Ukuqonda Ukukhethwa Okuyisisekelo: Isisekelo Sokukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Okhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yabameleli, lusebenza njengenyathelo lokuqala elibucayi ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani ozovela kumavoti avamile. Lemincintiswano yokuqala inika abavoti amandla okuhlela indawo yezombangazwe ngokukhetha ukuthi obani abazothatha ifulegi labo belundlu okhethweni oluvamile. Kunokukhetha nje, ukukhetha okuyinhloko kuzibonakalisa kulandela kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho iqembu elithile lezombangazwe liphethe khona amandla amakhulu. Ukuqonda izinqubo ze-irtricaciacs zendlela yomsebenzi wokhetho, izimiso ezihlukahlukene ezizosetshenziswa ukunqamula imibuso ehlukene, kanye nomphumela wazo onamandla ekulawuleni izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuphawulekayo enqubeni yentando yentando yeningi kanye nokusebenza komsebenzi wazomphakathi.

Yini Okukhethwa Ngayo Okuyinhloko Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

Okhetho lokuqala yimincintiswano yokuqala eqhutshwa amaqembu ezombangazwe ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi obani abazofaka iqhaza labo okhethweni oluzolandela. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile lapho abavoti bekhetha khona phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, amaprime ahlanganisa abavoti abakhetha umjoli wabo abathandayo phakathi kwabancintisanayo abaphakathi kweqembu elilodwa. Lenqubo yokukhetha iye yagxila kakhulu esikweni lezombangazwe laseMelika, nakuba izimiso ezithile nemithetho elawula amaprodumist ehluka kakhulu emazweni naphakathi kwamahhovisi ahlukene angaphakathi kombuso owodwa.

Ukubaluleka kokhetho oluyinhloko kudlulela ngalé kwendima yabo njengenxanxathela yokuvota. Ezifundeni eziningi ze-vota eUnited States, elinye iqembu lezombangazwe linenzuzo enkulu kangangokuba ukhetho oluyinhloko lunquma kahle umnqobi oyinhloko. Kulezimo, ukuvikela umfakela kufana nokuwina isikhundla ngokwaso, ukwenza isigaba esiphambili sokuncintisana nomjikelezo wokhetho. Lokhu kushintshela phambili ezingeni lezindaba zangaphakathi ekubeni izenzakalo eziyisisekelo zesimiso sentando yeningi eziqondisa inqubo yezombangazwe, inkulumo yezombangazwe, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezindikimba ezibusayo kuzo zonke izingalo.

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lusebenza futhi njengendlela yokuziphendulela kwezombangazwe kanye nokuvuselelwa kweqembu. Lunikeza amathuba abacuphi ukuba bangadli iziqu, amazwi amasha angene enkundleni yezombangazwe, futhi abavoti baphawule lokho abakuthandayo ngokuphathelene nesiqondiso sezimiso kanye nendlela yokuhola. Isimiso esiyinhloko sidala ukucindezeleka okunamandla phakathi kwamaqembu, siphoqelela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zihlale zisabela ngokuvumelana nokukhetha kwazo. Lokhu kuncintisana kwangaphakathi kungaqinisa amaqembu ngokuqinisekisa abavoti bawo ngokuveza izinto eziza kuqala, nakuba kungadala ukwahlukana okuphikelelayo okhethweni abavamile.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwemibono Eyinhloko EMelika

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhetha njengoba sazi namuhla simelela intuthuko yesimanje eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Eziningini zomlando wokuqala wezwe, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha abazokufaka ngokusetshenziswa kwemibuthano nemibuthano, lapho abaholi beqembu nezihambeli besenza khona izinqumo ezivalekile ngaphandle kokufakwa komphakathi. Lesimiso sasinamandla agcwele ezandleni zabaqondisi beqembu nabezezombangazwe, ngokuvamile aholela ekonakaleni, abasekeli, nabathathi-mza ababesiza ekufezeni izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe kunenhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Inkathi yokuthuthuka yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaletha izinguquko ezinkulu ezazihloselwe ukuhlela inqubo yokukhetha idemokrasi futhi inciphise ithonya lemishini yeqembu. UWisconsin waba uhulumeni wokuqala ukuba asebenzise isimiso esiyinhloko ngo1901, uvumela amalungu avamile eqembu ukuba avote ngokuqondile abathandiwe kunokuba ashiyele isinqumo kwabakhethiweyo. Lenguquko yasakazekela ezweni ngokushesha njengoba abashisekeli benguquko besekela ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokwandisa, ukunciphisa ukonakala, futhi yanika izakhamuzi zansuku zonke inqubo yezombangazwe amandla.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sikamongameli saguqulwa kakhulu ngemva kweSivumelwano seDemocratic National sango-1968. Umhlangano owabekwa umongameli uHubert Humphrey naphezu kokuba engaqhudelani nesisekelo esisodwa, wabangela ukubhikisha okukhulu futhi wacela inguquko. Ekuphenduleni, womabili amaqembu amakhulu ahlela kabusha izinqubo zawo zokukhetha okuyinhloko kanye nokusebenzisa i-couciassion ukuze anqume ukuthi umongameli umbangi. Lokhu kwashintsha kakhulu ezombangazwe zaseMelika, kwenza imikhankankaso yokuthengisa, ukuhlelwa kwemikhanka yotshani yotshani, kanye nengxenye ekhethekile yemikhankambiso kamongameli.

Namuhla, okhetho oluyinhloko luye lwahlelwa ngokuphelele phakathi kwedemokrasi yaseMelika, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngomklamo ongcono kakhulu nokusetshenziswa. Imibuzo iyaqhubeka ngokuthi amaprimente aveza yini abavoti abakhethekayo, ukuthi bakhuthaza ukuthatheka kwemibono, nokuthi izimiso zangaphandle zingasebenzisa kangcono yini izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Naphezu kwalezizingxoxo eziqhubekayo, isimiso sokukhetha esiyinhloko sihlala sigxile kakhulu njengendlela eyinhloko yokukhetha amaqembu ezingeni ngalinye likahulumeni waseMelika.

Indlela Ukukhetha Okuhamba Phambili Ngayo Ehhovisi

Inqubo eyisisekelo yokhetho oluyinhloko ihilela ukuvota amavoti ukuze bakhethe abafuna ukufakwa kweqembu elithile. Nokho, imithetho eqondile elawula indlela abawini abanqunywa ngayo, ihluka kakhulu ngokwemithetho kahulumeni, imithetho yeqembu, nehhovisi elifunwayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukuthuthukisa ithonya labo enqubeni yokukhetha abazofuna ukubhapathizwa.

Okhethweni oluyinhloko, ovota kakhulu uzuza ukuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafinyelela inani elikhulu kangakanani. Lesi simiso sobuningi sisho ukuthi ocela ukuvota angathola ukumiswa kweqembu labo ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti angu-30 noma angu-40 kuphela uma inkundla ihlanganisa abancintisanayo abaningi abahlukanisa amavoti asele. Lendlela ivumela abantu abafuna ukuvota ngokuqashelwa kakhulu, ukusekela okuqinile, noma ikhono lokuqinisa ukusekela kwenani elithile leqembu noma ukuvota okusekelwe eqenjini elithile.

Isimiso sobuningi singaveza imiphumela lapho ekugcineni umnyundeli engazange abe yisinqumo sokuqala sabavoti abayinhloko, ikakhulukazi emasimini agcwele abantu. Uma abathathi-mgomo abahlanu noma abayisithupha bencintisana ukuze bathole impompo eyodwa, umnqobi angamelela kuphela iqembu leqembu kunokuba akhethe ukuvumelana. Lokhu kuye kwaholela imibuso ethile ukuba ithathe ezinye izimiso eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bajabulela ukusekelwa okukhulu phakathi kwamalungu eqembu.

Ngemva kokhetho oluyinhloko, abawinayo bathola ukumiswa kwesikhulu seqembu labo futhi baqhubekele phambili kukhetho oluvamile lokhetho. Amagama abo avela eduze kwama-mine ovela kwamanye amaqembu, futhi abavoti abavamile − kuhlanganise nabavoti abangahlangene nanoma yiliphi iqembu − abakhetha phakathi kwabo. Ngakho ngokuyinhloko basebenza njengendlela yokuhlunga, ibala linciphe kumashumi amaningi akhona ama-aspiring kuya enanini elilawulekayo labamele amapulatifomu namafilosofi ahlukene.

Iziqondiso Ezibonisa Izimfanelo Ezinhlobonhlobo Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Amaprojekthi avalelwe avimbela ukuba bathathe iqhaza kubavoti abaye babhaliswa ngokomthetho njengamalungu eqembu elithile lezombangazwe. Kulezi zimiso, amaDemocrates abhalisiwe kuphela angavota eDemocratic primiteries, futhi amaRepublic abhalisiwe kuphela angavota ezimfuno zomthetho. Abavoli-zincwadi kumelwe babhalise ukuzihlanganisa kwabo emasontweni noma ezinyangeni ngaphambi kokukhethwa okuyinhloko, futhi ukushintsha ukubhalisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili ngenxa yezimfuneko ezimisiwe.

Abasekeli bezindawo ezizimele baphikisa lesimiso ngokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi wokunquma abamelelwayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa abangewona amalungu abangase bahlukane ngezindinganiso zeqembu noma izithakazelo ezithatha isikhathi eside. Ngokulinganisela ukuhlanganyela emalungwini azinikele, amaprimishini avimbele ngokuqiniseka ukuthi abampontwayo babonisa isisekelo esiqotho kunokuba bakhethe ngokusemthethweni abaphikisi noma abazimele. Lendlela iphatha amaqembu ezombangazwe njengezinhlangano ezizimele ezihloselwe ukulawula izindaba zabo zangaphakathi, kuhlanganise nokukhetha komgomo wokufuna ukuvota.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abahlawuli abavaliweyo balahla abavoti abazimele futhi badala izisusa zokuthatheka kwemibono. Ezizweni ezineziphazamiso ezingacacile, abavoti abangasebenzanga (*) abamelela ingxenye ekhulayo yokhetho ezifundeni eziningi ) abakwazi ukuhlanganyela ekukhetheni abavotelwayo nakuba bekufanelekela ukuvota ngokhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kungayixabanisa kakhulu ezindaweni ezinabantu abahlukene kakhulu lapho abahlulwayo benquma ngokuphumelelayo khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaxhasi abavali bangase bakhuthaze ababhebheki ukuba babhenele ngokuyinhloko kubashisekeli beqembu nabashisekeli bemibono ehlukahlukene kunokuba bakhe imifelandawo ebanzi.

Izwe lisebenzisa izimiso eziyinhloko ezivaliweyo zihlanganisa iNew York, iPennsylvania, iFlorida, neKentucky. Imithetho ethile iyahlukahluka, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olulodwa kuyilapho ezinye zibeka isikhathi sokubhalisa ezinyangeni ezingaphambili. Lemininingwane ye-procedro ingathinta kakhulu amazinga okuhlanganyela nokukhetha, njengoba imithetho yokubhalisa ingavimbela abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele ezihlalweni eziqalayo eziqalayo noma ezithakazelisayo ngemva kokuba isikhathi sidlulile.

Vula Ukhetho Oluyinhloko

Izindawo zokuvota zivumela ukuba bahlanganyele kunoma iliphi iqembu elibhaliswe kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lisontaphi. Ngosuku oluyinhloko, abavoti bangakhetha ukuthi bangavota yini eqenjini ledemocratic, ephambili, noma ephambili kunoma yiliphi elinye iqembu elifanelekayo. Lokhu kukhetha kwenziwa ngasese endaweni yokuvota, futhi abavoti akudingeki ukuba bameme obala ukwethembeka noma ukubhalisa neqembu kusengaphambili.

Abameleli bezindawo ezivulekile bagcizelela ukuthi ukuqapha kwabo kuyiqiniso nokuthi bangakwazi ukuveza abazobhapathizwa ngokulinganisela, ngokukhanga kakhulu. Ngokuvumela ukuzimela namalungu abanye ukuba bahlanganyele, amaprimring avula izisusa zokwakha imifelandawonye engaphezulu kwesisekelo seqembu labo. Lesimiso siyavuma ukuthi abavoti abaningi abavumelani ngokuqinile neqembu elikhulu futhi bafanelwe yizwi elinengqondo ekukhetheni abazovela kumavoti avamile. Izindlu zangaphandle zinciphisa futhi zinciphisa imingcele ukuze zithathe futhi ziqede isidingo sokwenza izibopho zemicimbi yezikhathi ezinde ezingasenzi zibonise imibono yabo yezombangazwe eshintshayo.

Abaphikisi bezindawo ezivulekile baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuvota nokuhlasela kweqembu, lapho amalungu eqembu elithile elona elisemqoka ukuze asekele abazohlolwa noma abangele umonakalo omkhulu. Nakuba ubufakazi bokuvota okusakazekile bulinganiselwe, abaholi beqembu abacabanga ukuthi bakhetha ukukwazi ukulawula izinqubo zabo zokuvota. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvula izikhundla kunciphisa ukuma kweqembu futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amalungu agcine amapulatifomu avumelanayo kanye nokuvumelana kwemibono.

Izwe elinezimiso eziyinhloko ezivulekile zihlanganisa iWisconsin, iMichigan, iMinnesota, neMissouri. Imininingwane yokusetshenziswa iyahlukahluka, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bashintshele phakathi kwezindawo ezinamahholo eziseqenjini ezihlukene kuyilapho ezinye zifuna abavoti ukuba bakhethe ingxenye eyinhloko yeqembu elilodwa kuzo zonke izinhlanga kuyi-colot. Lokhu kuveza izilinganiso ezihlukene phakathi kokuthatha i-voti kanye nokugcina isigaba sizimele ngokukhetha umlandeli.

Semi-evalekile neSemi-open Primitary

Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso ezixubile ezithi zivele zivuleke ngokuphelele futhi zivalwe ngokuphelele. Ama-semi-primrim avumela amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kanye nabavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bahlanganyele kuyilapho besusa amalungu ezinye izigaba. Kulezi zimiso, uDemocrat obhalisiwe angavota eDemocrat eyinhloko, umbharbhabhuli obhaliwe angavota eRiphabliki, futhi umvoti ozimele angakhetha ilungu elikhulu lamalungu eqembu, kodwa uDemocrat obhaliwe akakwazi ukuvota ekwini eliyinhloko leRepublican.

Ama-Semi-primpmage unikeza amaqembu ezombangazwe amasuntswana okunquma ukuthi angavumela yini abavoti abangakhonzi ukuba bahlanganyele ezingeni labo elisezingeni eliphansi. Omunye angase akhethe ukuvula izikhundla zawo eziyinhloko ezizimele kuyilapho omunye umbutho osesifundazweni esifanayo egcina imingcele yawo eyinhloko kumalungu abhalisiwe. Lokhu kwenza ukuba amalungu avumelane nokunquma izinqubo zawo zokukhetha kuyilapho esanikeza abavoti abazimele ithuba lokuzivotela.

Lezizimiso ezixubile zizama ukulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuvikela amalungelo amaqembu lapho kuqinisekisa ukuthatha isigaba esibanzi sentando yeningi, ukuvimbela ukuvota ngenkathi kuhlanganisa ukuvota okuzimele, nokugcina ukubambisana kweqembu lapho kukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kobunye. Ukwanda kwalezi zinqubo eziphakathi kubonisa ukuhlola nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngemiklamo engcono kakhulu yezimiso zokukhetha eziyinhloko.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

I-runoff primies isingatha inkinga yabanqobi abathola ubuningi abangasekelwa kakhulu ngokufuna indinganiso yesibili yokuvota uma kungekho mgomo okhethekile, cishe amaphesenti angu - 50 evoti. Uma owokuqala eveza umvuzo omkhulu, abavoti ababili abaphezulu baqhubekela phambili okhethweni olusuba amasonto ambalwa kamuva, futhi abavoti bakhetha phakathi kwalaba bagcini ababili.

Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko basekela iqembu elikhulu, okungathuthukisa amandla abo asemthethweni nawabo abakhethayo. I-Runoff primm ivimbela abazothola izimemezelo ngokusekelana okuncane kakhulu emasimini aminyene, kunciphise amathuba okuba abanyunyana abamele isigaba esivamile. Lenkathi yokuhamba inikeza isikhathi esengeziwe sokuba abavoti bafunde ngabagcini kanye nabafuna ukwakha imifelandawo ebanzi.

Nokho, izigebengu ezihambayo zihambisana nezingqinamba ezinkulu. Zidinga izindleko ezengeziwe, ezikhuphukayo kubakhokhi bentela nabemikhankaso kuyilapho zifuna isikhathi esengeziwe namandla kubavoti. Ukuvota kuvame ukwehla kakhulu okhethweni, okusho ukuthi umnyunyana wokugcina angakhethwa ngokhetho oluncane, oluncane kunalolo oluthathwe ekuqaleni. Inkathi yokuqala ebanzi ingakhipha futhi ibangele ukuhlukana okuthi ekugcineni kunciphise i-comneomine ekhethayo.

Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu ngokomlando ziye zasebenzisa ama-demoff primiry, kanye ne-Georgia, i-Alabama, i-Arkansas, neMississippi phakathi kwalabo abasebenzisa lesimiso. Umsuka wezindawo ezihambayo eNingizimu uhambisana nomlando wezwe wobandlululo lobuhlanga, njengoba izintambo ngezinye izikhathi zazisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela abansundu ukuba bawine ekutholeni iziphakamiso ezibanzi emasimini agcwele abantu.

Izindawo zokuphatha Izimoto Ezingaphezulu - 2 Neziyi - Jungle

Inani elandayo lezifundakazi liye lamukela izimiso eziphezulu ezimbili eziyinhloko, ezibizwa nangokuthi amaprimiry asehlathini noma ama-partisan promistry. Kulezi zimiso, bonke abafuna ihhovisi bavela ebhodini elilodwa eliyinhloko kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bajoyine iqembu, futhi bonke abavoti bathola ifomu elifanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqembu labo libhaliswe. Laba ababili abafuna ukuvota bathuthukele phambili kakhulu ekukhetheni, ngisho noma bobabili bengabelungu leqembu elifanayo lezombangazwe.

ICalifornia neWashington ziye zasungula izimiso eziyinhloko ezimbili eziphezulu emahhovisi amaningi ombuso nohulumeni. ILouisiana isebenzisa isimiso esifanayo esibizwa ngokuthi isici esiyinhloko sehlathi, nakuba ngomehluko othola iningi kukhetho lokuqala uphumelela ngokuphandle ngaphandle kokuqhubekela phambili kukhetho oluvamile. I-Alaska muva nje yamukela isimiso esiyinhloko esiphezulu-ne esihlangene nokuvota okunekwe ngokwezikhundla kukhetho oluvamile, okumelela olunye umehluko kulendlela.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-primite aphezulu amabili anciphisa ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezihlukene ngokudala izisusa zokuba abafuna ukudlulisa isikhala esibanzi esisezifundeni kunokuba bafake izisekelweni zeqembu elilodwa. Ezifundeni ezibuswa yiqembu elilodwa, izimiso eziphezulu-mbili zingaveza ukukhetha okuncintisanayo phakathi kwababezobuthathi-kabili abavela eqenjini elikhulu, zinikeza abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo ngisho nasezimweni ezingaphandle ezingezona ezingokomdlandla. Lezi zimiso zisusa futhi ukungezwani okubhekene nezinganciphi nakaneno ezizimele kanye nezesithathu ezingasekukhishwa ezinhlanganweni zenkomfa yokhetho ezivamile ezingaphansi kwezimiso ezivamile ezivamile.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izigebengu eziphezulu zingakhipha amaqembu amancane ngokuphelele ezindaweni zokuvota futhi zingaveza ukhetho oluvamile phakathi kwabazodwa abathatha isigaba esisodwa, zincishe abantu abakhetha izinkolelo eziqotho. Ezifundeni ezinkulu zeDemocratic noma iRepublicaan, bobabili abavoti abavamile bangase bavele eqenjini eliphethe, bengase bakhiphe umbono weqembu elincane ngokuphelele. Imibuzo futhi iyaqhubeka ngokuthi izimiso eziphezulu-2 ziveza abafuni abalinganiselayo noma zimane nje zikhiphe i-hicucus yokuncintisana ngaphandle kokushintsha ithonya lezombangazwe.

Imishini Yomongameli Nemishini: Isimiso Esiyingqayizivele

Imincintiswano yokutyulwa kwemigomo esetshenziswa ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene ehluka kakhulu kwezindawo eziphezulu kwamanye amahhovisi. Kunokuba ikhethe ngokuqondile i-minee, izigelekeqe zomongameli nezimpompo ezinquma ukuthi zingaki izihambeli ezithola imvume emhlanganweni wesizwe weqembu. Lezi zihambeli zinquma ukuthi zingobani ngokusemthethweni abazothatha umlandeli wobumongameli weqembu, nakuba kungokuvamile lokhu kunqunywa yimiphumela eyinhloko ne-caucus kunokuba kuhlolwe ingqungquthela yesigodi.

Iqembu le-Democratic and Republican lisebenzisa imithetho ehlukene ehlela izihambeli ezisekelwe kwimiphumela eyinhloko. I-Democratic Party idinga ukwabiwa ngokwesilinganiso, abazothatha izihambeli ngokwengxenye yabo yokuvota, ikakhulukazi ngomnyango ongamaphesenti angu-15 wokwamukela noma iziphi izihambeli. IRepublican Party ivumela izigaba ukuba zikhethe phakathi kwezindawo ezibekelwe ngokwesilinganiso, ezithatha zonke izimiso lapho umzuzi ozuzayo athola khona izihambeli, noma ukungena nge-projekthi. Lokhu kungafani komthetho kungathinta kakhulu amasu nemiphumela emisha.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziqhuba ama-caucluuse esikhundleni sokuthatha izintambo zobumongameli. Ama-Caucuuse ayimihlangano yedili lapho abahlanganyeli behlangana khona ezindaweni ezimisiwe ukuze baxoxe ngabazokuvota futhi basho abakuthandayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ama-Iowa asetshenziswayo, ngokwesiko, aye athola ukunakekela kuqala ezweni, naphezu kokumelela isabelo esincane sezihambeli eziphelele. Ama-Caucusues adinga isikhathi esiningi kunezindawo ezithathelwa phambili, njengoba abahlanganyeli kumelwe babe khona ngesikhathi esithile nendawo ethile yokuvota, kunokuba bangene ngesikhathi sokuvota ngesikhathi sokuvota.

Ukwakheka okungokobumongameli kudala imiphumela yomfutho okhulisa ithonya lezifunda ezisaqala. Abathathi zincwadi abasebenza kahle e-Iowa nase-New Hampshire bathola ukunaka kwezezindaba, baqoqa izinzuzo, futhi baqonde ukuthi impumelelo engabenza baphumelele emincintiswaneni yamuva. Ngokuphambene, abasebenza ngaphansi kwezifunda zakudala bavame ukubona imikhankaso yabo iwohloka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithonya labo lingase lihluke kakhulu, izikhulu zikahulumeni eziphambili zisho ukuthi ukuvota kamuva. Lokhu kubangele izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuthi ikhalenda yamanje inikeza ithonya elincane, elingahambisani.

Womabili amaqembu amakhulu ahlanganisa izihambeli ezingangeniswe ezihambelini zawo zomhlangano. Isigaba esikhulu se-Democratic Party's `Isigaba esiphambili'''. Abaholi abaholi abakhethiwe nabakhulu abangasekela noma imuphi umbhalisa-bhanqwana'' (*) baye baphikisana kakhulu, abagxeki bephikisa izimiso zentando yeningi ngokunikeza ithonya elikhethekile. Ngemva kokhetho lwango 2016, uDemocrates waguqula imithetho yakhe yokunciphisa amandla amakhulu, ebavimbela ekuvoteni ibhola lokuqala lebhola ngaphandle kokuba isibophele isihambeli senkommelezeli yenkom ’ egatsheni.

Umphumela Wokwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe Okuyinhloko

Kuye kwabhebhethekiswa ukukhetha okuyinhloko ekuncishisweni kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, nakuba izazi ziphikisana ngobukhulu bemithwalo yazo. Lenkolelo iveza ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko bathambekele ekutheni bathambekele kakhulu ngokwemibono kunabavoti abavamile, abahlanganisa abashisekeli beqembu nababoshelwe kakhulu kunabavoti abancintisanayo abasesilinganisweni. Abafuna ukuwina abaphathi abaphezulu ngenxa yalokho banezisusa ezinamandla zokudlulisela izicelo kulezi sisekelo ezishisekela inkolo, eziholela ekubeni abandlu yomthetho abahlalisanayo ababhishobhi ababhi bemibono kunokuba bafake izikhundla ezilinganiselwe.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa kungabalula kakhulu ezimisweni eziyinhloko ezivalekile nasezindaweni ezinabantu abalwa kakhulu. Uma isifunda silondekile kuDemocratic noma kuRiphabliki, ngokuyinhloko siba kuphela kokhetho oluncintisanayo, futhi abakhethwe kakhulu yibo kuphela abanqumayo ukuthi obani abaphethe isikhundla. Uma lowo khetho oluyinhloko lweskate uma i-skew yeyeskew eqonde ukulinganiswa kwemibono, umnini-hhovisi ovelayo cishe uyobonisa lokho kukhetha kunokuba abonise imibono elinganiselwe kakhulu yokhetho oluvamile.

Ukucwaninga ngalendaba kuye kwaveza okuhlukile. Okunye ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko baqiniswe kakhulu ngempela kunabavoti abavamile nokuthi lomehluko uthonya ukubekwa kwesikhundla nokuziphatha komthetho. Okunye ukucwaninga kuthola ukuthi abavoti abayinhloko abaqini kakhulu kunabavoti abavamile, noma ezinye izici ezinjengokuvota, ukuhlukanisa, nokuhlukanisa imithombo yezindaba kufeza indima enkulu ekuqhubeni i-palcation. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso eziyinhloko nokwehla kwemithetho cishe buyehluka kakhulu emongweni futhi buthintane nezinye izici zezenhlangano nezenhlalo.

Kukhetho oluphansi kungenza noma yimiphi imiphumela ehlukanisayo. Uma ingxenyana encane kakhulu yabavoti abafanelekayo ethathela phambili, labo abavotayo bangase bangabameleli amalungu abanzi eqembu, ingasaphathwa eyokhetho oluvamile. Abashisekeli bemibono abashukunyiswa kakhulu bangase babe ingxenye enkulu yabakhethi abayinhloko kunabantu abavamile, babanike ithonya elingenakulinganiswa ngokuzikhethela. Ngakho imizamo yokwandisa ukujika ngokuyinhloko ingasiza ekulinganiseni amandla alokhu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abakhethi abayinhloko bafana kakhulu nomphakathi omkhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuphuma Ezindaweni Eziyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lungahlehliswa njalo ngemva kokukhetha okuvamile, ngokuvamile ngezindawo eziqinile. Nakuba ukhetho oluvamile lukamongameli luvame ukubona amazinga asukela ku-55 kuya ku-65 abavoti abafanelekayo, amaprime amongameli ngokuvamile aheha amaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 kuphela okuhlanganyela. Ukuguqukela ezingeni eliphezulu lesifunda namahhovisi endawo kungaba ngisho naphansi, ngezinye izikhathi kube yizibalo ezilinganayo. Lokhu kuthatha igebe elisho ukuthi isilinganiso esincane, esingasekholeki kakhulu sethonya elingaphezulu kakhulu lokukhetha okungakhonziwa.

Izici eziningi zinezela ekuncipheni kwezindawo eziyinhloko. Abavoti abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi kwenzeka nini amahholo noma yimaphi amahhovisi ancintiswanayo, njengoba amahhomushi engatholi mininingwane ephambili futhi engagxilwa kakhulu emphakathini kunokhetho oluvamile. Ukwanda kwezinsuku eziyinhloko ezihlukene emazweni amaningi futhi kudala ikhalenda edidayo eyenza kube nzima ngisho nasezakhamuzini ukuba zilandelele isikhathi okufanele zivote ngaso. Izimiso eziyisisekelo aziwafaki amavoti azimele, amelela isabelo esikhulayo samavoti ahlukahlukene, andisa izinga lokuthatha igalelo elicindezelayo.

Ukuntuleka komncintiswano ocatshangelwayo ezindlini eziningi zabanga ukugxambukela. Uma izigebengu zingabhekene nenselele engathi sína noma lapho omunye ofundela ukuvotelwa ejabulela izinzuzo ezinkulu ekuqoqeni izikhwama nasekugunyazweni, abavoti bangase baphethe ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwabo ngeke kuthinte imiphumela ngokuzenzekelayo. Lokhu kwakha isiprofetho sokuzigcwalisa ngokwaso lapho ukuvuleka okuphansi okulindelekile kwenza amaqembu amancane, ahlelekile akwazi ukulawula iziqu zabefundisi, okuthi kamuva kuqinise umbono wokuthi izakhiwo ziyizikhangiso ezingawufaneleki umzamo wokuvota.

Ukungalingani kombono ohlukile ekuthatheni isinyathelo kuqala kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokumelelwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Abavoti bokuqala bathambekele ekubeni abadala, abacebile, abamhlophe, futhi abafunde kakhulu kunokhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abavoti abakhethwe ngeziprigila bangasabela kakhulu ekukhetheni amaqembu angcono kunalawo asemaqenjini aphansi. Abavoti abasha novoti bemibala yedemocraticocratic consituementations ngokhetho oluvamile, ngokuvamile bahlanganyela ezindaweni zokuvota ezisezingeni eliphansi kunabantu abadala abamhlophe, okungathinta abafuna ukuwina.

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwandiswe ukuvota okuyinhloko, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganisa izinsuku zokuqala, ukufeza ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvumela ukubhaliswa kweqembu elivotayo ngosuku olulodwa, ukwandisa ukuvota nokukhetha ngeposi, nokuqhuba imfundo ebanzi yabavoti ngokhetho oluyinhloko. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zazama ukuhlanganisa ama-printaring ngosuku olufanayo njengokhetho oluvamile lwamanye amahhovisi ukuze zithuthukise ukubhaliswa. Ukuphumelela kwalokhu kungenela kuyahlukahluka, kodwa ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi ukunciphisa imingcele yokulawula nokukhuphulula imingcele yokhetho oluyinhloko kungathuthukisa ngokunengqondo ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Indima Yemali Nemithombo Yezindaba Ezikhethwa Kubantu Abayinhloko

Izimali zinendima ebalulekile ekuphumeleleni kokhetho oluyinhloko, ngokuvamile ukunquma ukuthi iziphi izimkhankaso ezingatshala futhi zifinyelele abavoti ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile, lapho kungase kutholakale khona ukusekela kweqembu nezimali zomphakathi, abafuna ukubhalisa izimali ngokuvamile kumelwe baphakamise imali ngaphandle kosizo lokwakha izakhiwo zomkhankaso, baqashe izisebenzi, bahlole, futhi baxhumane nabavoti. Lokhu kudinga ukukhokhela imali kungasiza abacebile abangazinika inzuzo emikhankasweni yabo noma labo abaxhubaniselana nabo ezinhlanganweni ezinikelayo.

Ukubaluleka kokukhokha imali kwakudala kuye kwakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba abazokucela kumelwe babonise ukukwazi kwezimali ukuthathwa ngokungathi sína yimithombo yezindaba, abaxhasi, nabavoti. Inkathi ebizwa ngokuthi "engabonakali"" inkathi yangaphambi kokuba noma yikuphi ukuvota kuphoqelelwe lapho abazovota bencintiswa, ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, neminikelo (ngokuvamile) izibonakalisa inqumo yokunquma ukuthi ikuphi abazofuna ukuvela njengabaphikisi abangathi sína. Abahlulekayo ukuphakamisa imali eyanele phakathi nale nkathi ingaphoqelelwa ukuba baphume phambi kokhetho ezifunda kakhulu ukuba baveze noma iliphi ithuba lokuveza okuthandayo.

Izihloko zezindaba zihlela kakhulu imiphumela yokukhetha okuyinhloko ngokunquma ukuthi obani abazokhetha abathola ukunakekela nendlela abavezwa ngayo. Abadansi abaveza izindaba eziphoqelelayo, baveza izikhathi ezikhumbulekayo, noma iziteshi ezifanele zemithombo yezindaba zabaphikisi abathola isambatho esingenakulinganiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezithiwa zibhamu ezinde. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kudala ukuziqhayisa okunamandla lapho imithombo yezindaba ifaka khona ukunakekela kokuqoqa nokuhlola, okuthi ngenxa yalokho kubangele ukunaka okwengeziwe kwemithombo yezindaba.

Izembu jikelele ziye zaguqula umkhankaso oyinhloko wokwenza abazohlolwa bakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nabavoti futhi bakhe izimpande zotshani ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela kubagcini bamasango bezezindaba. Amaqembu angasebenzisa amapulatifomu anjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram ukutshela izigijimi zabo, ukusabela kubaphikisi, nokuqoqa abasekeli. Nokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana yenza ukuba kusakazwe ngokushesha ukudukiswa okunganembile, kusiza ukunikeza izimemezeli ezisezingeni ezihlukene, futhi kungaveza inkulumo ehlukanisayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-auterbacbateting.

Izimpikiswano ziye zaba yizenzakalo eziyinhloko emikhankasweni eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi kumongameli ophothulwayo. Lezi zimo zinikeza amathuba kubantu abambalwa abaziwayo ukuba bazazise kubavoti futhi bonke abazofuna ukubonisa ulwazi lwabo, isimo, namakhono okukhulumisana. Nokho, amafomethi engxoxo ngokuvamile amisa ukuxabana nemishini ebanzi, kanye nezimiso zokuhlanganyela engxoxweni ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni nasekuqoqeni izimali, futhi akhiphe abasebenzi abasebenzayo kuyilapho kuhlanganiswa nalabo abaqashelwa ngamagama aphakeme kodwa abasekelwa kakhulu.

Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Nokumelelwa Kwemiphakathi Ehlukahlukene

Okhetho oluyinhloko lufeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi izindikimba ezikhethiwe zibonisa ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu nemibono yabantu ezibakhonzayo. Ukwakheka kwezimiso eziyinhloko kungasiza noma kuvimbele ukukhethwa kwabazohlolwa emaqenjini angaphansi, kuhlanganise nabesifazane, abantu abanombala, abantu abasebenza nge-LGBTQ, kanye nabazosebenza. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi izinhlelo eziyinhloko ziyaqhubekela phambili noma ziyasivimbela isimo sobudemokhrasi.

Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi abesifazane abavotayo bangenza kanye namadoda okhethweni oluyinhloko lapho bekhetha ukugijima, kodwa abesifazane bahlala bengaphansi kakhulu kwabazohlolwa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isithiyo esiyinhloko sokumelela abesifazane sisekujoyisweni nasekunqumeni ukusebenza kunokukhetha abavoti ezingenisweni zabangasese ngokwazo. Nokho, izimiso eziyinhloko ezidinga ukukhokha imali eningi noma abathandi abanezitifiketi zezombangazwe ezingaqondakali zingaba yize zingaba yizekeli abesifazane kanye nabanye amaqembu angaphansi kwalaba abamele ababhekene nezithiyo ngokomlando ukuba bathole lezi mithombo.

Isikhathi nokwakheka kwezindlu zangasese kungathinta ukumelelwa kwedlanzana ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-Runoff primries, esetshenziswa ngokomlando ezizweni zaseNingizimu, iye yagxekwa ngokunciphisa amandla okuvota okungadlanga ngokuvimbela abambalwa ekuwiniseni ngokusekela ubuningi emasimini aminyene. Nokho, ubufakazi obungaguquguqukiyo ngemiphumela ye-methoba eqeshiwe, nokunye ukuhlola kuthola imiphumela emibi futhi abanye bathole ithonya eliphansi. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimiso eziyinhloko nezinye izici ezinjengezimo zesifunda kanye nesivikelo sokuvota cishe kunquma imiphumela.

Izimiso ezivulekile eziyisisekelo zingathuthukisa ukumelelwa kwabavoti abambalwa abangabhaliswanga nanoma imuphi umkhakha omkhulu ukuba bahlanganyele ekukhetheni abazobhapathizwa. Emiphakathini lapho abavoti abambalwa bengenamathuba amancane okubhalisa neqembu, amaprinto avaliwe angawasusa ngokuphumelelayo laba bavoti esigabeni esilandela inqubo yokukhetha. Ngokuhlukile, abanye abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ama-primmead avalayo avikela ikhono lemiphakathi emiphakathini emincane lokukhetha abathandayo ngaphandle kokungenela kokhetho ngaphandle komphakathi.

Ukugcwala kwezinsuku zokukhetha eziyinhloko kungathinta ukuthi yimaphi amazwi emiphakathi ezwakala enqubweni yokuthuthwa. Uma amazwe ayinhloko eqala emhlophe nasemaphandleni, abafuna ukubhapathizwa bangase bavumelane nemiyalezo yabo nezindawo zezimiso ukuze bakhange kule miphakathi, bengase banciphise ukukhathazeka kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni nasemiphakathini evota kamuva. Imizamo yokuhlanganisa ikhalenda yokuqala noma ukuphatha izisekelo zezindawo ezijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlu olubanzi lwemiphakathi ethonyeni yokukhetha ithonya lenqubo kusukela ekuqaleni kwenqubo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nemibuzo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lunezimo ezididayo emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo, okhona engqungqutheleni yemithetho kazwelonke, ekuzilawuleni kweqembu, namalungelo okuvota. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikisana nemibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuthi imibuso ingalawula kangakanani okhetho oluyinhloko, ukuthi amaqembu ezombangazwe anelungelo elingokomthetho yini lokulawula izinqubo zawo zokuthatha izithuba, futhi yiziphi amalungelo abavoti abazohlanganyela kuzo. Lemibuzo engokomthetho iye yaveza indikimba eyinkimbinkimbi ye-jurisprudecidence eyaqhubeka ivela.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme th v. Allwright (1944) samisa ukuthi ukhetho oluyinhloko luyingxenye yenqubo yokukhetha engaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho, ukugadla zonke iziqalo ezimhlophe njengezephulwayo zeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu. Lesi sinqumo sencwadi salahla impikiswano yokuthi amaPrommastring ayeyindaba yangasese yezindaba zangasese ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, siqaphela ukuthi leyo ndima yokuqala ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla somphakathi ubavikela ngokwezikhundla zelungelo lokuvota.

Muva nje, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela amalungelo ezinhlangano zezombangazwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esingaphikisana nemizamo kahulumeni yokulawula okhetho oluyinhloko. ECalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones [2000], iNkantolo yabulala isimiso esiyinhloko senhlangano yaseCalifornia, esavumela abavoti ukuba bavote noma kuliphi ihhovisi ngalinye libandlu eyinhloko. Inkantolo yathi kuphoqe ukuba amaqembu avumele abangewona amalungu athathe icala ukuba akhethe inkululeko yawo yokuhlangana.

Nokho, iNkantolo yasekela isimiso esiyinhloko esiphezulu-kabili seWashington Shashington State Gerange v. Washington State Republican Party [2008], iyihlukanisa ngengubo eyinhloko ngokuphawula ukuthi isimiso esiphezulu-kabili asinqumi abanyundeli kodwa kunalokho siqhubela phambili abazokhetha abazokhetha. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuhlaziya okungokomthetho-sisekelo okudingeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene eziyinhloko futhi kusikisela ukuthi kunezinguquko ezinkulu ekulinganiseni izimiso zokhetho uma nje behlonipha amalungelo abo aphakathi.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kuyaqhubeka kuhlola imingcele yemithetho evunyelwe yokukhetha. Izinkantolo ziye zaxoxa ngemibuzo ehlanganisa ukuthi izifundazwe zingafuna yini amaqembu ukuba asebenzise izipringi kunokuba zisebenzise imihlangano emikhulu, ukuthi izinhlelo eziyinhloko zivalwe ngaphandle komthetho zithwele umthwalo ozimele wamalungelo abavoti, nokuthi imibuso ingawalawula yini amaqembu angaphakathi asebenzisa ukuphatha iziteshi eziphambili. Lezi zimo zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezindinganiso eziphikisanayo zikahulumeni, i-Execcum, nelungelo lokuvota.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemibono Eyisisekelo

Nakuba okhetho abayinhloko begxile kakhulu esikweni lezombangazwe laseMelika, bahlala beyivelakancane ngokwesilinganiso kwezinye idemokrasi. Izimiso eziningi zephalamende zithembele kubaholi beqembu, amalungu eqembu, noma imibuthano yesigodi ukuze zikhethe abazothatha izinqumo kunokuba zivule amavoti abanzi. Ukuhlola indlela okunye ukukhetha kwentando yeningi okunikeza ngayo umbono obalulekile ngezinzuzo nezimo ezingezinhle zesimiso esiyinhloko saseMelika.

Ebuthweni lentando yeningi laseYurophu, amaqembu ezombangazwe akhetha abazothatha izinqubo zangaphakathi ezingase zihlanganise amalungu eqembu kodwa zingahileli umphakathi wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom ivumela amalungu eqembu ukuba avote abaholi beqembu, kodwa ukukhethwa komthetho ngamunye kuphathwa yizinhlangano zendawo. Lesimiso sinikeza izintambo ezinkulu kakhulu phezu kwabameleli bawo futhi singasiza ukunikeza iziteji zeqembu kanye nezimiso ezivumelanayo, kodwa futhi sigxilisa amandla ekumisweni kweqembu futhi singalinganisela amathuba abangenisi.

Amanye amazwe aye azama ukusebenzisa izimiso ezinjengezici eziyinhloko eminyakeni yamuva. IFrance yasungula izitembu ezivulekile zobumongameli ngo-2011, ivumela noma imuphi umvoti ukuba ahlanganyele ekukhetheni iqembu ukuze athole imali encane. Lamaqembu aqala akha inzuzo enkulu futhi avusa isithakazelo emphakathini, nakuba futhi aveza imiphumela engalindelekile futhi aphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuvota okungokwendawo kwabaphikisi. I-Italy iye yazama nokhetho oluyinhloko lokukhetha abaholi nabaqhubi, nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi kuye kwaphazamisana namaqembu nezifunda.

Amazwe ase-Latin America aye athatha ukhetho oluyinhloko, ngokuvamile njengengxenye yemizamo yokulawula idemocracy. I-Argentina, i-Uruguay, namanye amazwe amaningana manje afuna ukuba abazokhetha ngokhetho oluyinhloko, ababheke njengamathuluzi okwandisa ukubonakala ngaphandle, ukunciphisa inkohlakalo, nokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi. Lezi zimiso ziyahluka emikhakheni yabo, amanye amazwe aphethe izikhungo zomphakathi kanye namanye avumela amaqembu ukuba akhethe uma enesisulu esisodwa kuphela.

Ukuthambekela kwembulunga yonke ekusetshenzisweni kakhulu kokhetho oluyinhloko kuveza izinhlangano ezibanzi eziqondene nentando yeningi nezokungaqiniseki kwezinhlangano ezingokwesiko. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika kusikisela ukuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zihambisana nokungahwebi, kuhlanganise namathuba okwenyuswa kwezindawo, izindleko zomkhankaso, nemijikelezo yokhetho emide. Amazwe acabangela ukutholwa ngokuyinhloko kumelwe alinganisele lezizindleko ezinzuzo zokuhlanganyela okwandayo nokubuswa kwentando yeningi.

Ukushintsha Imibono Eyinhloko: Izimfuneko Nezimo Ezintsha

Ukunganeliseki ngezici ezihlukahlukene zesimiso samanje esiyinhloko kuye kwaveza iziphakamiso eziningi zenguquko ezihloselwe ukusingatha amaphutha acatshangelwayo. Lezi zihlongozo zisukela ekulungiseni okuhlangene kuya ezimisweni ezikhona kuya ekulungiseni kabusha okuyisisekelo ukuthi abazofuna bakhethwa kanjani. Nakuba kungekho ukuvumelana okuye kwavela phakathi kwezinhlelo zenguquko eyodwa, ukuhlola okuqhubekayo ezizingeni lombuso kunikeza amathuba okuhlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuvota okunevoti elishiyiwe kuye kwathola ukukhishwa njengenguquko engenzeka kukhetho oluyinhloko. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, abavoti bathatha izikhundla ngokulandelana kokukhetha into eyodwa kuphela. Uma kungekho mvoti othola iningi lamavoti okuqala, umvoti othola amavoti ambalwa kakhulu uyasuswa futhi abasekeli babo beyenziwa. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umbheki-esikole efinyelela inani elikhulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukuvota okuneminyana okunendima engcono kakhulu, baqinisekisa ukuba abawini basekele kakhulu, futhi basuse isidingo sokhetho oluhlukene. I-Maine i-oce ithatha isikhundla sokuvota kwe-e-eququator nokhetho jikelele, futhi i-Alaska ithathe isimiso senguquko esihlanganisa i-pricice-smeam-ss esine-sword.

Izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa inhloso eyinhloko yokunciphisa ithonya lezifunda eziqalayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezihlukahlukene zinomfakela owenzeka ngokukhetha okuthathekayo. Usuku oluyinhloko lwezwe luyoba nevoti zonke izifunda zomhlaba ngokuvota kanyekanye, kususwe imiphumela yomfutho wezinga kodwa okungase kubangele ukuba abazoqala ukubhaliswa ngamagama nokuthola izinzuzo. Izifunda zezifunda, lapho izifunda ezihlukene zezwe zivota ngezinsuku ezishintshanayo, zama ukulinganisela lezi zikhalo ngokugcina izici ezithile zenkambizo ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuqinisekisa ukwahlukahluka kwezindawo zezwe phakathi kwezindawo eziqalayo.

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela ukuqeda izinqubo zokuzimela izakhiwo ngokuphelele nokubuyela ezinhlanganweni ezilawulwayo, bephikisa ngokuthi iziphakamiso ziye zalulamisa amaqembu, zanda, futhi zaveza abantu abafanelekayo abambalwa. Ngaleli mbono, abaholi beqembu nabashisekeli bangcono kunabantu abakhethwe ngobuningi ukuze bahlole izimfanelo ze-odollations kanye nokukhethwa. Nokho, lesi siphakamiso sibhekene nezithiyo eziphawulekayo ezinikezwa umphakathi eziboshweni eziyinhloko zokhetho kanye nezinkinga ezingokomlando zezimiso zeqembu ezaziklanyelwe ukuxoxa ngazo.

Ukuvota okungu-5 kokugcina kumelela enye indlela entsha, lapho abavoti abahlanu abaphezulu enqubeni yokuhamba phambili ekwakheni inqubeni eqhutshwa ngokuvota okuvamile okunemikhakha ephezulu. Lesimiso sihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho oluvamile luhlanganisa imibono ehlukene kuyilapho usebenzisa ukuvota okusemthethweni ukuze kukhiqizwe abawini abaningi. Abameleli baphikisa lendlela inciphise ukuhlaziywa, ukwandisa umncintiswano, nokunika abavoti ukukhetha okunenjongo. Ukwamukela inguquko e-Alaska ka-Alaska ephezulu kunikeza ithuba lokuhlola imiphumela yalesimiso.

Izinguquko ezigunyaziwe zezobuchwepheshe zigxile ekwenzeni ukuvota kube lula kakhulu, ukuvota kwanda ngenkathi yokuqala, nezimiso zokuvota ngeposi. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zingakhuphuka ngokunciphisa izithiyo ezivimbelayo, ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokhuseleko, ukufihla imfihlo, namathuba okuphoqelelwa. Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ukwanda ngokushesha kokuvota iposi nokuvota, unikeza ukwaziswa ngendlela lezinguquko ezithinta ngayo ukungenela nokuhlela.

Indlela Imishini Engandisa Ngayo Ithonya Layo Ekukhetheni Okuyinhloko

Ukuqonda ukuthi zingaba kanjani nengxenye ngokuphumelelayo okhethweni oluyinhloko kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa ithonya elikhulu lokuba zibuthe ukuthi ubani ozimelelayo. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezimo zikahulumeni neqembu, izimiso eziningana zingasiza abavoti ukuba basebenzise okhethweni abayinhloko futhi benze amazwi abo azwakale ngenqubo yokukhetha abazokuthatha.

Okokuqala nakakhulu, abavoti kumelwe baqonde isimiso esiyinhloko sikahulumeni nezimfuneko zokubhalisa. Ezifundazweni ezivulekileyo, abavoti kufanele babhalisa neqembu ngaphambi kokuba kuvele okhethweni oluyinhloko uma befisa ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokubhalisa lowo mkhandlu. Amazwe amaningi abeka imibandela yokubhalisa emasontweni noma ezinyangeni ngaphambi kokuba izakhiwo ziqale, ngakho lilinde ngaphambi nje kokuba ukhetho luphumele ekubeni lungakwazi ukuvota. U Voters angathola ulwazi ngesimiso esiyinhloko sikahulumeni wabo nezimfuneko zokubhalisa ngewebhusayithi ye-toom yehhovisi lokhetho noma ngemithombo yezwe engekho kwesigaba esinjenge . [[FLT: 1]]

Ukuhlala waziswe ngezinsuku zokukhetha eziyinhloko kubalulekile, njengoba lezi zihlukahluka kakhulu ezifundeni nasemahhovisi. Izakhiwo zikamongameli zithola ukunakekela okukhulu, kodwa iziqalo ze-commilia, isifundazwe, namahhovisi endawo ngokuvamile zizibonakalisa ngokulinganayo noma ngokulandelana kokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabavoti. Izifundazwe eziningi zigcina amahhovisi ahlukene ngezinsuku ezihlukahlukene, zidala ikhalenda eyinkimbinkimbi edinga ukuqashelwa ukuba i-state. Ukumisa izikhumbuzo zokhetho nokubhalisela izaziso zezikhulu zokhetho kungasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uvota akalahlekelwa izinsuku eziyinhloko.

Abazohlola ngaphambi kokhetho oluyinhloko bavumela abavoti ukuba benze ukukhetha kolwazi kunokuba bathembele kuphela ekuqashelweni noma ezicini ezikha phezulu. Ukhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukuveza abantu abaningi abazokhethwa abajoyina iqembu elifanayo namalungu afanayo, ukuqhathanisa ngokucophelela izizinda zabo, izikhundla zezimiso, nezimfanelo ezibalulekile. Abavoti bangathola ukwaziswa okumelwe bakwenze ngamawebhusayithi omkhankaso, abavoteli abakhishwe yizinhlangano ezingezona isigaba, kanye nemithombo yezindaba. Ukunikeza ukunakekela ekusekeleni izikhundla zezinhlangano nabantu othemba bona.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuvoteleni kwasekuqaleni noma ukucela amavota angekho kungasiza kakhulu ukuvota futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimo ezingalindelekile azikuvimbeli ukuthatha iqhaza. Amazwe amaningi manje anikeza izikhathi zokuvota ezibanzi zasekuqaleni noma ukungafaki mvume, avumela abavoti ukuba bafake amavoti ngezikhathi ezivumelana nezimiso zabo. Lokhu kukhetha kungaba wusizo kakhulu kubavoti ngezimiso zomsebenzi ezingaguquguquki, ngezikhathi zomsebenzi, ngemithwalo yemfanelo, noma ngezinye izithiyo ezenza ukuvota kube nzima ngosuku oluthile oluyinhloko.

Ukuhlanganyela ngaphandle kokuvota nje kungandisa ithonya lomuntu ngamunye kukhetho oluyinhloko. Ukuvota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ukunikela kwabazocela umnikelo, ukuxoxa ngokhetho nabangane nomkhaya, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlolweni kwe-comments konke kunengxenye ekulolongeni imiphumela eyinhloko. Ekuthatheni imingcele ephambili, amadlana amancane ezakhamuzi ezithembile angathonya ngokuphawulekayo, enze ukuhlanganyela komuntu ngamunye kube yimiphumela ephawulekayo. Abavota abakhathalela kakhulu izindaba ezithile noma abazobhapathizwa bangaba nethonya elikhulu ngokusebenzisa isikhathi namandla emikhankasweni eyinhloko.

Ikusasa Lokukhetha Okuyinhloko Kwentando Yeningi YaseMelika

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luzoqhubeka luguqula izimo zezombangazwe, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokushintshwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukukhula kwabavoti abazimele kuletha izinselele ezinkulu eziyisisekelo zezimiso ezingokwesiko, ikakhulukazi iziqu ezivalekile ezingafaki abavoti abangenazo izikhundla. Njengoba ukuqashelwa kweqembu kululama futhi abavoti abaningi benqaba ukungenela kweqembu, ukucindezela cishe kuyokwenza ukuba kuvuleke iziqabunga ukuze bangene ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kuthambekela kungasheshisa ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezivulekile, izimiso ezivalekile ezihlanganisa ezethule, noma izimiso eziphezulu-iphartistan eziqeda imingcele eqenjini ngokuphelele. Nokho, amaqembu ezombangazwe cishe ayomelana nezinguquko ezinciphisa ukulawula kwawo amasuntwana, zibangele ukungezwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuzinza nokungahlangani neqembu.

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe luzoqhubeka lubonisa ukuthi imikhankaso eyinhloko iqhutshwa kanjani nokuthi abavoti bakuthola kanjani ukwaziswa okuphathelene nabazobhapathizwa. Izokuxhumana, imininingwane yezokuxhumana, nokukhangisa kwemitapo ye-mitatho-zincwadi kakade sekushintshe amasu omkhankaso, futhi ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obufana nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye namakheli ajulile kuzodala amathuba amasha nezinselele. Izikhulu zokhetho zizodinga ukulungisa izinyathelo zokuphepha ukuze zibhekane nezinsongo ezicatshazayo kuyilapho zihlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bungenza yini ukuvota kutholakale ngezimiso zokuvota ezisebenza noma ngemishini yokuvota.

Ukukhathazeka ngokuhlahlelana nokungahleleki kwezombangazwe zaseMelika cishe kuyoqhubekisela phambili ukuhlola ngezimiso eziyinhloko ezihlukile. Izwe lingase lithathe ukuvota okuneziqu eziphezulu ezimbili noma ezine eziphezulu, noma ezinye izinto eziklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukulinganisela nokwakha izivumelwano. Impumelelo noma ukwehluleka kwalokhu kuhlola emazweni anjenge-Alaska, California, neMaine kungathonya ukuthi amanye amazwe alandela ukuhola kwawo noma alondoloze izakhiwo ezingokwesiko.

Indima yemali okhethweni oluyinhloko iyosala iphikisana, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngomthetho wezezimali womkhankaso, ithonya labanikela ngezimali ezicebile namaPC amakhulu, nokuthi izimiso zezimali zomphakathi zingawunciphisa yini umkhakha wokudlala. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivimbela umkhankaso wezezimali ziye zenza kwaba nzima ukuguqula inguquko ebanzi, kodwa izigodlo zilondoloza igunya elithile lokulawula ukukhetha okuyinhloko futhi zingazama ngezimali zomphakathi, imingcele yomnikelo, nezimfuneko zokudalulwa.

Izinguquko ze-demographic ziyophinda zishintshe futhi zishintshe izinhlobo zabavoti abaphumelela okhethweni oluyinhloko. Njengoba inani labantu baseMelika lihluka kakhulu, abavoti abayinhloko bayohlanganisa imiphakathi yemibala, abavoti abasebasha, nabavoti abanezici eziphambili ezingafani kunezindawo ezivamile eziphambili. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kungaveza abazobhapathizwa kanye namapulatifomu abonisa kangcono ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nakuba izinga lalolushintsho liyoxhomeka ekutheni lemiphakathi ihlanganyela yini ekuthatheleni izigaba ngokwesilinganiso somphakathi wayo.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukukwazi ukufinyelela impilo, nezinye izinselele ezicindezelayo kungahlola ukuthi izimiso eziyinhloko zingaveza yini abaholi abakwaziyo ukusingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukucabanga isikhathi eside nokwakha iqoqo elihlangene. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izakhiwo eziqalayo zithatha isikhashana, ukuqina kwemibono, nokusekela izimo ezilinganiselwe kunokusungula izinqubo eziqinile ezisekelwe ezixazululweni. Ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo zingashintshwa ukuze zisize kangcono lezi zidingo kuyilapho ukulondoloza isimilo sobudemokhrasi kuhlala kuyindaba esobala eyokwakha ukubusa kwaseMelika emashumi eminyaka.

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Njengezinhlangano Zentando Yeningi

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lumelela indlela ehlukile yaseMelika yokukhetha abavotelwa ngokwentando yeningi, ibonakalisa izibopho ezijulile ekubuseni okuthandwayo, ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, nokungaqiniseki ngamandla aphakeme. Nakuba ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi inikeza izinhlangano zeqembu ukukhetha kobukhompuyutha, i-United States iye yamukela isimiso esinika izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okunquma ukuthi obani abazomelela amaqembu ezombangazwe okhethweni oluvamile. Lokhu kukhetha kubonisa kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka bempucuko yezombangazwe yaseMelika: ukholo ekuhlakaniniseni okuthandwayo nasebusweni bokubusa ngentando yeningi kanye nokusola igunya lenhlangano kanye nokuthatha izinqumo eziphambili.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sokukhetha siye savela kakhulu kusukela ekuqalekeni kwaso kweNkathi Eqhubekekayo, sivumelanisa nokushintsha izimo zezombangazwe, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, namakhono obuchwepheshe. Izindawo zanamuhla eziqalayo azifani kakhulu nemincintiswano yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 eyabekela inselele ukulawulwa kweqembu. Iziphathi-zincwadi zikamongameli ziye zakha izigcawu zonyaka ezimisa inkulumo yesizwe yezombangazwe. Umbuso nezikhulu zendawo, nakuba zithola ukunakekela okuncane, ngokuvamile ziveza iziphumo ezifanayo ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani obusayo nokuthi iziphi izimiso eziphindwayo.

Naphezu kokubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika, okhetho oluyinhloko lubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu nezinselele. Ukuvuleka kwecala kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi abavoti abayinhloko bamelela umphakathi obanzi noma abameleli abashukunyiswa kakhulu ngokwengqondo. Ithonya lemali nemithombo yezindaba liveza isithiyo sokungena esingase sikhiphe abafanelekayo abangatholakali kubantu abacebile abanikelayo noma abangenayo imvume. Ukwanda kwezimiso eziyinhloko ezihlukile ezikumazwe ahlukahlukene kudala ukudideka futhi kungase kuzuzise abalwe ngemisebenzi yomkhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi ekwazi ukudlulisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi.

Kodwa futhi okhetho oluyinhloko lubalulekile futhi lunikeza izimiso zokulandisa nokuvuselela kwezombangazwe. Luvumela abaphikisi ukuba bancintisane ngokuncintisana namandla alinganiselwe, luvule amathuba amasha okungena kwezombangazwe, futhi lunike izakhamuzi ithonya eliqondile ngokuthi ubani omelela. Ukungafihli kwesimiso esiyinhloko kubabezo-lunyeni kuye kwaveza kokubili ukuphazanyiswa okunenzuzo kwezithakazelo ezigxilile kanye nokukhushulwa kwezikhulu zezombangazwe zentando yeningi, kubonisa ukungezwani kwendalo yentando yeningi kwezombangazwe phakathi kokuzinzisa nokushintsha, ubuchwepheshe nokweqaphe, i-papulist, i-panent synentine syst nehm.

Njengoba idemokrasi yaseMelika ibhekene nezinselele zokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, ukudukiswa, nokuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni, indima yokhetho oluyinhloko ekulweni noma ekuxazululeni lezizinkinga iyoqhubeka iphikiswa. imizamo yokuguqula iqhubeke izama ezinye izimiso eziklanyelwe ukukhuthaza ukulinganisela, ukwandisa, nokuthuthukisa ukumelela. Impumelelo yalokhu kuhlola kuyoxhomeke ekuhloleni ngokucophelela ubufakazi, ukuzimisela ukufunda kukho kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqhubekayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezihloselwe ukuzisebenzisa okhethweni ngokuyinhloko.

Ekugcineni, okhetho oluyinhloko aluzuzisi ngokwemvelo noma alulimazi ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Imiphumela yabo ixhomeke ekuklameni kwabo okuqondile, emongweni wenhlangano abasebenza kuyo, nasekubopheni kwezakhamuzi ezihlanganyela kuyo. Ngokuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wokhetho oyinhloko usebenza kanjani, uqaphela amandla nokulinganiselwa kwazo, futhi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo enqubeni yokushaya umthetho, abavoti bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iziteshi zifeza injongo yazo ehloselwe ukukhetha, abameleli abazobusa ngokuphumelelayo nesithakazelo somphakathi. Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokubhalisa ivoti kanye nezinsuku zokuvota eziyinhloko ezweni lakho, bavakashele i-. U. U. Uhlelo lwe-Activective Commission[[FLD [F:1] noma ingcebo evela ezinhlanganweni ze-S] eMbusweni we-Galgrac.[FFFFFF]