthi, isifiso sokwenza isifunda esincintisana kakhulu sikaMace sibe iRepublican ngokuthembeka. Ukuhlasela kwabamnyama namandla abo ezombangazwe kwakuyindlela nje yokuqeda. INkantolo Ephakeme yavuma, ukuthola ukuthi amaBlack Court ayengazange aqinisekise ukuthi imigqa yebalazwe yayisekelwe ngokohlanga futhi ayihlangene neqembu.

Lokhu kwenza kube nethuba eliphawulekayo lapho abadwebi bemidwebo bebalazwe bengaba nezinhlanga ngokuzisholo ukuthi banezisusa zokuvukela, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngemiphakathi embalwa ukubekela amabalazwe alulaza amandla ayo okuvota.

Imizamo Yenguquko Nezixazululo

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, kwenziwa imizamo eminingi yokulungisa isimo ukuze kulungiswe ukuhlinzwa futhi kukhiqizwe izinqubo zokulungisa.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Enye yezinguquko ezithembisa kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwemishini ezimele noma e-bipartisan ekhipha inqubo yokulungisa i-rediprocetis ekulawuleni imithetho ngokuqondile. Izifundazwe eziningana ziye zathatha lendlela ngokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela noma ngezenzo zomthetho.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, amabalazwe angcono kakhulu kunangemva kobalo lwango-2010, lapho ukulawulwa okukodwa kwenqubo yokulungisa i-redciment ngenxa yenqubo yaphakathi kwaphakathi nikeza amadiloho e-creates amadirowara ehlwiza amanye ama-gerrymander angathi sína kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Lomjikelezo wokuguqukela kokuhlola ubone intuthuko ephawulekayo. Izinguquko ezingokombuso ezishintshayo ezindaweni ezihlangene kanye (Michigan neVirginia), ukuzimisela okukhulu kwezinkantolo ukumisa imingcele ezindaweni ezithile.

Ikhomishane yokuzimela iyahlukahluka ekwakhekeni nasekusebenzeni kwayo. Ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izikhomishane ezizimele ngempela ezinamalungu akhethwe ngezinqubo ezingekho ngxenye, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa amakhomishane e-bipartistan adinga ukuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu womabili. Amakhomishane aphumelela kakhulu anezindinganiso ezicacile zokuvuselela, izinqubo ezibonisayo, kanye nokufaka komphakathi okunenzuzo.

Amakhambi Emithetho Kazwelonke

Ngo-2022, uMkhandlu wacishe wadlulisa i Freedom to Vote Act, iqoqo elivelele lezinguquko zentando yeningi elalihlanganisa ukunqatshelwa kokudwetshwa kwezifunda ezizimele. Isivumelwano sokuguqula izakhiwo sadlula iNdlu futhi sasekelwa abaningi eSigeqeni. Sanqanyulwa kuphela ngenxa yokuthi iSigele sehluleka ngamavoti amabili ukulungisa imithetho yegumbi elidala e-Realbic filbuster ukuba ivumele umthetho wokukhothathisa ukuvota okuphezulu noma phansi.

Inkululeko yomthetho weVote Act yayiyomisa izindinganiso zesizwe zokuhlanganisa iziqephu, inqabe ukufakwa kwe-disciation, futhi yakha ibalazwe elimelene namabalazwe aphambuka kakhulu ekulinganiseni komthetho. Nakuba isiphakamiso singadluli, kubonisa ukuthi amakhambi kahulumeni okulungisa ahlala ekhona uma kunentando eyanele yezombangazwe.

Izindlela Zomthetho Nezibalo

Abacwaningi baye basungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezibalo nezibalo zokuthola amabalazwe ahlukile nokukhiqiza amabalazwe angcono. Lezi zindlela zingabonisa ukuthi amabalazwe angokoqobo esigodi ahluke kanjani kakhulu kulokho okungalindelekile ngaphansi kwezimiso zokulungisa ukungathathi hlangothi.

Igebe lokusebenza kahle, umehluko ongokokusebenza, nezinye izilinganiso zingalinganisa i-skew yomsizi emabalazweni esigodi. Izinhlelo zekhomphyutha zingaveza izinkulungwane zamabalazwe ahlukile avumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho, zinikeza intambo yokuqhathanisa namabalazwe angokoqobo. Uma amabalazwe ekhona esekela omunye uma eqhathaniswa namabalazwe afana namabalazwe angathathi hlangothi, lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokungathathi hlangothi.

Lamathuluzi aye asetshenziswa ekudluliseleni izibalo ukubonisa ukuthi amabalazwe angcono angenzeka nokuthi amabalazwe angokoqobo abonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamabomu kwezimiso zokuguqula izinhlanga kunokuba abonise ukungathathi hlangothi. Nokho, izinkantolo azivumelani ekuzimiseleni kwazo ukuthembela kulezizindlela zezibalo.

Ukubonisa Imbonakalo Nokuhlanganyela Komphakathi

Indlela engcono engaphambili amabalazwe alungile, adwetshwe emphakathini, anikezwa izinhlangano abantu, futhi aqaliswe ngendlela esikhetha ngayo abaholi ukuze baphendule futhi balandise abakhethwe kakhulu abasebenzayo. Ukwanda kokubonakala enqubweni yokulungisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthathisana komphakathi okunenjongo kungasiza ekunciphiseni izinhlobo ezizinhle kakhulu zokuzihlela.

Izifunda eziningi manje zidinga ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi emabalazweni ahlongozwayo, zinyathelise ukwaziswa okudwetshwayo nezinhlelo zezinhlelo, futhi zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zithumele amabalazwe azo ahlongozwayo. Nakuba ukubonakala ngaphandle komsindo kukodwa kungenakuvimbela ukunqanda ukuqondisa lapho elinye iqembu lilawula lenqubo, kungandisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi futhi kwandise ukucindezela kwezombangazwe ukuze kutholakale amabalazwe angcono.

Lokho Abashisi Bemisebe Abangakwenza

Nakuba ukuvimbela kuyinkinga yokwakha edinga amakhambi ahlelekile, abavoti ngabanye nemiphakathi bangathatha isinyathelo sokulwa nemiphumela yayo futhi basekele inguquko.

Hlala Unolwazi Futhi Uzihlanganise Nabanye

Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuvuleka kusebenza kanjani esifundeni sakho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuphumelela ekulawuleni inqubo yokulawula i-redication, izimpawu ezizosetshenziswa, futhi uma umjikelezo olandelayo wokulungisa ukwenzeka. Izinhlangano eziningi ezingaphartistiki zinikeza imithombo nokwaziswa mayelana nokuvuseleleka kwe-redication ezifundazweni ezithile.

Hlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi nasekuphenduleni phakathi nokubekwa kwezindawo. Ubufakazi obunikeza umbiko obuchaza indlela amabalazwe ahlongozwayo angawuthinta ngayo umphakathi wakini. Umsebenzi nomakhelwane nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi imiphakathi enesithakazelo igcinwa ihlangene kunokuba ihlukaniswe phakathi kwezifunda eziningi.

Ukuqalisa Izinguquko Ukusekela

Izifundazwe eziningi zinezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zimise ngokuqondile izinguquko zokulungisa isimo. Izindlela zokusekela ukwakhiwa kwe-ocessical ezimele, ukumisa izinketho ezicacile zokulungisa isimo, noma ukwandisa ukubonakala kwenqubo yokulungisa isimo.

Xhumana nabamisi-mthetho bombuso wakho futhi ubanxuse ukuba basekele inguquko elawulayo. Nakuba izishayamthetho zinganqikaza ukuyeka ukulawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukucindezela komphakathi kungenza umehluko, ikakhulukazi uma inguquko ihlelwe njengendaba kahulumeni omuhle kunokuba ibe yindaba ekhuthazayo.

Hlakulela Zonke Izici Ozikhethayo

Ngisho nasezifundeni ezidume kakhulu, ukuvota kuhlala kubalulekile. Nakuba ukuvota kwenza imiphumela ethile iqondakale kahle, akukwenzi kungagwegwesi. Umvoti omkhulu anganqoba ngisho nezimo ezinkulu zokwakha, futhi ukuvota kokhetho oluyinhloko kungathonya ukuthi abazobhapathizwa bamelela iqembu ngalinye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvota okhethweni lwezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zilawula inqubo yokulungisa isimo.

Sekela Izinselele Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano ezinjengeBrennan Center for Justice, Common Creast, iNhlangano Yabesifazane, nezinye ziletha izinselele ezingokomthetho emabalazweni aqoshiwe.

Uma uhlala esimweni esinebalazwe elihlotshisiwe, cabangela ukuthi ingabe umi ukuze ungenele ibalazwe eliphikisayo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zidinga abamangaleli abangabonisa ukulimala okuthile ngokuhlasela, futhi ukuhlanganyela kwakho kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu enseleleni ephumelelayo.

Ikusasa Lokufanekiselwa Okulungile

Ukulwa nokunqanda ukukhohlakala ngokuyinhloko kungokulondoloza isithembiso esiyinhloko sikahulumeni wentando yeningi: sokuthi amandla ezombangazwe atholakala kubantu nokuthi ukhetho lunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba anenjongo okukhetha abameleli bazo nokubabeka icala.

Isithembiso sentando yeningi sithembisa ukuthi amandla asuka kubantu futhi angakhululwa kubo. Ukulandisa kuyindlela leso sithembiso esigcinwa ngayo. Ngaphandle kwaso, ukhetho lumane luwumthetho olandelwayo, futhi ukumelelwa kumane nje kuyigama, akulona elingokoqobo.

Nakuba ukukhomba bekuyisici sezombangazwe zaseMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, ukuhlobana nokuphumelela kwalo okukhulayo kubangela usongo olungenakulinganiswa ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe obuphambili, imininingwane eningiliziwe yabavoti, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaqoqo okuhlukene kwezizwe kuye kwadala indawo lapho i-gerrymandering ingafaka khona amandla ezombangazwe ngezindlela izizukulwane ezidlule ezazingenakuzicabanga.

Nokho, kunezizathu zokuqiniseka ukuthi umphakathi uyaqaphela ukuthi izikhali ziyokwehla, impumelelo yemizamo yokuguqula izakhiwo eziningi, nokusungulwa kwamathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okuthola nokulinganisa adala amathuba amasha entuthuko. Umbuzo uwukuthi izakhamuzi nabashisekeli bezinguquko bangakha amandla anele yini okunqoba izithakazelo ezigxilile ezizuza esimisweni samanje.

Ukukhetha akuphakathi komkhakha womunye owenziwe nge-gerrymander nowenye; kuphakathi komzabalazo ohlala njalo kahulumeni nesimiso esakhelwe abavoti futhi esinesibopho sokulandisa. Ukwakha izinqubo zokulungisa imibala elungile kudinga ukuthatha inzuzo engaphaya kwe-volute ukuze uthathe izimiso zommeleli olungile, ubuqotho bomphakathi, nokulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Intando Yeningi Ngamabalazwe Amahle

Ngokuvumela abezombangazwe ukuba bakhethe abavoti babo kunokuba bavote bekhethe abezombangazwe babo, kululaza isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi uhulumeni uthola ukufaneleka kwawo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo.

Imiphumela yokuzitika idlulela ngalé kwemiphumela yokukhetha. Inciphisa ukuncintisana kwezezivolovolo, inciphisa ukulandisa, inciphisa amandla okuvota emiphakathi emincane, imiphakathi yesithakazelo, yandisa ukuhlukana, futhi iqeda ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Lemiphumela ihlanganisa izakhiwo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba amabalazwe agcwele amandla ezombangazwe ancishisiwe futhi yenza inguquko ibe nzima kakhulu.

Nokho inkinga ayiyona engenakuxazululwa. Ikhomishane yokulungisa i-rediformation, izimiso ezicacile zokulungisa, ukubonakala kwangaphandle okwandayo, amathuluzi ezibalo okuthola i-gerrymanider, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithembisene ukubhalisa zinganikela konke emabalazweni angcono nakuhulumeni ommeleli. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, izinyathelo zokuthatha i-athonsi, nomthetho kahulumeni unikeza izindlela eziningi zenguquko.

Isihluthulelo siwukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukanisa okulungile akuyona indaba ehlukanisayo kodwa indaba eyisisekelo yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Bobabili abahilelekile baye bahileleka ekulawuleni lapho benikezwa ithuba, futhi abavoti bombili bayahlupheka lapho inqubo isetshenziswa ukuze kutholakale inzuzo yabashokobezi. Ukwakha izimiso eziveza amabalazwe alungile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yimaphi amalungu abusayo kufeza izithakazelo zesikhathi eside zentando yeningi nazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Abavoti bakhathalela ubuqotho bentando yeningi yaseMelika, ukuqonda nokulwa nokulawula. Ngokuhlala benolwazi, behlanganyela ezinqubweni zokulungisa, besekela imizamo yokulungisa futhi bebheka izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengezolandisa, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amabalazwe akhethiwe abonisa intando yabantu kunokuba abonise izithakazelo zezazi zezombangazwe.

Ukulwela ukumelelwa ngendlela elungile kuyaqhubeka, futhi umphumela uzoguqula imibuso yaseMelika yentando yeningi ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. izakhamuzi zonke zinesigxathu sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amabalazwe esigodi adwetshwa kahle nokuthi ukukhetha kunikeza amathuba abalulekile abavoti ukuba bakhethe abameleli babo futhi bagcine ukuthi banecala. Ikusasa lokubusa kwentando yeningi lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwethu ukufuna nokuvikela amabalazwe alungile abantu kunokuba kusebenze amaqembu ezombangazwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokulungisa nokulungisa, vakashela i- Brennan Center yeJaji, Princeton Gerrydering Project[, Fairvote, , i-CMENT Mbanging Programment program yeReving[[[FLT:]], noma igunya lombuso wakho lokufunda ngezinqubo zokulungisa nokulungisa inguquko endaweni yakho.