Abakhandi bendlela izakhamuzi ezifaka ngayo futhi zilinganise ngayo amavoloti azo hhayi nje ukuthi ubani owinayo kodwa futhi nempilo ebanzi yentando yeningi. Kusukela emkhubeni wasendulo wamaGreki wokuhlupha kuze kube namuhla imishini yokuvota, zonke izimiso zokhetho ziveza izilinganiso zokumelelwa, ukungalingani, kanye nenhloso yokuvota. Ukukhetha indlela yokuvota enye phezu kwenye, kungakhulisa noma ukudumaza amazwi athile, kukhuthaze noma kunganqande ukuthatha isinyathelo, futhi ekugcineni kunqume ukuthi umphumela ubonakalisa yini intando yeningi, ubuningi, noma ingqungquthelana engenzeka kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela zokuvota ezisetshenziswa kakhulu mayelana nePost- Post, i-Rpoint, i-Privectionation, i-Propolation, i-Privation, i-Voitation, i-Votation, ne-Otationssion, futhi i-octivessss, i-oververver, novolution, nokhetho ngalunye, nokhetho, ukuvolution, ukuvolu lwendawo, nokwethemba.

Ukuqonda Izindlela Ezinkulu Zokusakaza Izindaba

Izindlela zokuqamba ziwela emikhayeni emibili ebanzi: izihlalo ezithola indawo yokuvota, ezigcotshwa ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu esifundeni, nezimiso ezilinganisayo, ezihlela izihlalo ngesilinganiso esiqinile ngokwengxenye yamavoti atholwayo. Emkhayeni ngamunye kunezindlela ezishintshayo ezishintsha indlela okukhethwa ngayo okushiwoyo nokubalwa. Izindlela ezixoxwe lapha zimelela izindlela ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ezweni, esifundazweni, nakukhetho lwendawo emhlabeni wonke.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

I-Past-the Post iyisimiso esilula kunazo zonke. Umvoti ngamunye uvotela ibhola elilodwa kumfundi oyedwa esifundeni esisodwa. Umfundi othola amavoti amaningi kakhulu [1] ngisho noma lokho kungaphansi kweningi(isihlalo). FPPP isetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States (ukhetho lwemithetho yezwe), i-United Kingdom, i-Canada, ne-Indiya.

Izinzuzo

  • I- I-Pimplication: iqonda lenqubo ngokushesha, futhi izikhulu zokhetho zingathola imiphumela ngokushesha.
  • Ijubane lemiphumela: Ukubala ngokuvamile kupheleliswa ngobusuku bokhetho, okwenza abavoti bacishe bavalwe.
  • uhulumeni oyisiqeshana: FTP uvame ukuveza umnqobi ocacile, ngokuvamile umkhakha owodwa oneningi lephalamende. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni umthetho onqumayo we-palmeter project program ngaphandle kokuhlehla okudingekayo emalungiselelweni ahlangene.
  • Izibopho zendawo: ngoba isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli oyedwa, abavoti bavame ukuzazi iMP yabo futhi bangabenza balandise ngokuqondile.

Izingozi

  • Imiphumela e-'ipropoicion's':[ Iqembu lingawina amaphesenti angu-40 evoti kodwa livikele ama-60% ezihlalweni, kuyilapho elinye iqembu elinamashumi amahlanu ekhulu evoti lizuza idlanzana. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “inkokhelo yewinner.”
  • Avoti akhishwe: Amavoti aphonswe noma imuphi umfundi ozayo ngomzuzwana noma ngaphansi awanikeli ekwabiweni kwesihlalo sokugcina. Esifundeni esiphephile, abasekeli beqembu elilahlekileyo bangase bazizwe bengenanjongo.
  • umthetho we-Monority:[ Umvoti angawina kahle ngaphansi kwe 50% yamavoti uma abaphikisi abaningi behlukanisa ukuphikiswa. Lokhu kuvame emijahweni emithathu 76 noma emine yasendleleni.
  • Umphumela we-Spoiler:[ Umbhexhii wesithathu ongenathuba lokuwina angakhipha amavoti ku-odminist, ashintshe umphumela ngezindlela ezingabonisi ukuthanda okuningi.
  • Ukubusa kabili ngokwesigaba:[ FP ifaka i-FP ngamandla abavoti ukuba bashiye amaqembu amancane ukuze “bagweme ukuvota”, befaka i-covot, befaka i-copypop futhi benciphisa izinhlobonhlobo zezombangazwe.

Ukuze uthole i-fPTP egcwele imiphumela yayo emelelweni, bheka [[FLT: 0] ukuhlaziya koMbutho weNguquko we-First-Past-posi-.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Futhi yaziwa njengokhetho oluthi i-syn syn à à project uma lusetshenziswa emncintiswaneni we-creenquwinner, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bahlele abavoti ngokulandelana kwentando ye-(ST, 2, 3rd, njll.). Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi okuqala, umvoti wokuqala ongowokuqala u-"%que uqedwe. I-Ballots ibhekiselwa oyena okhishwe phansi kwesinqumo esilandelayo. Le nqubo iphinda ibuye ifike ku-phindaphindekene omningi. Ku-12002winner RCV (isetshenziswa kukhetho lwe-Australia Countal), lendlela iwuhlobo lwevote eyodwa edluliswayo, okuxoxwa ngayo ngezansi.

Izinzuzo

  • Abanqobi bama-Majorist: Umnqobi wokugcina usekelwa kusukela kwengxenye yabavoti(noma okungenani kulabo abanonothi oluhlala emzuzwini wokugcina.
  • Ivoti elilahlwayo: Amavota angaveza ngokuphephile okuthandwa okuqotho ngomlandeli omncane ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusiza ozobhapathizwa angamthandi kakhulu, ngoba ibhola labo elizothutha uma lowo mbhalisa esusiwe.
  • Isusa umkhankaso ongakhi: Amakhangiso kumelwe adlulise izisekelo zawo ukuze athathe amavoti wesibili, akhuthaze imikhankaso engcono kakhulu yezesizwe, esekelwe.
  • nciphisa imiphumela elimazayo: Umfundi wesithathu angagijima ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa amavoti abasekeli beqembu elikhulu, ngoba amabhola azothutha kamuva.

Izingozi

  • Ukulandela:[ Abanye abavoti bathola idida ephezulu, iholela emazingeni amaphutha aphakeme (umz., ukuphunyuka emaphasetheni noma ukuthatha isigaba esisodwa kabili).
  • Inqubo yokubala ebanzi: Nakuba amabhola ephonswa kanye, imizumbulu yokukhipha idinga ukufakwa noma i-software eyinkimbinkimbi, ibambezela imiphumela izinsuku noma amasonto emijahweni eseduze.
  • Ukukhathala kwe-Baltl: Uma bonke abavoti abaphezulu besuswa ngaphambi kwendingilizi yokugcina, lowo voti u-“khutshazwa” futhi ayisabalulekile. Lokhu kungacindezela inani elisebenzayo lamavoti akhishwe.
  • Iqophelo eliphezulu lobuStrategic: Izincwadi zingaphendukela ekusebenziseni “umthungisi” umphikisi onamandla ngokuzibeka phansi kunentando yeqiniso, noma“ ukubeka ukunxenxa” ngokubeka isigaba esiphezulu kuqala ukuze kugwenywe ukususwa.

Funda okwengeziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwe-RCV kanye nemiphumela ku- FairVote ukucwaninga kukaRhanked Chour Voting[[FLT: 1].

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Izinhlobo ZePR

I-PROPOTIONAL dimensions ivela ngezindlela eziningi. Ezimbili ezivame kakhulu yizi-PR no- no- dixted qualitytheral (MMP). Ohlwini lwePR, abavoti bakhetha i-PR (noma uhlu lweqembu lomfundi) kanye nezihlalo ezibekwa ngokwesilinganiso kumavoti ngalinye ayamukelayo, ngaphansi komnyango omncane (umz. 5% eJalimane). EMMP, uvote uvotela amavoti amabili: eyodwa ye-mfunda (ngokuvamile nge-FPPPP) kanye nesinye seqembu. Izihlalo zisetshenziswa ukuvumelana kwesihlalo esivamile. Isigaba esihlangene esihlangeneyo esihlangene nesigaba esihlangeneyo.

Izinzuzo

  • I-Fair imele:[ Isishayamthetho sibonisa eduze izintando zezombangazwe zokhetho. Izingxenye eziwina i 10% yamavoti zithola cishe 10% yezihlalo, zikhuthaza ukufakwa kwemibono ehlukahlukene.
  • Ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amancane:[ Izakhamuzi zingasekela iqembu eliluhlaza, elinomphethi wezincwadi, noma lesifunda ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha amavoti azo, okuholela emoyeni ocebile wezombangazwe.
  • Umvoti ophezulu: Ukuhlolwa kubonisa njalo ukuthi izimiso zePR zivumelana nokuhlanganyela kovoti abaningi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi zonke izindaba zokuvota kanye nengxenye yezimiso eziningi zinika izakhamuzi izinqumo ezinenjongo.
  • Ingxoxo yesimiso se-Braumer:[ Ohulumeni bamabhizinisi kumelwe baxoxe ngezimiso ezikhanga izinhlangano eziningi, ngokuvamile ziveza izinguquko eziningi ezisekwe sentilithi neziqinile.

Izingozi

  • Ohulumeni abakhokhelwayo:[ Bambalwa abawina iningi, ngakho isakhiwo esihlangeneyo siyadingeka. Lokhu kungathatha ijubane lokwenza isinqumo sokwenza i- futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunika amaqembu amancane abalulekile amandla angaphezulu kakhulu kwesabelo sawo sokuvota.
  • ulawulo lwesigaba: Ohlwini PR, abaholi beqembu ngokuvamile banquma isikhundla sabazofundela, esingagxilisa amandla futhi sinciphise ukulandisa ezifundeni zendawo.
  • umnyango noqhekeka: umnyango ophezulu (umzk., 5%) ungavala amaqembu amancane futhi uholele ekulahleni amavoti. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho mnyango ongaveza amaphalamende ahlukene kakhulu lapho ama-micropartial angenamthetho azuza khona izihlalo.
  • Ukulinganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kovoti be-x:[ Abanye abavoti bathola izinqubo ezivaliwe zomuntu siqu kancinci ngoba abakwazi ukukhetha abazothatha izinketho ezithile, kuyilapho ukuvula uhlelo lwabavoti olunezindawo eziningi namagama kungadida.

I-ACE Electoral Knote inikeza ukucubungula okukhulu kwezimiso zePR.

Vimbela ukujuluka

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Isithiyo sisetshenziswa ekuvotelweni ezifundeni eziningi. Umvoti ngamunye angavota amavoti amaningi njengalapho kukhona izihlalo zokugcwalisa. Abavoti abanengqikithi yamavoti aphezulu bagcwalisa izihlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni esine engxenyeni yesifunda, umvoti ngamunye unamavoti amane futhi angase avote abane. Abavoti abane abaphumeleleyo bakhethwa.

Izinzuzo

  • [ Ukuvota:[ Njenge FPTP, ukuvota kwesithiyo kulula ukuchaza futhi kusetshenziswe.
  • Umbuso ophakele: Uma umcimbi ugcwele izikweletu zabazobhapathizwa futhi bonke bethandwa kakhulu, lowomcimbi ungawina zonke isihlalo esigodini, abanye abaphikisayo abanikeza umyalo ocacile.
  • Ukubala okusheshayo: ngoba imiphumela itholakala ngengqikithi yamavoti alula, ukaliso lushesha.

Izingozi

  • Ukususa ububanzi: Iqembu eliwina 51% wevoti lingathatha 100% zezihlalo, kushiye idlanzana elingameleli-zino-a okubizwa ngokuthi “umkhukuli.”
  • Yakha amavoti: Abavoti abasekela iqembu elincane ngokuvamile babona wonke amavoti abo ehamba ekulahlekelweni abazokuvota.
  • Izindawo zokuhlela ezihlelekile: Imikhosi ingahamba ngokulinganayo nezihlalo ukuze igweme ukuhlukanisa ivoti yayo, inciphise ukhetho lomvoti.
  • Izikhomba-ndlela ezihlelene amaqembu: amaqembu ezinhlanga noma ama-transformation angahlanganisa i-“billet àvote” ngoba oyedwa ozobhapathizwa unenzuzo, ululaza imiphumela elinganayo.

Ukuvota okuvimbelayo kusetshenziswa okhethweni oluthile lwendawo eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom ukuze kukhethwe abameli bendawo emagumbini anezingxenye eziningi, futhi ngokomlando emazweni amaningi kamuva amukela izimiso ezilinganiswa ngokwengeziwe.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

STV iyindlela esetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoters banezigaba ezilandelana. “u-quotla” ubala ukuthi inombolo encane yamavoti adingekayo ukuqinisekisa isihlalo (ngokuvamile i-Droopquop: amavota asemthethweni ahlukaniswa ngezihlalo kanye nesinye, kanye nevoti elilodwa). Abavoti abafinyelela isilinganiso bakhethiwe bakhethiwe. Abavoti abakhethiwe kunyuliwe (amavoti ngaphezu kwesilinganiso) bathunyelwa ekukhetheni abavoti abalandelayo. Khona - ke abavoti ababuthakathaka kakhulu bayasuswa futhi badluliselwe amavoti abo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. i-STV isetshenziswa kukhetho lwesizwe e-Ireland nase-Maltaltalda, ku-Australia, nase-Ostationsssssss proviorday ezindaweni eziningi ezisezindaweni eziseduze eziseduze emhlabeni wonke.

Izinzuzo

  • [ Isibonakaliso sesivumelwano ngokukhetha okumelwe kwenziwe: Ngokungafani noluhlu lwe-PR, i-STV ivumela abavoti ukuba baphawule abantu ngabanye abazokhetha ngaphesheya kwemigqa yeqembu, ibanika ukulawula okukhulu kunasezimisweni ezivalekile zabalobi.
  • Ivoti ezisaphaziwe: cishe zonke izivoti ekugcineni zinikela ekukhethweni komvoti oxhaswe noma okungenani othandwayo kunabanye.
  • Ukuncintisana nge-intraʼpartey: ama-Candide avela eqenjini elifanayo kumelwe ancintisane namavoti abasekeli beqembu labo, okungenza abameleli baphendule ngokwengeziwe ekukhathaleleni kwendawo.
  • Ukumelelwa okungaqondakaliyo: STV ithambekele ekukhetheni izigaba ezihlukene kakhulu zabazobhapathizwa, kuhlanganise nabesifazane kanye namaqoqo amancane, ngoba abavoti bangakhetha abantu abathile kunokuba bakhethe i-relati yedili.

Izingozi

  • [ Ukulandela i-coptic bollet kanye nokubala: amavota abhekene nohlu olude lwabazobhapathizwa futhi kumelwe ukuba babhalwe ngokwenjongo. Ukubala kudinga indingiza eziningi zokudluliswa futhi kungathatha izinsuku noma amasonto.
  • Umthwalo ophezulu wokuqonda: esifundeni esinezihlalo eziningi, abavoti banganikezwa abaningi abazothatha izintambo, okuholela ezikhundleni ezibekwe ngokungenazimo noma ezingahleleki.
  • Iqophelo lobucukubhede: Izincwadi zingafihla izithakathi eziqinile noma zithathe izikhundla zabo ukuze kuvinjelwe umuntu ongamthandiyo ukuba aphumelele.
  • Izifunda-nkulu:[ Ukwenza i-STV, izigodi kumele zibe nezihlalo ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu, ezingase zenze buthaka ukuhlobana kwendawo phakathi kommeleli nohlanga uma kuqhathaniswa nezifunda-zifunda.

IElectoral Reformation Society ichaza omakhenikha nezinzuzo ze-STV ngokuningiliziwe.

Ithonya Eliqhathaniswayo Emvumweni Yokukhetha

Ukumelela Nobulungisa

Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izimiso ze-paramente (PR ne-STV) zinikeza izindikimba zemithetho eziqamba ngokuseduze kakhulu i-vhoti. FPTP no-Block Voting ngokulandelana zinikeza iqembu elikhulu kakhulu futhi zikhiphe izihlalo ezincane kakhulu, ngokuvamile ziveza “izinkulu zezindawo ezizimele.” Ngokwesibonelo, kukhetho lwe-UK jikelele ngo 2015, i-Conservative Partive Party yawina 36% yevoti kodwa 50,8% yezihlalo, kuyilapho uKIP wamukela 12.6% wevoti kanye nezindawo zokuvota kuphela. Ngokungafani, ukhetho lwaseNew Zealand lwaveza iphalamende lapho isihlalo ngasinye siwela khona ezindaweni ezimbalwa zokuvota kwayo. Lokho kuthinta futhi kungathi imiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwezindawo ezimele izakhamuzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Esontweni

Izindlela ezinciphisa amavoti asaphaza futhi zinikeze abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo kakhulu −RCV, STV, futhi uhlu lwePR /tend ukuze bathuthukise ukubhalisa nokuthembisana komphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2020 kwe-Center for Evolution Science kwathola ukuthi amazwe asebenzisa izimiso ezilinganayo anezihlalo eziphezulu kakhulu kulawo asebenzisa i-FPTP, futhi anezihlalo eziphephile, ngemva kokulawula ezinye izici. Uma abavoti bekholelwa ukuthi ibhola labo liyothinta isihlalo, basengozini enkulu yokucwaninga futhi babonise kulolu khetho. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, ezihlalweni ze-FTPPPPP eziphephile lapho umphumela uphakeme khona, ukujika kungancipha njenge-30-40%.

Ukwethemba Nobuqotho

Imiphumela yokukhetha ibhekwa njengeyokwenyuswa ngokulunga kwekwethenjwa umphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Ikhono le-FPTP lokuveza “izihlalo ezingalungile” [1] lapho iqembu elivota kakhulu lingawini ezihlalweni eziningi kakhulu − − ama-happen angawuphumeleli njalo kodwa angalimaza kakhulu ngokomthetho. U 2000. ukhetho lomongameli nokhetho lwango-2001 lwe-computer (lapho i-Liberal Party yawina khona izihlalo ezimbalwa kunaleyo yokuvota ethandwayo) luvame ukukhonjwa. Izimiso ze-RCV ne-PR zinciphisa ukuviva. Nokho, ubunkimbinki bunganciphisa ukwethemba ngendlela ehlukile: u-Foffator abangaziqondisi abahunyuselwa ezihlayo ezihlalweni (lapho i-2001) i-Prever ibalulekile.

Ukungaguquguquki.

Abasekeli be-FPTP bakhomba ohulumeni abaqinile ababodwa abangenza ngokuqiniseka. I-PR isekela ukuthi imifelandawonye iveza izitezi, ivumelana nenkambiso yokuthi i-astlast ihlanganisa amagama ahlukene. Umlando owe-PR uxube: amanye amazwe anjenge-PR anohulumeni ababumbene kakhulu abaqinile, kuyilapho amanye afana no-Israel eye wabhekana nokhetho oluvamile. Ukuhlukahlukahluka okuyinhloko yizehluleki zesimiso seqembu nempucuko yokuhlehla. STV, ngenxa yokuthi ikhuthaza i-traspartymm, ingaveza futhi i-parlinest neqembu ngalinye, kanti enye isakhiwo esihlangene.

Isiphetho

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota akuyona imininingwane engokobuchwepheshe; kuyisinqumo sezombangazwe esiveza isimo esizwakalayo, lapho amazwi ezwakala khona ewumthetho, ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo, nokuthi izakhamuzi zithembela kanjani esimisweni. I-