Ukhetho oluyinhloko lungenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo kakhulu zentando yeningi yaseMelika, lusebenza njengesango elibucayi abameleli bezombangazwe okumelwe badlule ngalo ngaphambi kokuncintisana nokhetho oluvamile. Le mincintiswano yokukhetha imelela okungaphezu kwamavoti avamile angaphambili − ahlanganisa isimiso sentando yeningi sokuthi ekugcineni amandla ahlala nabantu, avumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zithonye ngokuqondile ezizomelela izithakazelo zazo kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni. Kusukela emabhodini ezikole zendawo kuya e-denderenterralies of United States, ukukhetha kumisa indawo yezombangazwe futhi kunqume ukuthi yimaphi amazwi ayoba nethuba lokuhola imiphakathi yethu, amazwe, nesizwe.

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi wokhetho oyinhloko obalulekile ngayo kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Lokhetho alunqumi nje kuphela ukuthi yiziphi iziteshi zeqembu ezivelayo kodwa futhi luthonya neziteshi zeqembu, izinqumo eziphambili zesimiso, kanye nesiqondiso esiphelele senkulumo yezombangazwe eMelika. Ngokuhlola umlando, onjiniyela, kanye nethonya lokhetho oluyinhloko, singaqonda kangcono indima yabo ebalulekile ekulondolozeni uhulumeni osabelayo nongummeleli obonisa intando yabantu.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwemibono Eyinhloko EMelika

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhetha njengoba sazi namuhla siyinguquko yesimanje engokomlando wezombangazwe waseMelika. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha abazocela ukubhapathizwa ngesimiso se-caucus esilawulwa abaqondisi beqembu kanye nabangenisi bezombangazwe ababenethonya elikhulu ngemva kweminyango evaliwe. Lesimiso ngokuvamile sasiphumela ekubeni abavoti ababenesibopho esikhulu emikhakheni yeqembu kunakuvota nje, okuholela ekukhohlakaleni okusakazekile nasekuhlukani phakathi kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezakhamuzi ababezibiza ngokuthi bamelela.

INkathi eVuthayo yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezazihloselwe ukunciphisa ukonakala nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. UWisconsin waba yisifunda sokuqala ukuba athathe isimiso esiyinhloko ngo - 1901, ephayona isibonelo esasizosakazekela kancane kancane kuso sonke isizwe. Abashisekeli benguquko baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela amalungu esigaba esiphezulu nesobufazi ukuba akhethe amalungu emishini yezombangazwe, andise ukulandisa, futhi aqinisekise ukuthi abazofuna ukuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zidingo nezidingo zezakhamuzi ezivamile kunokuba kutholwe izigaba eziphambili.

Ngawo-1970, isimiso esiyinhloko sase sibe indlela evelele yokukhetha abazomiswa emahhovisi amakhulu kakhulu e-United States. Izinguquko zeDemocratic Party ngemva komhlangano woma 1968 ophikisi, lapho uMongameli uHubert Humphrey athola khona ukumiswa kwelungelo naphezu kokungawini ushintsho oluyinhloko, olwasheshisa lolushintsho. Lezi zinguquko zagunyaza ukuba izihambeli zomhlangano wesizwe zikhethwe ngezindawo ezingaphandle noma ngezindawo zokuvula ama-caucre, ngokuyinhloko ukuncilca inqubo yobumongameli kanye nokubeka isibonelo okuzolandela kokubili amaqembu amakhulu.

Namuhla, okhetho abayinhloko baqhutshwa kuzo zonke izifunda-zingu-50, nakuba imithetho eqondile, isikhathi, namafomethi kuhluka kakhulu kuye ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Lesi simiso sokulungisa iziqeshana sibonisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni waseMelika, lapho amazwe alondoloza khona inkululeko ephawulekayo ekuqondiseni amakhetho. Ukuziphendukela kweprimetics kuyaqhubeka, ngempikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokulunga kwesimiso samanje, ithonya lezifunda zokuqala eziveza izikhali, nendima yezinhlangano zamahlelo ekulolongeni kwemiphumela yokukhetha.

Injongo Nendima Eyisisekelo Yokukhetha Okuyinhloko

Phakathi, okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengendlela amaqembu ezombangazwe anciphisa ngayo umkhakha wabancintiswano abancintisanayo esikhundleni esithile. Kunokuba abaholi beqembu bakhethe abakhokhi emakamelweni agcwele intuthu, amaprime anika abavoti amandla okwenza lezi zinqumo ezibalulekile ngebhokisi le-colot. Lenqubo yokukhetha ngentando yeningi iqinisekisa ukuthi abazofuna ukusekela amalungu eqembu elithile futhi, kwezinye izimo, abavoti abazimele, ngaphambi kokuba baqhubele phambili kukhetho oluvamile.

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lunikeza amalungu eqembu indawo yokuvota ukuze aveze okuthandayo ngokuphathelene nezinto eziza kuqala ezingokwenqubo, izitayela zobuholi, kanye nesiqondiso esivamile afuna ukuba amalungu awo asithathe. Uma abavoti bekhetha phakathi kwabazo ezilandelayo ngokwengxenye enkulu, abamane bakhethe igama ebhokisini lokuvota, bamane basho okuthile ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kubo, ukuthi yiziphi izimfanelo abazazisa kakhulu kubaholi, futhi isiphi inqubo abanayo ngomphakathi wabo noma izwe.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sikhuthaza futhi ukungakhethi nokubonakala komgomo ngokumisa imithetho ecacile nezinqubo bonke abazobhapathizwa okumelwe bazilandele. Ngokungafani nesimiso esidala se-caucus, lapho i-panet nezokuxhumana komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kunezimiphumela enqunyiwe, amaprimishini anikeza indawo yokudlala lapho abazofuna ukuvota kumelwe bancintisa khona ngomkhankaso womphakathi, izimpikiswano, nezimpande zotshani ezihlelayo. Lokhu kusiza ukuba abantu baqiniseke ngenqubo yokukhetha futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi abazokuphumayo babonise ikhono labo lokuxhumana novoti futhi badlulise umbono oshukumisayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprime akhuthaza abavoti ukuba bakhulume ngezinkinga zamalungu eqembu kanye nomphakathi omkhulu kuyo yonke inqubo yomkhankaso. Amalungu kumelwe ahlanganyele nabo ngokuqondile, abe khona emahholo edolobha, ahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni, futhi aphendule imibuzo ephathelene nezikhundla zabo ezindabeni ezibucayi. Lokhu kuhlala kuhleliwe kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi kubeke abazocela ukulandisa ngezindaba zabo nezithembiso esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukuvota kwabo kuqale.

Indlela Okukhethwa Ngayo Okuyinhloko Okunethonya Eliqondile Ekuholeni Kwezombangazwe

Ithonya lokhetho oluyinhloko lobuholi bezombangazwe lidlulela ngalé kokumane nje kunqume ukuthi yimaphi amagama akhona emishini yokukhetha evamile. Ngenqubo eyinhloko, abavoti basebenzisa inqubo eqondile yokulawula izinga, imibono, nobuntu balabo abazogcina bencintisana ngesikhundla. Lomandla okubumba itheku elifuna ukuthatha isigaba sezwe amelela enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezivamile ezingathonya ngayo isiqondiso sikahulumeni futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi abameleli bazo babonise ngempela izindinganiso nezinto zabo eziza kuqala.

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusiza ekuphawuleni abazohlolwa ngokusekelwa okukhulu phakathi kweqembu labo, lusebenza njengovivinyo olubalulekile lwekhono lombhalisa lokwakha imifelandawonye, ukuphakamisa izimali, ukuhlela izisebenzi zokuzithandela, nokuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo nama-constitue ahlukene. Abasebenza kahle ezingeni lokufundela babonisa ukuthi banamakhono ezombangazwe, ukunxusa komuntu siqu, nezikhundla ezidingekayo ukuze bahlanganise amalungu eqenjini futhi banqobe ekukhetheni. Lenqubo yokuzifaka isiza amaqembu ukuba agweme abafuni abangeni abangakhanga abaphakathi kodwa antula ukusekela okukhulu okudingekayo ukuze aphumelele emijahweni yokuncintisana.

Isimo sokuncintisana sokhetho oluyinhloko sivumela futhi ukuba abantu abahlukahlukene abafuna ukubhapathizwa bangene enkundleni yezombangazwe, baqhubeke beveza futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imibono eminingi izwakala phakathi nenqubo yokukhipha izitho. Ngokungafani nezimiso zokumisa noma izibhobo zeqembu, amaprimenti akha amathuba abantu bangaphandle bezombangazwe, abesifazane, izinkolo ezincane, nababezomncintiswano abavela ezizindeni ezingezona ezesizwe ukuba baphikise abezombangazwe futhi balethe imibono emisha etafuleni. Le nkululeko iholele ekwahlukahlukeni kakhulu kwezindlela zokubusa kwezombangazwe zaseMelika futhi iye yasiza ekunqamuleni imingcele eyake yaze yasusa wonke amaqembu ezombangazwe ekuhlanganyeleni okunenjongo enqubwebweni yezombangazwe.

Okhetho oluyinhloko lungasebenza futhi njengesehlo sezazi zezombangazwe ezizimele, ezizibheka njengezinesibopho sokulandisa kubantu abazimele nakumalungu eqembu. Lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibhekene nezinselele eziyinhloko, kumelwe zivikele imibhalo yazo, zichaze amavoti azo, futhi zibonise ukuthi ziye zahlala zithembekile ezimisweni nasezintweni eziza kuqala zabasekeli bazo. Lenqubo yokulandisa isiza ekuvimbeleni ukunganaki futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bayaqhubeka besabela ezidingweni ezihlukene nasezinkathazweni zabantu abakhonzayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo eyinhloko ithonya izikhundla zesimiso kanye namasu omkhankaso abawamukelayo phakathi nokhetho oluvamile. Abathathi bezomthetho abaphumelelayo bavame ukwenza kanjalo ngokuqinisa isisekelo seqembu labo nangokuthatha izikhundla ezicacile ezindabeni ezithinta abasekeli abaphambili. Lezi zikhundla, ezithuthukiswe futhi zilungiswe phakathi nomkhankaso wokuqala, zihlela uhlelo lwemithetho abazoluthatha okhethweni oluvamile futhi, uma bephumelela, ehhovisi. Ngale ndlela, abavoti basebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngesimiso sikahulumeni, ngisho noma bemelela uhlelo oluncane lwengqikithi ye-votatorta.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukile Zezici Eziyinhloko

Isimiso esiyinhloko saseMelika sihluke ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba amazwe ahlukahlukene esebenzisa amafomu ahlukahlukene abonisa amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngokuthi ubani okufanele ahlanganyele ekukhetheni abazobhapathizwa nokuthi abawinile kufanele bahlolwe kanjani. Ukuqonda lezizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaprimenti kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nakunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo yokukhipha inombolo ihlela kanjani imiphumela ekhethiwe.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Amaprojekthi avalelwe amelela uhlobo oluqine kakhulu lokhetho oluyinhloko, elinganisela ukuthatha uhlangothi lwabavoti abaye babhaliswa ngokomthetho njengamalungu eqembu elithile lezombangazwe. Ezizweni ezinezipringi ezivalekile, amaDemocrates kuphela abhalisiwe angavota eDemocratic Primerime, futhi amaRepublic kuphela angavota ezingeni elisemthethweni. Abavoti abazimele namalungu amanye amaqembu bakhishwa ekuhlanganyeleni kulemincintiswano ngaphandle kokuba bashintshe ukubhalisa kwabo isigaba ngaphambi kokuphela kosuku, okuhluka ngokwezwe.

Abasekeli bezindawo zokuvota ezivaliweyo baphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso sivikela ubuqotho bamadili ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu azinikele kuphela anezwi ekukhetheni abazohlolwa. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela abangewona amalungu ukuba bahlanganyele kungenza ukuvota okusemthethweni, lapho abasekeli beqembu elithile elivotayo komunye umbutho ngokuyinhloko ukuze basize ekusizeni umlandeli obuthakathaka. Ama-primente aqinisa futhi akhuthaza abavoti ukuba benze isibopho esingokomthetho eqenjini lezombangazwe, esingaqinisa khona izinhlangano zeqembu futhi sithuthukise ukuvumelana kwemibono yeqembu.

Nokho, abagxeki bezigebengu ezivalekile baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sichitha abavoti abazimele futhi sinciphisa ukuthatha uhlangothi kwenqubo yentando yeningi. Ezizweni ezineziprimes ezivalekile, abavoti − abamelela ingxenye ekhulayo yabavoti--nezwi ekunqumeni ukuthi iziphi izisulu ezizovela kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kukhishwa kwenkinga ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibuswa iqembu elilodwa, lapho ngokuyinhloko kunquma khona ukuthi ukunqoba kokhetho oluvamile, kushiya abavoti abazimele bengenawo amazwi anengqondo okuthi bamele bani.

Vula Ukhetho Oluyinhloko

Abavuli bathatha indlela ebanzi, bavumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba ahlanganyele ekukhetheni kwabo okuyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabaphi abahlanganyeli. Ezindabeni ezivulekile, abavoti banganquma ngosuku lokhetho oluyinhloko lweqembu abafuna ukuvota kulo, nakuba bengavota kuphela eqenjini eliyinhloko lomunye. Lesimiso asifuni ukuba umvoti avume obala ukuthi ungene eqenjini elithile noma abhalise neqembu elithile kusengaphambili.

Abasekeli bezikhulu baphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuthatha ingxenye enkulu enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abavoti, kuhlanganise nabazimele, banezwi ekukhetheni abazobhapathizwa. Baphikisa ngokuthi amaprimende avulayo aveza abacela ukudluliswa okusesilinganisweni okumelwe kudluliswe eqenjini labavoti, hhayi nje abaqotho. Lokhu kungaholela ekubusweni kwesimiso esiphezulu futhi kunciphise ukuhlaliswa kwezwe okuvame ukuphumela lapho abavoti bedinga ukudlulisa isiphakamiso seqembu labo kuphela ukuze bazuze.

Abaphikisi bezindawo ezivulekile baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuvota okungokobulungu kanye nokungathola "ukuhlasela ngeqembu," lapho abasekeli beqembu elithile elivota kwelinye icala ngokuyinhloko bethonya umphumela. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuvula izinhlangano zeqembu kulula ngokuvumela abangewona amalungu ukuba bamise imibuthano, okungase kuphumele kwabafuna ukumelela izindinganiso nezimiso ezisemqoka ngempela zeqembu. Naphezu kwalokhu kukhathalela, amazwe amaningi aye athatha izimiso eziyinhloko ezivulekile, athola ukuthi izinzuzo zokuhlanganyela okwandayo zingaphezu kwezawo.

Semi-evalekile neSemi-open Primitary

Izifunda eziningi ziye zathatha izimiso ezixubile eziwela phakathi kwemibhobho evalekile nevulekile ngokuphelele. Ama-semi-prim avumela amalungu eqembu elibhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abazimele ukuba bahlanganyele, kodwa zingawafaki amalungu amanye amaqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, kumaDemocratic asondelene kakhulu, abhaliwe nabazimeleyo abangakwazi ukuvota, kodwa amaRepublic abhaliswe ngokulinganayo isifiso sokulawula izinhlangano ngokuzifunela ukuhlanganisa nabavoti abazimele kule nqubo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Semi-open primery, ivumela amalungu eqembu ukuba avote embangweni wawo kuqala kuyilapho enika abavoti abazimele ukukhetha ukuthi bakhethe kuphi abazohlanganyela. Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bashintshe ukubhalisa kweqembu ngosuku lokhetho, futhi baphumelele ekusunguleni isimiso esivulekile lapho begcina imfuneko engokomthetho yokubhaliswa kweqembu. Lezizimiso zenhlanganisela zibonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthola ukulingana okungcono phakathi kweqembu elizimele nelentando yeningi.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

I-runoff primiry, eyaziwa nangokuthi ama-ubleprime, isetshenziswa futhi ezifundeni eziningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo uthola ukusekelwa okukhulu kunokuba athole nje ubuningi. Ezimweni ezithile uthola amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-50 evoti engosi yokuqala, abavoti ababili abaphezulu bathuthukela ekukhetheni okususwe emasontweni ambalwa kamuva.

Ama-inboff primries avame kakhulu ezifundazweni zaseNingizimu futhi aklanyelwe ukuvimbela abazobhapathizwa ekutholeni ukukhethwa ngesilinganiso esincane kuphela sevoti emasimini aminyene. Ngokufuna iningi, izimiso zokukhipha imishini ziqinisekisa ukuthi ekugcineni i-cominee ibonise ukusekela okubanzi phakathi kweqembu. Nokho, ukukhetha okuphumayo kungabiza, ukuvota isikhathi, futhi ngokuvamile kuphazamiseke ekuthatheni i-pastreme, kuholela amanye amazwe ekucabangeni ngokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Izindlu Zomshinyana Eziphezulu Ezimbili Nezingaphakamisi

Inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lazama izimiso eziyinhloko ezimbili eziphezulu, ezibizwa nangokuthi i-nopartisan noma i-primiaries yasehlathini, ezimelela ukusuka okuyisisekelo ezinhlabeni ezisekelwe emaqenjini angokwesiko. Ezimisweni ezimbili eziphezulu, bonke abazobhapathizwa bavela ebhodini eliyinhloko elilodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakanye neqembu, futhi bonke abavoti bangahlanganyela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babhaliswa yini. Abavoti ababili abathola amavoti amaningi bathuthukele phambili ekukhetheni, ngisho noma bengabebomalungu eqenjini elifanayo.

ICalifornia neWashington baye bamukela izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko eziphezulu emahhovisi amaningi ombuso nohulumeni, bephikisa ngokuthi lendlela inciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo futhi ikhuthaza abazohlolwa ukuba bafake isinxephezelo kukhetho olubanzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi abavoti abaphezulu-mibili banikeza amalungelo azimele okuhlanganyela futhi bangaveza amalungelo angcono, avumelanayo. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lezizimiso zingaphumela okhethweni oluvamile lapho abavoti bengenakho ukukhetha kwangempela phakathi kwemibono ehlukene, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibuswa iqembu elilodwa lapho abavoti ababili abathathele phambili eqenjinini elifanayo bengase baqhubele phambili khona phambili ohlawulo oluvamile.

Ukusebenza Ngezimboni Ezinkulu

Amanye amagunya aseqalile ukusebenzisa ukuvota okunqunyiwe okunganqunyiwe (okubizwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo) okhethweni oluyinhloko, evumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda kunokuba bakhethe oyedwa kuphela. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi e-ice yokuqala, umvoti onamavoti ambalwa kakhulu uqediwe, futhi amavoti wesibili abasekeli bawo akhiqizwa. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti efinyelela iningi.

Ukuvota okunendawo yokuvota kususa isidingo sokhetho oluhlukile oluhambayo kuyilapho kusaqinisekisa ukuthi abawini bakhona basekelwa kakhulu. Kuvumela futhi abavoti ukuba basekele abathandayo ngaphandle kokwesaba "ukuvota" kwabo, njengoba ibhola labo lingashintshela ekukhetheni kwabo kwesibili uma ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala kuqediwe. I-Alaska ne-Maine baye bamukela ukuvota okusemthethweni kokhetho oluthile, futhi amadolobha amaningana asebenzisa isimiso sezindawo ezisebenzela i-primpmator. Njengoba lendlela izuza i-trakiti, ingabuyisela indlela ephambili yokukhetha nendlela ababhishobhi bebafuna ngayo.

Inqubo Eyinhloko Kamongameli: Isimiso Esiyingqayizivele

AmaPresidenti amelela isigaba esikhethekile sokhetho oluyinhloko olunemithetho ekhethekile, amasiko, nokubaluleka. Ngokungafani nezindawo eziqalayo kwamanye amahhovisi, amaprimenti ayizithathi ngokuqondile izihambeli kodwa kunalokho khetha izihambeli ezizoya emhlanganweni wesizwe weqembu futhi zivote ekuhlolweni. Lesimiso esingaqondile senezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi enqubeni yokukhetha umongameli futhi sinikeza izinhlangano ezithile ithonya emphumeleni olandelayo, ngisho nanjengoba abavoti abayinhloko basebenzise ukulawula okuqinile.

Ikhalenda likamongameli eliyinhloko liye laba indaba yempikiswano enkulu nokuncintisana phakathi kwezifundazwe. Iowa no-New Hampshire baye bathatha ngokwesiko i-caucus yokuqala ne-impela, ngokulandelana, benikeza lamazwe amancane ithonya elingalinganiyo enqubweni yokukhipha izithombo. Abawenza kahle kulemincintiswano yakuqala bazuza amandla, ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, nokusekela inzuzo ekwazi ukuwashukumisela ekunqobeni ezifundazweni ezamuva. Ngokuphambene, abashishi abasebenza eIowa naseNew Hampre bavame ukulwa kanzima ukuze baqhubeke bephila, ngisho noma bengase babe nokukhanga okukhulu emazweni ahlukene kakhulu.

Ukufakwa kwekhalenda lokuqala, kanye nezifunda eziningi ezinyakazisa imincintiswano yazo ngaphambi konyaka wokhetho ukuze zandise ithonya lazo, kuye kwadala inkathi yokuqala ecindezelayo lapho umjahi uvame ukunqunywa khona ngokuphumelelayo phakathi namasonto emincintiswano yokuqala. Lejubane elisheshayo lingasiza abazohlolwa ngokuqashelwa kakhulu, ukusungulwa kwemibuthano yokuxhasa, kuyilapho kukwenza kube nzima kubantu abambalwa abaziwayo ukuba basekele kancane kancane. Bobabili amaqembu amakhulu baye bazama ukusingatha lezi zinkathazo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwezinsuku eziyinhloko kanye nezijeziso zokuthiwa ngokuhlela amaprostary awo asese enduku.

Impatho yokwabela umongameli ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo ze-democratic and Republican ephethe izifundazwe ezihlukene. Abanye basho izihambeli eziya ngokulinganayo ngokwesilinganiso samaphesenti amavoti atholwa yilowo nalowo ozobhapathizwa, kuyilapho abanye besebenzisa izimiso ezithatha zonke lapho umbheki onezivoti eziningi athola khona zonke izihambeli zikahulumeni. I-Didemocratic Party ihlanganisa "abaholi abaphakele"" ." /_izikhulu abahlukene nezikhulu ezikhethiwe abangasekela noma imuphi umgomo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imiphumela eyinhloko ikhona."5] Izinguquko zamuva zilinganisela ithonya labo abamele ibhola yokuqala emhlanganweni.

Indima Yokukhetha Okuyinhloko Ekuthuthukiseni Ukuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengendlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhuthaza ukuthembisana komphakathi nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ekuphileni kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika. Ngokunikeza izakhamuzi amathuba okuhlanganyela njalo ekukhetheni abantu, amahholo asiza ekulondolozeni ukukhetha okunenkuthalo nokunolwazi okuqonda ukubaluleka kokuvota futhi azizwe ehlangene nenqubo yezombangazwe. Lokhu kuthembisa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile empilweni yezinhlangano zentando yeningi futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usabela ekwamukeleni kwentando yabantu.

Isimo sokuncintisana sokhetho oluyinhloko ngokuvamile sidala ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba, izimpikiswano zomphakathi, nezimpande zotshani ezifundisa abavoti ngezindaba ezibalulekile nezikhundla zabazohlolwa. Phakathi nemikhankaso eyinhloko, abazokwenzela ukuhlolwa, kumelwe bachaze imibiko yabo, futhi bachaze indlela abangasingatha ngayo izinselele ezibhekene nemiphakathi yabo noma isizwe. Lokhu kuxoxa komphakathi okunwetshiwe kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle futhi babangele izindlela zokulandisa ezidlulela ngalé kosuku lokhetho.

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lunikeza namathuba okuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuvota nje. Izakhamuzi zingavolontiya emikhankasweni, zihlanganyele emibuthanweni nasemahholo edolobhaneni, zinikele kwabazodwa, futhi zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni zezombangazwe nomakhelwane bazo nemiphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okukhulu kuqinisa umphakathi, kwakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo, futhi kwakha izinhlangano zezakhamuzi ezibophekile ezihlala zimatasa ekuphileni kwezombangazwe phakathi nokhetho. Amakhono nokuxhumana okusungulwa ngomkhankaso womkhankaso ngokuvamile kuholela ekubopheni izivumelwano zomphakathi kanye nokuhola umphakathi.

Kubantu abaningi baseMelika, okhetho oluyinhloko lumelela ukuchayeka kwabo kokuqala enqubweni yezombangazwe nethuba labo lokuqala lokuhlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi. Abavoti abasebasha, izakhamuzi ezintsha, futhi ngaphambili abantu abangazange bangenele ababhikishi bavame ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe ngemikhankaso eyinhloko ebashukumisayo noma esingatha izindaba ezibakhathalela ngokujulile. Ngokunikeza amaphuzu okungena afinyelelekayo ekuthatheni iqhaza lentando yeningi, amaprotheni ayasiza ekwakheni idemokhrasi ezindaweni lapho kuzwakala futhi kumelelwe khona amaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kwesimiso Sokhetho Esiyinhloko

Naphezu kwendima yabo ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika, okhetho oluyinhloko babhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu nezinselele eziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuphumelela kwabo nokulunga. Okunye okukhathaza kakhulu okuqhubekayo kungumvoti ophansi, ikakhulukazi emahholweni ezwe nasezindaweni. Okhetho oluyinhloko lukhanga abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile, okusho ukuthi isilinganiso esincane, ngokuvamile esingakhokelwayo sokhetho esingcono kakhulu sinquma ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi yikuphi abazovela ngokusemthethweni kumavotasi okhetho. Lokhu kungena ngenza ukuba kungabi namalungu akhanka afaka isikhalo emahhovisi amaningi eqembu azinikele kodwa ashikashike ukuxhumana nokhetho olulinganiselwe okhetho oluvamile.

Ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi nokuhlolwa kokhetho oluyinhloko, ikakhulukazi emincintiswaneni kamongameli, kudala ukungalingani okuzuzisa abanye abaphethe abanye nabavoti phezu kwabanye. Izimo ezikhipha ivoti ziqala njenge-Iowa neNew Hampshire zisebenzisa ithonya elingalinganiyo enqubweni yokukhipha impompo, kuyilapho abavoti bezifundazwe nabafundi abalandelayo ngokuvamile bathola ukuthi lomjaho usunqunyiwe kakade ngesikhathi enamathuba okuvota. Lesimiso singakuvimbela ukuhlanganyela futhi sibangele umqondo wokuthi abanye bavote ngaphezu kwabanye, ululaza isimiso sentando yeningi sokulingana kwezombangazwe.

Izindleko zokusebenza okhethweni oluyinhloko ziye zanda ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, zakha isithiyo sokungena esisekela abacebile nalabo abakwaziyo ukunikela ngeminikelo emikhulu. Izikhulu kumelwe zichithe izinyanga noma ngisho iminyaka ziphakamisa imali, izinhlangano zokwakha, futhi zithuthukise ukuqashelwa ngaphambi kokuba zincintisane ngokuphumelelayo ezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kuqoqa izimali kungahlukanisa abafanelekayo abangenayo ingcebo yomuntu siqu noma abangenalo ubuhlobo nabanikazi abakhulu, kunciphise izinhlobonhlobo zemibono nokuhlangenwe nakho okumele emincintiswaneni eyinhloko.

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunganezela ekuphakameni kwezombangazwe ngabavoti abavusiwe kakhulu abavoti abavotiswe ngokwemibono kunalabo abangakha izinkolo ezibanzi. Ezifundeni ezivalekile ikakhulukazi, abavoti bavame ukuthatha izikhundla ezingaphezulu ukuze bazuze ukusekela okuvela kubashisekeli beqembu, khona - ke balwa kanzima ukulinganisela isigijimi sabo kubantu abalalela ukuvota. Lokhu kungaphumela ekukhetheni izikhulu ezisabela kakhulu esisekelweni somphakathi kunasezikhundleni eziwukhethayo, okwenza ukuhlehlela nokubambisana kwe-bipartarian kube nzima kakhulu.

Ubunkimbinkimbi nezinhlobonhlobo zemithetho yokukhetha ekhona ezindaweni ezihlukene kudala ukudideka phakathi kwabavoti futhi kungavimbela ukuthatha iqhaza. Abavoli kumelwe basebenzise imingcele ehlukene yokubhalisa, izimfuneko zokuthola ilungelo, nezinqubo zokuvota kuye ngokuthi bahlalaphi nokuthi yibuphi obubaluleke kangakanani abafisa ukuhlanganyela kubo. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kuyinselele kakhulu kubantu abahamba ngezimoto, abasha abavoti, nalabo abanolwazi olulinganiselwe ngenqubo yezombangazwe, okungasusa izigaba eziphawulekayo zomphakathi ekuthatheleni uhlangothi olubalulekile.

Umphumela Wokhetho Oluyinhloko Ezinhlelweni Zeqembu

Okhetho oluyinhloko lunethonya elikhulu emaqenjini esigaba nakwezimiso eziza kuqala ngokuphoqelela abazohlolwa ukuba baxazulule izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu kumalungu eqembu kanye nabavoti abayinhloko. Phakathi nemikhankaso eyinhloko, abazothatha izicelo kumelwe bachaze izikhundla zezimiso ezinemininingwane eminingi, baphendule emaqenjini enzalo, futhi bahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni lapho bechaza indlela yabo yokubusa. Le nqubo isiza ukuhlela uhlelo lwezimiso amaqembu ahamba ngalo okhethweni oluvamile futhi ekugcineni, kuhulumeni.

Imisebenzi yokuncintisana yokhetho oluyinhloko ivame ukushukumisela abazothatha izikhundla ezibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kumalungu eqembu labo athembisiwe. Ku-Democratic primmies, abazothatha iziqu ngokuvame ukugcizelela izindaba ezinjengokungena kwezempilo, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nobulungisa bezenhlalo, kuyilapho abafuna ngokuyinhloko eRepublican igxile ekuncishisweni kwentela, ekuhleleni inguquko, ekubekeni umthetho wokuthunyelwa kwabantu, namasiko. Le mibafas ibonisa izinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile zesizinda seqembu ngalinye futhi isiza ukuchaza imingcele yemibono yenkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza futhi njengezizathu zokuhlola imiqondo emisha yesimiso kanye nendlela entsha yokubusa. Abafuna ukuzihlukanisa nabancintisanayo ngokuvamile baveza izinyathelo ezithatha ihlombe noma izixazululo ezintsha zezinkinga zokuthatha isikhathi eside. Uma lemibono ithinta abavoti abayinhloko, bangathola ithewuli phakathi kweqembu futhi bathonye ingxoxo yesimiso ebanzi. Ngisho nabafuna ukungazizuzi zingakha iziteji ngokuveza imibono abanye abavoti abayamukelayo noma ngokubonisa ukusekela ukungenela okuthile kwenqubo ethile.

Ithonya lokhetho oluyinhloko emikhankasweni lidlulela ngalé kwemikhankaso yabantu ngabanye ukuhlela ukuqondisa okude kwesigaba sezombangazwe. Uma abafuna ukuthatha izigigaba ezithile bephumelela njalo ezingeni eliphansi, amaqembu alungisa iziteji zawo nezinto eziza kuqala ukuze abonise lokhu kunqoba. Lokhu kunamandla kuye kwanezela ekuphendukeleni kwemibono yabo bobabili amaqembu amakhulu esigaba eRepublican Party eqhubekela phambili ngokuqonde kahle, neDemocratic Party ithatha izikhundla eziqhubekayo eziqondene nezindaba eziningi.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Nezindaba

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imiphumela yokukhetha eyinhloko ngokuthonya abazobhapathizwa abathola ukunakwa, indlela abavezwa ngayo, naziphi izindaba ezibusa inkulumo yomkhankaso. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaprime nemithombo yezindaba buyinkimbinkimbi futhi buqinisana: amaprimendrim ancintisanayo asakaza izindaba, kuyilapho ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba kusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izimfunda ezibhekwa njengeziphilayo nezifanelwe ukusekelwa yilabo abavota.

"Umjaho wamahhashi" ogxile ekuhloleni okuyinhloko, ogxila ekuhloleni, ekufakeni ingqikithi, nasemkhankasweni wemikhankaso esikhundleni sezingxoxo zesimiso sobukhoma, uye wagxekwa kakhulu ngokululaza inqubo yentando yeningi. Loluhlobo lokuhlanganisa lungadala iziprofetho zokuzigcwalisa lapho abafuna ukunakekelwa okuhle kwezezindaba bethola ukusekelwa ekuhloleni, okubangela ukuhlanganisa okwengeziwe kwemithombo yezindaba, ukwenza umjikelezo osizayo ophambili futhi kwenza kube nzima ngabafuna ukugqashukashelwa abangaziwa ukuba banqamuke. Nokho, izinhlangano zezindaba ziphikisa ngokuthi u-Roffoce zinesithakazelo ezicikweni zokuncintisana nakuhliswa kwemijaho ye-mijaho kusiza izibukelo ukuba baqonde isimo somjaho.

Izembu jikelele ziye zaguqula imikhankaso eyinhloko ngokuvumela abazohlolwa ukuba baxhumane ngokuqondile nabavoti ngaphandle kokuhlulwa abagcini bamasango bezezindaba. Amakhansi angasebenzisa amapulatifomu anjenge-twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram ukuxoxa ngesigijimi sabo, ukusabela kubaphikisi, nokuqoqa abasekeli. Lokhu kuxhumana okuqondile kuye kwahlela izinkulumo zezombangazwe ngezindlela ezithile, kuvumela abathandi bezwe ukuba bakhe ukusekela ngaphandle kokuncika ukudluliswa kwemidatha noma ukuvunywa kweqembu. Nokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana iye yanikela futhi ekusakazeni ukusakazwa kwenkulumo exoxingile, ukukhushulwa kwezwe kwezwe, futhi yakha izinselele ezintsha zokuzama ukuhlukanisa iqiniso nezindaba eziqanjiwe.

Izimpikiswano ziye zaba izenzakalo eziyinhloko emikhankasweni eyinhloko, zinikeza amathuba okufinyelela izibukeli ezinkulu nokubonisa ulwazi lwazo, isimo, namakhono okukhulumisana. Izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zingathonya kakhulu izimo zovoti kanye namandla omkhankaso, ngezenzo ezinamandla ezithuthukisa amathemba abavoti kanye nokuboniswa kwemikhankaso ephansi okungase kuphele. Indlela, imithetho, nokulinganisela kwezingxoxo kuye kwaba yizisulu zokuhlolwa kakhulu, abavoti kanye namaqembu abaxoxa ngazo zonke izinto kusukela ekungeneni kwe-podium kuya ekukhulumeni isikhathi esimisiwe.

Ikusasa Lokukhetha Okuyinhloko: Izinguquko Nokuhunyushwa Kwazo

Njengoba kukhathaza isimiso sokhetho esiyinhloko, abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza izinguquko eziningi ezihloselwe ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela, ukunciphisa imingcele yamazwe ahlukene, nokuqinisekisa imiphumela engcono. Lezi zihlongozo zenguquko zibonisa ukucubungula okuhlukene kwezinkinga nesimiso samanje nemibono ehlukene yokuthi ukukhetha abantu abafuna ukubusa ngentando yeningi kufanele kusebenze kanjani ekhulwini lama - 21.

Esinye isiphakamiso senguquko esivelele sihlanganisa ukusungula usuku oluyinhloko lapho zonke izifundazwe ziyogcina khona iziqu zazo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungaqeda ithonya elingalinganiyo lezifunda ezisaqala, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi bonke abavoti banezwi elifanayo enqubweni yokukhipha imvume, futhi banciphise ubude nezindleko zemikhankaso eyinhloko. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abantu abayinhloko bezwe bangazuza ngokuqamba amagama aphakeme nemithombo yezimali ecebile kuyilapho bekwenza kube nzima cishe ukuba abambalwa abaziwayo basekele kancane kancane ngemisebenzi emikhulu emizweni yakuqala.

Enye indlela yokuguqula ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zikahulumeni ukuze kuxoxwe ngezindawo ezihlukene emijikelezweni yokuvota. Lesimiso singaqinisekisa ukuthi akukho simo esisodwa noma isifunda esijabulela izinzuzo zokuvota kwasekuqaleni, kuyilapho silondoloza izinzuzo zenqubo eyinhloko evumela abazokufunda ijubane kanye nabavoti ukuba bafunde emincintiswaneni yokuqala. Izindlela eziningana zalokhu kuvota ziye zadingidwa, kuhlanganise nokushintshashintsha kwezifunda kanye nokukhetha okungahleliwe kwekhalenda eliyinhloko.

Ukusetshenziswa kokhetho olunokubaluleka kuye kwasekelwa abashisekeli benguquko abakubona njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukusekelwa kweningi kwabaholi besusa isidingo sokhetho olubizayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvota okunqunyiwe kukhuthaza imikhankaso eyengeziwe yomphakathi, njengoba abazofuna ukubheca abamelene nabo bengaba abavoti abalandelayo. Njengoba ama-operand ezama kakhulu kulesimiso, ithonya labo ngokhetho oluyinhloko nokukhetha abafuna ukuthatha i-consotion lizoba sobala.

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela ukuqeda ngokuphelele izigebengu ezihlukanisayo ezisekela izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi lapho bonke abacela ukubhapathizwa bevela khona ngevoloti eyodwa futhi bonke abavoti bengahlanganyela ngokulinganayo. Lezi zihlongozo zivame ukuhlanganisa iziphakamiso ezingahlanganisi izakhiwo ezizimele ezinezikhundla eziphezulu noma izinhlangano ezimbili. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukungabi yisigaba esizimele kunganciphisa ukuhlahlela, ukuthatha iqhaza, futhi kuveze ngokulinganisela, abasekeli ababumbene. Nokho, ngokuvamile amaqembu ezombangazwe aye aphikisana nalezi zinguquko, aphikisa ngokuthi amaqembu awenqaba ilungelo lomthetho wokukhetha i-nomineepine futhi anganciphisa ukulandisa ngokuhlanganisa iqembu ngokubeka iqhaza elingenayo.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko ngokhetho lwe-inthanethi, ngezinhlelo zokuvota ezihamba-hambayo, nangezikhathi zokuvota ezithé xaxa. Nakuba lokhu kusungulwa kungenza ukuvota kube lula futhi kutholakale, kungenza kube lula futhi kube lula, kuphakame, kubangele ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, ukuba imfihlo, nokungaphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe noma ukuhlaselwa kweze-ibhusayithi. Njengoba abaphathi bokhetho nabenzi bemithetho behlola lezi zinketho, kumelwe balinganisele izinzuzo zokutholakala okwengeziwe kokugcinwa komthetho olondekile, okunokwethenjelwa, nokwethembeka kwezimiso zokukhetha.

Ukukhethwa Okuyinhloko Embusweni Nasesilinganisweni Sendawo

Nakuba amaprofesɛrɛ abaphathi bezezindaba ethola ukunakekela okukhulu kakhulu, okhetho oluyinhloko lwamahhovisi ezwe nawendawo luvame ukuba nethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Abamisi-mthetho, ababusi, amameya, abameli besifundazwe, amalungu esikole benza izinqumo ngemfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, izakhiwo, intela, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa ezithinta imiphakathi ngokuqondile. Okhetho oluyinhloko lwalamahhovisi banquma ukuthi yimaphi amanxusa ayoba nethuba lokukhonza kulezindawo ezibalulekile.

Izifundazwe namahholo endawo ngokuvamile azitholi mininingwane ebanzi nevoti kakhulu kunaleyo ethathwayo kumongameli noma i-commilia, okuphumela ekuzingeni okuphansi kakhulu. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukhetho oluyinhloko lwamahhovisi endawo ludonsa amaphesenti ahlukene kuphela abavoti abafanelekayo, okusho ukuthi izigaba ezincane zomphakathi zinquma ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi ubani ozobusa. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okuphansi kuveza amathuba amaqembu ahleliwe anesithakazelo, abashisekeli benhlangano, nabaxhasi abaphambili abangcono kakhulu ukuba basebenzise ithonya elingenakulinganiswa ngemiphumela.

Inkathi yezindawo zombuso nezindawo zokuzimela iyahlukahluka kakhulu, ezinye zihlangene neziqu zobumongameli, ezinye ezihlelwe phakathi neminyaka yokhetho oluvamile kodwa ezihlukene nemincintiswano kahulumeni, kanti ezinye ziseminyakeni engavamile lapho kungekho khetho lukahulumeni. Lokhu kushintsha kuthinta ukuphuma kanye nokuhlelwa kwemincintiswano ephambili, kanye nezindawo ezibekwe eduze kwemincintiswano kahulumeni ephakeme, ngokuvamile ziheha abavoti abaningi kunalabo ababekwe ngokwehlukile. Abanye abashisekeli bezokuhlanganisa izinsuku zokukhetha bandise ukuthatha iqhaza nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhetha okuphindaphindiwe.

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lwamahhovisi ezwe nawasendaweni luvame ukuveza abazobhapathizwa abaningi abanezimo zemibono efanayo ngokuncintisana ngokuyinhloko ngezimfanelo zomuntu siqu, ukuxhumana kwendawo, kanye nezihlongozo ezikhethekile zezimiso kunokuba kube nokuphikisana okukhulu. Lemincintiswano ingaba nokuncintisana okukhulu futhi ibe nendawo kakhulu, abazohlolwa bagxile ezinkathazweni zomphakathi, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nekhono labo lokuveza imiphumela emiphakathini yabo. Le njongo yendawo ingenza ukuba izifunda nezindawo ezivamile zingeneke kakhulu ekuvotini futhi zithathele phambili kakhulu ezidingweni zomphakathi kunemincintiswano ephakeme kakhulu.

Indima Yemali Ezikhethelweni Eziyinhloko

Izimali zenkampane yempi ziye zaba esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu kokhetho oluyinhloko, nezindleko zemikhankaso yokuncintisana zanda ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ababheki kumelwe baphakamise imali enele ukuze bakhokhele ukukhangisa, izisebenzi, ukuphenya, ukuhamba, nezinye izindleko ezingenakubalwa ezihlobene nemikhankaso yanamuhla. Lemali ihlanganisa izici eziyisisekelo ezingase zingenele ekuthatheni isikhundla, indlela abazofuna ukuncintisana abasebenzisa ngayo isikhathi sabo, futhi iziphi izinkulumo ezizwakalayo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Okhetho oluyinhloko ngokuvamile ludinga abazoqala ukuqoqa imali izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka ngaphambi kokuvota kwangempela, ukwenza "imali eyinhloko" enciphisa insimu ngokuphumelelayo ngaphambi kokuba abavoti bafake amavoti abo okuqala. Abangakwazi ukuphakamisa imali eyanele yokusetshenziswa ngokuvamile isuka phambi kokuba izigelekeqe ziqale, benqaba ithuba lokuvota ukubheka ubuqotho babo. Lenzuzo enamandla ehambisana nengcebo yomuntu siqu, ukufinyelela kubantu abanikelayo, noma ukusekela okunamandla ezinhlanganweni zeqembu nenzalo, kuyilapho benza imingcele yokusebenza kwamakilasi nakulabo abangasungulwanga imifelandawo yezombangazwe.

Ukunyuka kwama-PAC amakhulu namaqembu angaphandle asebenzisa imali kuye kwayifaka lukhuni indima yemali okhethweni oluyinhloko. Lezi zinhlangano zinganyusa futhi zisebenzise imali engapheli ukuze zisekele noma ziphikise abazohlolwa, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubambisana ngokuqondile noma ukulawula. Nakuba lemali esetshenziswayo ngaphandle komthetho ingasiza abazazisayo ukuba bancintisane nabaphikisi abangcono, ingaveza futhi ukukhangisa okuphambene kanye nethonya langaphandle eliphazamisa imikhankaso eyinhloko futhi linciphise ikhono labazo ukulawula imiyalezo yabo siqu.

I-Candidive eqoqa i-platform nge-inthanethi encishisiwe i-collar encane engenisa imali eshibhile i-injini yabanikele kakhulu namaqembu angaphandle. Izisebenzi ezingaqoqa inani elikhulu labanikelayo ziveza ukusekela kwazo futhi zinciphise ukuthembela kwazo kubantu abacebile. Lendlela yokuxhasa izimali yenza abanye abazothatha i-odoli bancintisana ngokuphumelelayo ezingeni lokuziphilisa nakuba bengenamsekeli wezesiko, ngokunokwenzeka zikhombisa isimiso sezezimali somkhankaso futhi zenze nokhetho oluyinhloko lungeneke ngokwengeziwe kubantu abafuna izicelo ezihlukahlukene.

Imfundo Nokwaziswa Okuyinhloko

Ukwenza izinqumo eziwulwazi okhethweni oluyinhloko kudinga abavoti ukuba bacwaninge abafuna ukubhapathizwa abaningi, baqonde izikhundla zabo ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, futhi bahlole izimfanelo zabo nobuntu babo. Le nqubo yokuqoqa ukwaziswa ingaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi ezingeni eziveza abathathi-mfunda noma izinhlanga emahhovisi athola imibiko elinganiselwe yezindaba.

Izincwadi ezikhokhelwayo ezikhishwa yizinhlangano zezindaba, amaqembu ezakhamuzi, kanye nezinhlangano ezingathathi hlangothi zinikeza abavoti abayinhloko imithombo ewusizo. Lezi ziqondiso zihlanganisa ama-majollar emibuzo, ulwazi oluphathelene nezindaba, ukugunyazwa, nokuqhathaniswa kwezikhundla ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Imithombo ye-ONCP yenze ukuba iqondise abavoti abafinyelelekayo nabangase bahlolwe, ivumele abavoti ukuba basheshe bathole ukwaziswa mayelana namahhovisi athile. Nokho, ukwanda kwemithombo yokwaziswa kudala izinselele, njengoba abavoti befuna ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisebenzi, imithombo engekho kwesigaba kanye nempahla ekhohlisayo noma izinto zokukhohlisa.

Izimpikiswano ze-memone kanye nezinxushunxushu ze-stadial zinikeza amathuba okuba abavoti babone abazohlolwa besebenzelana, bephendula imibuzo, futhi bachaze izikhundla zabo ngesikhathi sangempela. Lezi zenzakalo zingaba usizo ngokukhethekile okhethweni oluyinhloko lapho abazokhetha abavela eqenjini elifanayo bengase babe namafilosofi afanayo kodwa ahluke emininingwaneni ethile yenqubo noma ezindleleni zokubusa. Izinhlangano ezisekela izimpikiswano eziyinhloko kumelwe zenze izinqumo ezinzima ngokuthi iziphi abazocela ukuhlanganiswa, ukuthi bangahlela kanjani ipulani, futhi yiziphi izindaba ezingagcizelela, zonke ezingathonya kakhulu imibono yabavoti.

Izokuxhumana nezokuxhumana ziye zashintsha indlela abavoti abafunda ngayo ngabazoqala ukubhalisa, futhi manje izakhamuzi eziningi zithola ukwaziswa kwezombangazwe ngokuyinhloko ngemithombo ye-inthanethi. Nakuba ama-minucturet enikeza ukwaziswa okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili futhi enza ukuba abavoti nabavoti bakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile, futhi baveza izinselele ezihlobene nokungaqondi kahle, amathematili okusekuqinisekiseni ukunemba kokwaziswa. Ukufundisa abavoti ngokuhlaziya ukwaziswa okungacunuli kwezelelwe kuyi-inthane yemfundo yezentengiselwano yeze.

Ukungezwani Kwezinqumo Eziyinhloko Namalungelo Omculo

Okhetho oluyinhloko luphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana namalungelo ovoti nokungena enqubweni yentando yeningi. Nakuba ilungelo lokuvota ngokhetho oluvamile livikelwe ngokomthetho-mthetho, isimo esingokomthetho sokhetho oluyinhloko siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izinkantolo ziye zaliqaphela ilungelo lamaqembu ezombangazwe lokumisa imithetho yawo siqu ngenkathi kuvuma ukuthi izinqubo zokuvota zingaphansi kokuvikelwa komthetho-mthethweni. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kweqembu elizimeleyo namalungelo okhetho kuyaqhubeka kuveza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nezinqumo zemithetho.

Izimfuneko zokubhalisa eziyinhloko zokhetho ezihluka kakhulu ezifundazweni futhi zingadala isithiyo sokuhlanganyela. Izifunda ezivalekile zivame ukudinga abavoti ukuba babhalise emasontweni edilini noma izinyanga eziphambili, zinqande abavoti abathatha isikhathi esengeziwe ukuba bahlanganyele. Le mithetho yesikhashana ingaba yinkinga ikakhulukazi kwabasha abavoti, izakhamuzi ezintsha, nalabo abahileleka kwezombangazwe phakathi nomkhankaso wokuqala. Amanye amazwe aye akhuluma ngalokhu ngokuvumela ukubhalisa elinye iqembu noma ukwamukela izimiso eziyinhloko ezingadingi ukuhlanganiswa neqembu.

Imithetho yokuhlola, ukuhlola kufaka ukutholakala, nezinye izindaba zokuqondisa kokhetho eziyinhloko zithinta okhetho oluyinhloko njengoba kwenza ukhetho oluvamile. Imithetho yokuvota ebekelwe imingcele ingavimbela ukuqalwa kwezindawo eziqalwayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abambalwa, intsha, kanye nezakhamuzi ezithola imali ephansi ezingase zibhekane nezinselele ezinkulu ekuhlangabezaneni nezimfuneko zokuthola izimpawu zokuhlola. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhetha okuyinhloko kufinyeleleka kubo bonke abavoti abafanelekayo kubalulekile ukulondoloza ukufaneleka kwesimiso sobuntando benqubo yokukhetha.

Umbuzo wokuthi abavoti abazimele kufanele babe nelungelo lokuhlanganyela emaqenjini amaqembu uhlala unezingxabano. Abameleli bezindawo ezivulekile baphikisa ngokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, zonke izakhamuzi kufanele zibe nethuba lokuhlanganyela okhethweni olunquma ukuthi yimaphi ama-commentot azakuvela kumavota avamile, ikakhulukazi ezikhundleni lapho iqembu elilodwa libusa khona futhi ngokuyinhloko linquma ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi abanqobi banelungelo lomthetho - sisekelo lokulinganisela ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zabo zeqembu futhi bavumele abangewona amalungu ukuba avote inkululeko yokuhlangana.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemibono Eyisisekelo

I-United States iyingqayizivele kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwayo kakhulu okhethweni oluyinhloko ukukhetha abazothatha isikhundla. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi incike ezinhlanganweni, noma kwezinye izinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhetha abazobhapathizwa, amalungu avamile eqembu angenawo amaphuzu aqondile aqonde ngqo kulezi zinqumo. Ukuqonda indlela amanye amazwe afinyelela ngayo ekukhetheni abacela ukubhapathizwa kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola isimiso esiyinhloko saseMelika nokucabangela izinguquko ezingase zenzeke.

Ephalamendeni lentando yeningi, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha abazothatha izinqubo zangaphakathi ezingase zihlanganise amalungu eqembu kodwa zilawulwa yibo bonke abaholi beqembu. Lesimiso sinikeza amaqembu amandla amakhulu phezu kwabalawuli bawo futhi singakhuthaza iziyalezo zeqembu namapulatifomu avumelanayo. Nokho, futhi agxilisa amandla ezandleni zabahleli abaphezulu futhi anikeze amathuba ambalwa ezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlanganyele ekukhetheni. Amanye amazwe aye azama ngezimiso eziyinhloko ukuthatha iqhaza elingokwentando yeningi kuyilapho egcina iqembu lilawula inqubo yokukhetha isigaba sobudoda.

Isimiso esiyinhloko saseMelika sibonisa izindinganiso ezicacile zaseMelika zomuntu siqu, ukubuswa ngentando yeningi, nokungaqiniseki kwegunya eliphethe. Ukugcizelela ukuvumela abavoti abavamile ukuba bakhethe abazothatha izicelo kuvumelana nempucuko yezombangazwe yaseMelika ebanzi ebeka ubukhosi obuthandwayo nemingcele emandleni aphakeme. Nokho, lesimiso futhi sisiza ezinhlanganweni ezibuthakathaka, isiyalo esincane kakhulu, futhi imikhankaso ephakathi kwesigaba esiphambili kunaleyo ekhona kwezinye izifunda kwamanye amademodurali.

Ukuhlola izindlela zezizwe zonke zokukhetha abavoti zembula kokubili izinzuzo nezimo ezingezinhle zesimiso esiyinhloko saseMelika. Nakuba amaprimende enikeza amathuba amakhulu okuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi enika abavoti umthwalo wokulandisa, anezela futhi emikhankasweni emba eqolo, ukuhlukana okukhulu, nokungabi namandla aphezulu kwezinhlangano. Njengoba amaMelika ecabangela izinguquko esimisweni esiyinhloko, ukuqonda okuvela kwezinye idemokrasi kunganikeza izimpikiswano zokulinganisela ukungenela kwentando yeningi nokubusa okuphumelelayo neqembu lokulandisa.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo: Indlela Yokuhlanganyela Ngokuphumelelayo Ekukhetheni Okuyinhloko

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo okhethweni oluyinhloko kudinga ukuqonda imithetho eqondile nezinqubo esifundazweni sakho, ukucwaninga abazothatha ijezi nezindaba, futhi wenze izwi lakho lizwakale ngokuvota nezinye izinhlobo zesivumelwano somphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumvoti wokuqala noma ungumhlanganyeli onolwazi enqubweni yezombangazwe, ukuzinika isikhathi sokulungiselela ukukhetha okuyinhloko kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwakho kunenjongo futhi kuthinta.

Isinyathelo sokuqala ekuhlanganyeleni ekukhetheni okuyinhloko ukunquma ukufaneleka kwakho nokuqonda imithetho esifundazweni sakho. Hlola ukuthi isifundazwe sakho sivaliwe, sivuliwe, noma sivalekile, futhi uma kudingekile, bhalisa neqembu lezombangazwe ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka. Izinsuku zokubhalisa ze-Voter ziyahluka ngokombuso futhi zingaba amasonto noma izinyanga ngaphambi kokukhetha okuyinhloko, ngakho kubalulekile ukuhlela kusengaphambili. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza ukubhalisa ngolayini, kwenze kube lula ukubhalisa noma ukuvuselela ukubhalisa kwakho ekhaya.

Kubalulekile ukucwaninga abazothatha izicelo kanye nezikhundla zabo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokolwazi okhethweni oluyinhloko. Qala ngokuveza amahhovisi azovela ebhokisini lakho eliyinhloko, bese ucwaninga abazothatha indawo ngayinye. Bheka amawebhusayithi okuvota, abaqondisi, izihloko zezindaba, nezingxoxo eziqopha ukwaziswa ngezizinda zabazohlolwa, okuhlangenwe nakho, nezikhundla zezimiso. Qaphela ukusekela kwezinhlangano nabantu obethembayo, kodwa yenza nokucwaninga kwakho siqu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abazocela ukubhapathizwa bavumelana nezindinganiso zakho nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukuya kuma-commest, amahholo amadolobha, nezenzakalo zomkhankaso kunikeza amathuba okubonana nabantu abazoxoxa, ukubuza imibuzo, futhi uthole umuzwa wobuntu babo nendlela yokuxhumana. Lezi zenzakalo zingaba wusizo kakhulu okhethweni oluyinhloko lapho ungase ukhethe khona abaningana abanezikhundla ezifanayo zezimiso. Abazokuya emihlanganweni noma abazizwayo bekhuluma kungakusiza ukuba uhlole izimfanelo zabo zobuholi, ubuqotho, nekhono lokuxhumana nabavoti.

Cabangela ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela kumkhankaso noma ukuhileleka kwezinye izindlela ngaphandle kokuvota. Imikhankaso ephambili ithembele kakhulu kumavolontiya ukuba angqongqoze eminyango, ashaye izingcingo, abhalise abavoti, futhi asakaze izwi ngabazobhapathizwa. Ukuzithandela akusizi nje kuphela ukuba ungenele ozobhapathizwa kodwa futhi kuhlanganisa nawe nezakhamuzi ezinezinhliziyo ezifanayo futhi kujulise ukuqonda kwakho inqubo yezombangazwe. Ngisho neminikelo emincane yesikhathi noma imali ingaba nomehluko emijahweni ephambili yokuncintisana.

Yenza icebo lokuvota futhi ulandelele ngenkathi yokuvota yokuqala. Yazi ukuthi indawo yakho yokuvota ikuphi, ukuthi imahora angakanani avulekile, nokuthi iziphi ezinye izinto ozidingayo ukuze uziphathe. Uma uvota ngeposi, cela ivoti yakho kusenesikhathi futhi uyibuyise ngesikhathi eside ngaphambi kosuku lokuvota. Okhetho abaningi abayinhloko banqunywa ngemingcele emincane, ngakho yonke imicimbi. Ngokuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko, usebenzisa ilungelo lakho lentando yeningi lokukhetha abaholi abazomelela umphakathi wakho futhi balungise ikusasa lezwe nesizwe sakho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwezici Eziyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luhlala luyisici esibalulekile sentando yeningi yaseMelika, lunikeza izakhamuzi ithonya eliqondile phezu kokukhetha abavoti futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi bezombangazwe kumelwe bazuze ukusekela kwabavoti kunokuba baqondise iqembu. Naphezu kokukhathalela okungokomthetho ngokuncishiswa kwezindawo eziphansi, ukuhlaliswa ngokweziqikili, nethonya lemali kwezombangazwe, amaprimende amelela intuthuko enkulu ezinqubweni zokuzinza ezivalwayo ezandulela ukukhethwa. Ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlanganyele ekukhetheni abavoti, abalawuli besimiso sombuso wentando yeningi esigcina ikhonziwa kubantu ekugcineni.

Ikusasa lokhetho oluyinhloko cishe liyohlanganisa ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ngamafomethi ahlukene, imithetho, nobuchwepheshe obuhloselwe ukwandisa ukuhlanganyela, ukunciphisa i-Precurease, nokuqinisekisa imiphumela elungile. Izinguquko ezinjengokuvota okunqunyiwe, ukungathathi-kartarisi, kanye nezinguquko kumongameli oyinhloko zingabuyisela indlela i-primeticers esebenza ngayo kuyilapho ilondoloza isimilo sayo esibalulekile sentando yeningi. Njengoba lezinguquko ziphikisana futhi zibekwa, kubalulekile ukuba zilondoloze isimiso esiyinhloko sokuthatha iqhaza ngenkathi kuyilapho zikhuluma ngokukhomba okusemthethweni ngephutha lesimiso samanje.

Ekugcineni, ukuphumelela kokhetho oluyinhloko kuxhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwezakhamuzi nasekuthembiseni. Uma abavoti bezinika isikhathi abacwaningi, bahlanganyele ezingeni eziphezulu, futhi babambisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe, isimiso sisebenza ukuze siveze uhulumeni osabelayo, omelele. Uma ukuhlanganyela kuphansi futhi abavoti bencishiwe bengahlangani, izakhiwo zingalawulwa yizithakazelo ezilinganiselwe futhi bahlulele ukuveza abazothatha izithakazelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Izakhamuzi zonke ezihlanganyela ekukhetheni okukhulu ziqinisa idemokramente futhi zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka, ukhona, futhi uyaqhubeka nabantu.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngokhetho oluyinhloko nendlela yokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi, imithombo yezimali ikhona ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge- Fairvote, abameleli bezinguquko ezikhethiweyo, kanye [ ne-Vote. org website, enikeza ulwazi olucacile oluphathelene novoti mayelana nokubhalisa nokhetho. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe ye-Legiblistures [ inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngemithetho yokukhetha nokuhlela okuyinhloko kanye nemiyakhiwo ezindaweni ezingamashumi amahlanu ahlukene. Ngokufunda ukuthi umsebenzi wokuvota nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kuyiphi inqubo, singasiza kanjani ekuqinisekiseni le nqubo ebalulekile yentando yentando yeningi ukuba iqhubeke inzuzo yesizwe nenkambiso yayo esebenzela abaholizo ezihlela imibuso bayo.