Isisekelo Samandla Ezombangazwe

Ukhetho lwendawo lunquma izikhulu ezenza izinqumo mayelana nezindawo zokuhlala, ukuxhasa isikole, ukuxhasa amaphoyisa, nempilo yomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zihlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngokuqondile kunezimiso zikahulumeni eziningi, kodwa umvoti uvame ukuthatha iqhaza ezinhlangeni ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-25 e-United States. Imiphumela yalolukhetho ibangela ithonya elikhulu elidlulela ngalé kwehholo ledolobha, lithonya iziteshi zesifunda sesifunda somthetho, izinto eziza kuqala, kanye neqembu labavoti abazofuna isikhundla esiphakeme.

Uma abavoti bengalunaki ukhetho lwendawo, baphuthelwa ithuba elinzima lokubumba ipayipi lezombangazwe. Isihlalo somkhandlu wedolobha noma ihhovisi lomphathi-dolobha singasebenza njengebhodi lokuciba izikhundla zikahulumeni nombuso. NgokweNational League of Cities, abaphathi be-I.Amaphesenti angaphezu kwa 40 abakhonza ngaphambili kuhulumeni wendawo. Lendlela isho ukuthi izindinganiso, izimiso, nezimiso zezimiso ezakhiwe endaweni ekugcineni zithuthela eWashington, D.C. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda amandla aphelele ezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Ithonya lihamba kuzo zombili izindlela. Izimo zezombangazwe zesizwe kanye nezinhlangano zezimali zingena ngokukhula ezizweni zendawo. Amakomiti eqembu lesizwe nama-PAC amakhulu manje achitha izigidi emincintiswaneni yesikole nasezihlalweni zesifunda, eqaphela ukuthi lezizinhlanga zingasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola amasu okuthumela nokuvota. Lokhu kungcoliswa kwezindawo kusho ukuthi ukukhetha kwendawo edolobheni elincane kunganikeza izimpawu zokuqala zokushintsha kwesizwe.

Izimpande Ezinomsuka Ziyahlanganyela Futhi Zivuselele

Ukhetho lwendawo luyinkundla efinyeleleka kakhulu yokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Imihlangano yehholo alidingi ukucwengisiswa, futhi abazobhapathizwa ngokuvamile bangqongqoza ngokwethupha eminyango. Lokhu kukhuthaza uhlobo lokuthembisana olwakha ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Ukucwaninga kwe-Hynight Foundation ngethemba lomphakathi kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezivota okhethweni lendawo cishe zingu-50% ezikholelwa kakhulu ezindabeni zokuvota ezweni, ziveza indinganiso eqinisa impilo yentando yeningi.

Ukusungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho kuvame ukuqala emahholo edolobha nasezakhiwoni zokuphatha. Amadolobha anjengePortland, e-Oregon, aqala ukukhula kwemingcele yamadolobha, umqondo owamukelwa kamuva yizinhlangano zokuhlela indawo futhi waxoxwa ngezikweletu zezokuthutha zikahulumeni. Izimiso zedolobha laseSan Francisco zasethempelini laseSan Francisco zathonya izimpikiswano zokugcinwa kwezokufuduka kwezwe lonke. Isimiso sebhange lase-Cleveland sezwe saba yisibonelo seze-postristry egudle i-Rust Belt. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlola kwendawo kwakha isikhungo somthetho wezwe.

  • Ukuguqula: iMineapolis yaba idolobha lokuqala elikhulu lase-U.S. ukuqeda umkhaya owodwa ngo-2018, inkambiso manje edingidwayo ezindlu zombuso ezweni lonke.
  • Iholo eliphansi kakhulu landa: umthetho we-Attle weholo elingu-R1 ngo-2014 wabangela igagasi lemithetho efanayo emadolobheni nasezifundazweni, ekugcineni ilolonga ingxoxo yesizwe enkambisweni yeholo.
  • Ukuguqula: Amabhodi okubukeza nokusebenzisa izimiso eziphoqelelwe emadolobheni anjengeCamden, New Jersey, ne Los Angeles ziye zazisa umthetho kahulumeni onjengo-George Floyd Justice ePolicing Act.

Lemiklamo esungulwayo iyaphumelela noma iyahluleka endaweni, inikeza abaholi bezwe ukwaziswa okuyigugu nesembozo sezombangazwe. Uma isimiso sisebenza edolobheni elihlukene, kuba lula ngabenzi bomthetho bamazwe ukuba baphikisane ngokumukelwa kwayo ngokwezinga elikhulu.

I - poline Yezombangazwe: Ukusuka EHholo Ledolobha Kuya EGqumeni LaseCapitol

Isitebhisi somsebenzi esisuka ehhovisi lendawo kuya ekuveleleni kwezwe sifakazelwe kahle. Omongameli uFranklin Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson, noJoe Biden bonke baqala imisebenzi yabo yezombangazwe ezikhundleni zendawo. Kuleyo ngqungquthela yamanje, amaphesenti angaba ngu-60 abameleli akhonza ezindlini zombuso, kanye nezinombolo ezinkulu ezinamahhovisi kamasipala ngaphambi kwalokho. Lendaba eqhubekayo ngenxa yokuthi idala iqoqo lezazi zezombangazwe ezinolwazi oluqondile lokulawula imiphakathi yangempela(*imali yokukhokha, ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo, kanye namaqembu ezithakazelo zendawo.

Izinhlangano zezombangazwe zezwe zinikela kakhulu ekujoyisweni kwabantu abazobhapathizwa ngenxa yalesizathu. Ibhentshi eliqinile lezikhulu zendawo linikeza umkhondo wemijaho ye-concomponion ne-gubernaratial. I-Democratic Legastislative Campaign Committee neRepublican State Invery State ichitha amashumi ezigidi zezigidi umjikelezo ngamunye ukukhuthaza abazongenela isifundazwe, bazi ukuthi laba bantu bayoba yizikhundla lokungenela izikhundla eziphakeme eminyakeni ezalandela.

Ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi ka-2010 lubonisa lokhu kuthatha izihlalo ezinamandla. Imiphumela yokhetho yamazwe akhona ngo-2014 ayizange ibonise nje imizwelo yesizwe, futhi yalawula izishaya-mthetho ezingu-26 ngemva kokhetho. Lokhu kwaveza isizukulwane esisha sabaholi abathatha i-Congress, okwaholela ekuthatheni iRepublican House ngo-2010 kanye neSigele ngo-2014. Imiphumela yokhetho lwango-2010 ayizange ibonise nje ukuthi izwe lizizwa kanjani.

Ukushintsha Kwamandla Eqembu Necebo Lesizwe

Umphumela womphumela wokhetho lwendawo okuxoxwa ngalo nabavoti nokuthi imuphi umdlalo wezesisekelo weqembu onamandla. Ngemva kokhetho lwesikole lwama 2021, ukunqoba kweRepublica ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kwaphawula ukukhathazeka kwabazali okukhulayo ngenqubo yemfundo, isihloko esalawula ama-minutes angu-2022. Ngokufanayo, iDemocratic modual modual in Sun Belt Commissions ngo-2023 isikisela ukushintsha kwenani lemibalwa elingaphinde lishintshe amabalazwe kamongameli we-reshapeial table.

Lezi zimpawu zivumela amaqembu esizwe ukuba alungise ukuthunyelwa kwawo kanye nenani lempahla. I-Democratic National Committee manje iqondisa imijaho yebhodi yesikole njengesibonakaliso esiphambili somzwelo wovoti emaphethelweni. IRepublican National Committee isebenzisa imiphumela yokuvota yesifundazwe ukuze ibone izindawo lapho abavoteli abangathatha khona i-athomo ukuze bathathe i-asethi yemincinti yombuso. Lendlela yokuthola ukwaziswa iguqula izinhlanga zendawo ukuba ibe i-barcometer yomhlaba wonke.

Ukushintshwa kwegunya leqembu ezingeni lendawo kungadala futhi i-interea. Iqembu elilawula amahholo edolobha namabhodi esifundazwe iminyaka eyishumi lingathinta izinqubo zalo, ithonya ezifundweni zesikole, futhi lithuthukise intuthuko yezomnotho yendawo ngezindlela eziqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokushintsha kwezombangazwe zezwe. Lomphumela omude wesikhathi eside uwukuthi kungani ukukhetha kwendawo kugcwele kakhulu ezinhlelweni zemifelandawo ekhuthazayo enjenge-American Legislative Ex Exchange Council (ALC) neqembu elithuthukayo i-Indidipediction.

Isifundo Sendaba: I - Virginia House of Virginia of Specious

I-Virginia House of Courers ka-2017 yathatha ukhetho lwezihlalo ezingu-15, iphulula igumbi kusukela ku-66-344 eRepublika kuya ku-5549 ehlukene. Lolu shintsho alwenzekanga ngecala elingenalutho. Lwabonisa ukuphikisana kwemithetho kaMongameli Donald Trump futhi lwaqinisa igagasi elisha labafuna ukuthatha i-Democraticers, abaningi babo ababengabesifazane kanye nabantu abanombala abasebenzela ihhovisi okokuqala. Imiphumela ngokushesha yathonya izingxoxo zesizwe mayelana nonyaka ka-2018218 phakathi, iphawula ukuthi u-Rotavitav wayezimisele ukushiya i-GOP. Ukhetho lwendawo eVirginia lwe-Virginia lwaba ukuzamazama komhlaba okwavuselela izimo ze-democratics.

I - Voter Demographics: I - canary Yasendaweni Emayini Ye - coal

Okhetho bendawo bembula ushintsho lwenani labantu ngaphambi kokuba babhalise ngokugcwele ekuhloleni kwesizwe. Izindawo ezibanzi ezihlala abantu ezifundazweni ezinjenge Georgia, iTexas, ne-Arizona ziye zabona amanguquko endawo asukela ekukhetheni angaphambi kwezinguquko zezwe lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iGwinnett County, iGeorgia, indawo eyayihlala emadolobheni aseRepublic enkulu, yaqala ukukhetha amakhomishane esifunda se-Democraticism kanye namalungu ebhodini lesikole e-2010. Lo kuthambekela kwendawo kwakufanekisela uJoe Biden’s eGeorgia ngo-2020 nokhetho lukaSenators Raphael Warnock noJon Osoff.

  • Age: ku-Ann Arbor, Michigan, abavoti abasebasha ngokuqhubekayo bakhetha amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha athuthukayo, becindezela izindaba ezifana nemali ekhona nasekholijini kanye nenqubo yesimo sezulu. Lezimiso zendawo zikha ipulani yesilinganiso sikahulumeni.
  • I-pace kanye nohlanga: Ukuboniswa okwandayo kwabafuna i-Latino ne-Asian American emabhodini esikole nasemikhandlwini yamadolobha ezindaweni ezinjenge Central Valley yaseCalifornia kuye kwaphoqelela amaqembu esizwe ukuba akhulume ngezindaba ezinjengoshintsho lwezethulo kanye nokungena kolimi.
  • Imfundo neholo:[ Izindawo ezisemaphethelweni ezifunde kakhulu ngokuvamile zihlela ukuxhasa kwezethutho nezimiso zendawo endaweni yendawo, izimpikiswano eziba izisekelo zamaqophalo ezwe edemocratic.

Izazi zezombangazwe zihlaziya lezinguquko zenani labantu bendawo ekubikezeleni imiphumela yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhetho lwama - 2024 lukamongameli lwabona kokubili imikhankaso ifaka izimali ekuzuzeni abavoti besiLatini emijahweni yendawo eNevada nase-Arizona, ziqaphela ukuthi ukwaziswa kwesifundazwe kwanikeza umbono othandekayo wezinto ezikhethwayo zabavoti kunesilinganiso sokuhlola uhulumeni.

Izinselele Ezinciphisa Ithonya Lokukhetha Kwendawo

Ithuba lokhetho lwendawo lithiywa yizinkinga zokwakha ezilulaza ithonya labo. Ukunganaki kwe-voter kulokhu kuyisithiyo esiphikelelayo, nokhetho lukamasipala ngokuvamile luthatha isilinganiso esingaphansi kwe-15% sabavoti ababhalisiwe. Lokhu kugadla okuphansi kwenza ohulumeni bendawo bangameleli − udedari, umhlophe, futhi bacebe kakhulu kunemiphakathi abayikhonzayo. Uma ukuhlanganyela kuphoqelekile, imithetho evela kukhetho lwendawo ingase ingabonisi ukuthi umphakathi uthanda, kunciphise izinga lamahhovisi ezombangazwe anikeza amahhovisi esizwe ukudla ngemibhobho.

Ukukhipha izimali kubuye kuhlanekezele imiphumela. Umjaho wemeya oncintisanayo edolobheni eliphakathi ungabiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R2, kanti ukhetho lwesikole lungadinga amaR150 000 ukuze kwenziwe umkhankaso wokuncintisana. Ukuthola ingcebo, noma ukusekela kwamaqembu emali emnyama esizwe, kuzuza inzuzo engcono. INkantolo Ephakeme iUnited[FLT] yenza ukuba kusebenze isinqumo esingenakulinganiswa nezindleko ezizimele manje ezigelezela ezinhlangani zendawo, ngokuvamile ibanxenxela ezinkonzweni ezithandwayo zemibono yesizwe kunokuba ziholwe umphakathi.

I-Gerrymander engxenyeni yendawo ihlanganisa lezi zinkinga. Ikhomishane yesifunda nezifunda zesifunda sesifunda sedolobha zizama ukuvikela abavoti abanciphisi noma ukunciphisa amandla okuvota amancane angasusa izikhawu. Uma izinhlanga eziningi zendawo zinqunywa ezinhlangeni eziyinhloko, umvoti uthatha icala, futhi ithonya lamaqembu ahleliwe liyancipha. Izinguquko ezifana nokuzimela kokuvota okuzimele, ezithandwa emadolobheni anjenge New York neSan Francisco, zihlose ukulwa kwalezi zinselele, kodwa ukufezela kuhlala kungafanele ezweni lonke.

Amasu Okuthuthukisa Ithonya Lokhetho Lwasendaweni

Izindlela eziningana ezisebenzayo zingaqinisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwemiphumela yendawo nezindawo zezombangazwe. Ukuthatha amavoti ayandayo kuyithuluzi eliqonde kakhulu. Ukuthatha ukhetho lwendawo luye ngisho naseminyakeni yokhetho enombolo, noma ukulwenza ngosuku olufanayo nemincintiswano kahulumeni nohulumeni, kungathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela ngo 50%. ICalifornia ne-Oregon iye yazama izimiso zokuvota ezikhuphuka ngokuthumela ngeposi ezinqamula zonke izinhlanga, kuhlanganise namahhovisi endawo.

Izifundo eziqokomisa ithonya eliqondile lamahhovisi endawo ziyasiza futhi. Izinhlangano ze-Nonpartistan njengeNhlangano Yabesifazane Voters ziveza iziyalezo ezichaza indlela imikhandlu yedolobha evota ngayo ngezimiso zezindlu noma izinqumo zesikole ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Lapho abavoti beqonda ukuthi izikhulu zabo zendawo zithonya izintela zempahla, ukuphepha komphakathi, nezinga lesikole, bashukumiseleka kakhulu ukuba bahlanganyele.

Ukusekela amapayipi ama-payipi ahlukahlukene kuyingesinye icebo elibucayi. Izinhlelo ezinjengo-Run for Intont ne-EMERGE America zithola futhi ziqeqeshe intsha, abafuna ukuthatha amahhovisi endawo. Lezinhlangano ziye zasiza ekwandiseni ukumelelwa kwabesifazane nabantu abanemibala emikhandlwini yedolobha namabhodi ezikole, okuthi ngokulandelayo kushintshele izinhlelo ezihlela izifundazwe nezingangokobuzwe. Uhulumeni wendawo ohlukene usengozini enkulu yokuxoxa ngezindaba ezinjengezindlu ezithelekayo, izinkonzo zokuthutha, nokulandisa kwamaphoyisa, okuhlanganisa izingxoxo zezwe.

Izindaba Nezindaba Zendawo

Ubuhlobo bemithombo yezindaba nokhetho lwendawo bushintshe kakhulu ngokuncipha kwezinhlelo zendawo. Ngo-2023, amaphephandaba ezindawo angaphezulu kuka-500 aye avalwa noma ahlanganiswa kusukela ngo-2004, eshiya imiphakathi eminingi ingenayo imvume yokunikezelwa kwemihlangano yomkhandlu wedolobha noma izimpikiswano zebhodi lesikole. Lokhu kuhlanganisa igebe lisho ukuthi izindaba ezibalulekile zendawo − njengokuthatha kwedolobha isimiso esisha sokuguqula izinhlelo zamaphoyisa noma isinqumo sesifunda sokususa umtapo wezincwadi, ngokuvamile azilaleli zesizwe zingaziqapheli zize zibe izikhangiso ezingokomfanekiso.

Nokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana ne-millimeters iye yavala kancane igebe. Imiphumela yokukhetha kwendawo manje ithonya kuX (owayengu-Titter) noTik Tok uma ihilela izindaba eziphezulu ze-profile njengelungelo lokukhipha isisu noma ukuthatha igalelo lomdlali we-trangender. Ngo-2023, ukhetho lwesikole mayelana nokuvinjelwa kwezincwadi zomtapo wezincwadi lwadonsa ukunakekela kwesizwe ngemva kokuba ividiyo yomshisekeli wendawo ithathe igciwane, ekugcineni ithonya izinhlanga zombuso zezenkolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isibindi sohlanga olulodwa lwendawo kungaba i-projekthi yempi yesizwe, kubhebhethelela ithonya lasozwe lonke isifunda sezombangazwe.

Izindawo zokukhipha imvume yesizwe ziye zaqala ukutshala izimali zokuhlanganisa ukhetho lwendawo njengengxenye yecebo lesizwe. iNew York Times ne i-Washington Post[ njalo ithumela izintatheli ukuba zihlanganise izinhlanga eziyinhloko ze-meya ye-modual ne-overse communice, ziqaphela ukuthi lemiqhudelwano inikeza imininingwane yasekuqaleni ekuziphatheni kovota nokukhipha i-scrence. Isibonelo, unyulo lwe-2023 lukamphathi we-mouse eChicagocago, leyo eyalwa nomfundi oqhubekayo ngokumelene nolinganisela, yahlaziswe njengempikiswayo ye-Ddemocratic Party Party kamongameli ka-2024.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Indlela Indawo Evela Ngayo Ibikezela Amagagasi Ezwe

Ukuhlaziya okungokomlando kwembula izindlela ezingaguquki: Okhetho bendawo eminyakeni emibili eyandulela ukhetho lukamongameli ngokuvamile lulindele umphumela wezwe. Ukhetho luka - 2005 lweDemocratic nolwemeya lwabona intuthuko yeDimocratic ezifundeni ezinjengeVirginia neNew Jersey, ezandulela ukubusa kweSishaya - mthetho ngo - 2006.

Ukhetho lwango-2009 lwamuva luyisibonelo esinamandla. Ngawo lowo nyaka, amaRepublica awina imijaho ye-gaberna e-New Jersey nase-Virginia, namahhovisi endawo kulo lonke izwe. Lokhu kwaveza ukunganeliseki okukhulu ngezinhlelo zikaMongameli Barack Obama, okuvula indlela yegagasi leTaa Party ka-2010 elaguqula i-Congress kanye nezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Ukhetho lwendawo lwasebenza njengesimiso sokuqala sokuxwayisa ngesiyaluyaluyalu sesizwe esasizolandela.

Leligunya elibikezelayo lenze ukuhlaziya ukhetho lwendawo kwaba yithuluzi elibalulekile kososayensi bezombangazwe. ICook Political Report nezinye izinhlangano ezibikezela manje zihlanganisa imiphumela yokhetho lwesifundazwe kanye nemiphumelo yokukhetha kukamasipala ezifanisweni zazo zezinhlanga zesizwe. Ukuvumelana kunamandla kangangokuba isilinganiso esingu 2% kukhetho lwendawo singabonisa ukushintshwa kwenguquko engu-3/4% emncintiswaneni olandelayo wesizwe, kuye ngokuthi kuxhomeke ekuthatheni imingcele.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Ukukhetha Kwezindawo Kweminye Imibuso

Ithonya lokhetho lwezwe ezombangazwe zezwe alilona elase-United States kuphela. EUnited Kingdom, ukhetho lwendawo luvame ukusebenza njengenhlolo-hlolo ethandwayo phakathi neqembu lesizwe elibusayo. Ukhetho lwendawo lwango-2023 eNgilandi, lapho iLabour yathola izihlalo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zomkhandlu ngezindleko zeConservatives, yachazwa kabanzi njengesibonakaliso sokuwina kweLabour okhethweni olulandelayo. Lemiphumela yathonya ngokuqondile inqubo kahulumeni wezethulo lwezentengiselwano nezindlu.

EJalimane, ukhetho lwezinga likahulumeni ( Wandtagshallen) lungalula uhulumeni wekhomishane ngokususa ukusekela kohlanga oluhlangene. U-2018 uhulumeni wokhetho eBavaria nase Hesse wanciphisa ithonya lesizwe leNkathi Yomphakathi yamaKristu ne-Social Democrats, ngokulandelana, liholela ezinguqulweni zenkambiso kahulumeni ezisemisweni zezindawo ezifudukayo nasesenzelweni sezulu. Ngokufanayo, eCanada, ukhetho lwezifunda ngokuvamile luveza ithonya lezifunda zesifundazwe le-Democratic Party, njengoba kubonakala lapho i-New Democratic Party i-mose inyusa amathemba ayo esizwe ngo 1990.

Lezizindaba zomhlaba wonke zigcizelela isimiso sendawo yonke: ukusebenza kwentando yeningi njengezimiso ezihlangene. Ushintsho ekusakazweni kukahulumeni wendawo ludala izigigaba ezazisa ukubusa kwesizwe. IUnited States, kanye nohlelo lwayo lombuso nokhetho lwayo oluvamile, inikeza isibonelo esicacile, kodwa indlela ibambelele edemocracy ethuthukile.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukukhetha Kwendawo Njengempi Ebucayi

Njengoba ukwanda kwezombangazwe kukhula e-United States, okhetho bendawo lungaba oluwujuqu nakakhulu. Uma umthetho wezwe olawula izishaya - mthetho ezimpikiswaneni ezinjengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu noma ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, umbuso nohulumeni bendawo baba izinkundla eziyinhloko zokuthatha isinyathelo sesimiso senqubo. Imiphumela yalemincintiswano yendawo iyokwenza imingcele yalokho okungenzeka ngokwezombangazwe ezingeni likahulumeni eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

Ngakho - ke abashisekeli nabashisekeli kufanele bafake kuqala ukhetho lwendawo njengethuluzi elibalulekile loshintsho lwesizwe. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNational League of Cities ne Center for American Progress ziye zanyathelisa iziqondisi zokuhileleka kwezombangazwe zendawo, zigcizelela ukuthi ukuwina emkhandlwini wedolobha kungadala ithonya elinamandla ezweni futhi ekugcineni. Imithombo ikhona; inselele iwukubheka ngalé komkhankaso wobumongameli futhi zisebenzise isikhathi sazo emibangweni eyakha ngempela amandla ezombangazwe enhlabathini.

Ukhetho lwendawo aluyona nje inqubo yokunyathela noma izenzakalo zezombangazwe ezisezisekelweni zesimiso sentando yeningi esisebenzayo, ithonya eliqondile lezimiso ezihlolwayo, okuvela abazofuna, naziphi izindaba ezibusa ingxoxo yesizwe. Ngokuqonda nangokuthatha isinyathelo ngaleliqiniso, izakhamuzi zingaguqula indawo yedolobha ngesikhathi esisodwa.