IVoterteout ingenye yezimpawu eziqondile zokuqina kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi ziphonsa amavoloti, zihlela indlela kahulumeni wazo, zigunyaza igunya lazo, futhi zinikeza uphawu lokuthi isimiso simelela intando yazo. Ngokuphambene, ukuphenduphenduka okuphansi kuphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo mayelana nokuba semthethweni, ukuthembisana, nokungalingani. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka komvoti okhethayo okhethayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani okhathalela impilo yedemokramentiummeli. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungani kuphendula izindaba, ukuthi kuyini ukuthatha igalelo noma ukuntula kwazo, nokuthi zingaqinisa kanjani le zinhlangano zingasiqinisa kanjani lesi senzo somphakathi esiyisisekelo.

Ukuchaza Ugesi Ovela Emkhathini Nokulinganiswa Kwawo

Ivoter revatep ichazwa cishe njengephesenti labavoti abafanelekayo abafaka ibhola kukhetho olunikezwayo. Ukubala okuqondile kuyahluka-hluka ezweni nasebuthweni. Ochwepheshe abaningi basebenzisa inani labantu abavotayo (VAP) njengenani elingaphezulu, elihlanganisa zonke izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-18 kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikhona isilinganiso sokubhaliswa. Abanye bakhetha inani labantu abavotayo (VEP), elihlukanisa abantu abangebona abafanele kanye nabantu abangakholeki abanjengezimboni ezifundeni lapho bengenakuvota khona. Isinqumo se-metric singathinta kakhulu izingalo zokubhalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States ivame ukubonakala iphansi kubantu abaphansi abaphansi be-VAP ngenxa ye-VEP.

Amazinga ahlukene futhi ngokuphawulekayo ngohlobo lokhetho. Ukhetho lukamongameli e-U.S. ludonsa abantu abafanelekayo abacishe babe ngu 55-65%, kanti ukhetho lwaphakathi kwe-international luzothatha cishe 40-50% kuphela. Okhetho lwendawo nolweziqu zivame ukubona ngisho nokuthatha isinyathelo esiphansi, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kwe-20%. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi ukuphenduka akusona isici esimisiwe kodwa umphumela onamandla owenziwe ngomongowezombangazwe, owe-akhensi, nowempucuko yesizwe.

Ukuzihambela okuphezulu kuyagujwa, kodwa akulungile ngempela. Ukuzihambela okuphakeme kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi kungabonisa ukucindezela komphakathi noma imikhuba yokuzibophezela kunezimo eziqotho. Noma kunjalo, embusweni wentando yeningi ovuthiwe, ukuphakama kwezindawo kuhlotshaniswa cishe njalo nokufakwa okukhulu nokulandisa okuqinile.

Ukubaluleka Kokushintshwa Kwezinsimbi Eziphakeme

Ukubaluleka komvoti okhethayo kudlulela ngalé kwesenzo esivamile sokubeka isiteshi sokuvota. Ukuhlanganyela okukhulu kuqinisa sonke isimiso sentando yeningi ngezindlela eziningana ezihlangene.

Ukumelela Nobufundisi

Izindawo zokukhetha ziyindlela eyinhloko izakhamuzi ezivuma ngayo ukubuswa. Uma ingxenye enkulu yabavoti abafanelekayo, izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingazisho ngokungenaphutha ukuthi zimelela abantu bebonke. Lokhu kuqashelwa kwenza kube lula ngohulumeni ukumisa izimiso, ukuqoqa intela, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Phansi, ngokuphambene, kuphakamisa ukuma kokuthi labo abanegunya bakhonza ingxenye encane kuphela yomphakathi. Emazweni amaningi anokuthatha iqhaza eliphansi, njengaseUnited States, abangewona amaqembu esizwe bangabasha, abangenisa izintela eziphansi, nabambalwa. Ohulumeni abakhethwe yisiqesha, abangameleli-mfazanyana, abambalwa.

Izinzuzo Zesimiso Nokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Ukucwaninga okungaguquguquki kubonisa ukuthi izinguquko eziphezulu zesimiso sezezimali eziphambili eziqondene nokukhetha amaqembu angenanzuzo. Uma abantu abambalwa bevota, abezombangazwe banakekela kakhulu izithakazelo ezicebile nezihleli ngoba yilezo zakhamuzi eziveza ngokuthembeka. Ukuhlolwa kwenani lezakhamuzi uMartin Gilens neBenjamin Page i-ekhotha kuthola ukuthi amaqembu ezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano nezebhizinisi elinezinzuzo eziphezulu athonye kakhulu emfunweni ze-U.S., nakuba izakhamuzi ezivamile zinethonya elincane futhi zingalingani: ivoti ephakeme kakhulu kunezakhamuzi ezimpofu. Ukwazisa izakhamuzi ezingenisa imali ephansi kakhulu ezingenisa inzuzo ehholo elikhudlwanayo cishe kungaholela ezinkonzweni zazo, njengemisebenzi yomphakathi, iholo elikhudlwanayo, nentela yezemfundo yomphakathi.

Ukulandisa futhi kuyathuthuka lapho abantu abaningi bevota. Ukuvota kusebenza njenge-arhente: ukhetho oluneqhaza elikhulu lungabangela ukuba izikhulu ezingathandwa zingadliwe. Uma i-vota incane futhi ilindelekile, abavoti bangagxila ekukhonzeni isizinda sabo kunokuba basabele emphakathini.

Ukubambisana Nokwethembana Emphakathini

Ukuncoma kuyisiko elihlanganyelwayo eliqinisa izibopho zomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela, ziqinisekisa ukuba kwazo amalungu omphakathi wezombangazwe nokwamukela kwazo imithetho yentando yeningi. Ukuvuleka kombuso kunganciphisa ukuhlukana ngokukhumbuza abantu ukuthi bahlanganyela inhlekelele efanayo nesinqumo esifanayo sokwenza i-international system. Amazwe ahlale egcwele ukuphambuka, njengeSweden neDenmark, athambekele ekubonakaliseni izinga eliphakeme lokuthembana kwezenhlalo kanye namazinga aphansi okuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Ngokuphambene, imiphakathi emikhulu lapho abantu behlala khona njalo emakhaya ivame ukubhekana nokugxeka okukhulu, ukubhikisha, nokuntenga.

Imikhuba Nezenzakalo Ezingokomlando

Ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwendlela ehamba ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwembula intuthuko yokuyifaka nezinselele eziphikelelayo.

Ukwandisa I - Franchie

Emlandweni omningi, ukuvota kwakulinganiselwe ekuzinzeni kwamadoda amhlophe. Ukunwetshwa kancane kancane kokuvota kwabesifazane, amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga, nezakhamuzi ezincane kwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukukhethwa. E-United States, iSichibiyelo se-15 seSichibiyelo senguquko (1870) sanqabela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvotelweni, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yemithetho yokuvota kwakubuthakathaka kwaze kwaba yilapho iSivumelo se-198) sithatha imvume yokuvota. ISimemezelo sama-26 sehla inkathi yokuvota saletha izigidi zezigidi ezintsha ezivumayo esimisweni futhi ekuqaleni sandisa amazinga okuthatha igasimu, nakuba ukuthatha isinyathelo okukhulu kwakudinga imizamo eqhubekayo yokunqoba imingcele.

Naphezu kwenzuzo engokomthetho, ukutholakala kwebhodi elikhokhelwayo kuhlala kungafani. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anikeza abesifazane inselele ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I. Umphakathi wembulunga yonke waba yisici esivamile kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Naphezu kwentuthuko engokomthetho, ukutholakala ngokuphumelelayo kwebhola lokuvota kuhlala kungalingani.

Umphumela Owonakele Emashumini Eminyaka Amuva

Kusukela ngo-1960 kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi emisiwe yabhekana nokuncipha kwe-U.S. kwaqala ukuncipha kokhetho lukamongameli ngo-1960 kuya ku-50% ngo-1969 ngaphambi kokuba i-opera kancane emijikelezweni yamuva. Amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu anjengeUnited Kingdom, iFrance, kanye neJalimane nawo aqala ukuncipha, nakuba ngokuvamile ayelokhu ephakeme kuno-U.S. ukuhlelwa kwalokhu kuncishiswa kweqembu, ukuncipha kokukhetha kohulumeni, ukuncishiseka okukhulayo kwemithombo yezindaba nezokuzijabulisa (okuncintisana nokuvota), kanye nokudlondlwa kwemikhanka okuxo okuxozayo okuxokayo kunokuba kuxoshe izakhamuzi. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhoxazuluka noma kusukela kuma 2000, ngenxa yokuhlela ezobuchwepheshe notshani.

Izimbangela Eziyinhloko Zokuqhuma Komoya Ophansi

Ukugwema okuphansi akuzenzakaleli, kubangelwa inhlanganisela yemingcele yokwakheka, izici zokuzalana kwabantu, nezici ezingokwengqondo.

Izithiyo Zokwakha

Amazwe amaningi enza ukuvota kube nzima ngamabomu. Imithetho yokuvota esemthethweni, amahora okuvota, izindawo eziphazamisayo, nezinqubo zokubhalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokungenakulinganiswa zinciphise ukuvela kwabampofu, asebekhulile, nabangamabhande amancane. E-United States, isenzo sokubhalisa sishiyelwa abantu abaningi kakhulu, ngokungafani emazweni anokuvota okuzenzekelayo. Imithetho ye-ID eqinile, njengaleyo yaseTexas nase Georgia, iye yaboniswa ukuthi inciphisa amanani amaningana, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaBlabhulathi ne-Latinovota. Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nokungahliswa kweposi okukhetha okuthatha i-jwayekile nakho kubangela ukuba bathathe iqhaza ngokungaguquki, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanezimiso ezingaguquki zokusebenza noma izindaba zempilo.

Izici Zezenhlalo Nezokuhlalwa Kwabantu

Imfundo neholo kuphakathi kwezimpawu ezinamandla zokuvota. Abathweswe iziqu basekholiji bavota cishe ngokuphindwe kabili inani lalabo abangenaso idiploma yasesikoleni esiphakeme. Abantu abacebile banemithombo engaphezulu yokubhalisa, ukufunda ngabazohlolwa, futhi bathathe isikhathi emsebenzini. Iminyaka futhi ibalulekile: abavoti abangaphezu kuka-65 bathatha isilinganiso esiphindwe kathathu kwenani leminyaka engu-187624. Isigaba esiphansi sohlanga nohlanga e-U.S. vhota ngokwezinga eliphansi kunabemhlophe, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yemingcele yezakhiwo futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokungathembani okungokomlando okubangela ukungethembani.

Izici Ezingokwengqondo Nezomdabu

Ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezingokoqobo, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukungavoti ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi ukuthatha kwabo isinyathelo akunamehluko. Lomuzwa wokusebenza kwezombangazwe uqedwa ukuncishiswa, umkhankaso ophambene, nemibono yokuthi amaqembu amakhulu afana. Imithombo yezindaba egxila emahlazweni kunokuba ikhuthaze ukugxeka. Kwezinye izindawo, ukuvota akuyona indlela engokwenhlalo; uma kuvela abangane abambalwa noma amalungu omkhaya, umuntu akavamile ukuzivota.

Imiphumela Yokwehla Kwejubane

Ithonya lokwehla kwezindawo alisakazwa ngendlela ehlelekile.

Uhulumeni Ongameleki

Uma ukuvota kuphansi, abezombangazwe basabela ekukhetheni kwabambalwa. Uhulumeni okhethwa amaphesenti angu-40 abavoti abafanelekayo, ikakhulukazi uma i-40% icebile futhi imhlophe kunabantu bonke, ingenakuthi imelela lonke leli nani. Leligebe lokumelekisa lifuna amandla ezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukile, izinhlangano ze-populist, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ubudlova. Amazwe aneziphethu eziphansi kakhulu avame ukubhekana nezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe.

Imithetho Elawula Amalungelo

Kuphansi ukuthatha ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi ezicebile zingabavoti abanokwethenjelwa kakhulu, izinkathazo zazo zokwenza izinto − njengokukhokha izintela eziphansi nokukhipha imingcele-(-"kakhulu") zamukela ukunakekela okungalingani. Izinhlelo ezisiza imikhaya ethola imali encane, njengosizo lokudla noma izindlu zomphakathi, azinakunakekelwa njalo. Umphumela yisijikelezo sokuzimela sodwa: abampofu bahlala ekhaya ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi isimiso asibasebenzi, futhi lesi simiso asiyikhonzi ngoba behlala ekhaya.

Ukuncipha Kwemibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Kulula ukuthatha imingcele futhi kungalulaza ukufaneleka kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi ngokwazo. Uma ukhetho lunqunywa yidlanzana, imfuno yokugumbuqela imiphumela noma ukuvinjelwa kokuvota esikhathini esizayo ingaba yisisusa esivamile. Abaholi bangase bazizwe bezimisele ukushalazela umbono womphakathi phakathi kokhetho, bazi ukuthi ukuqapha kwabo kwangempela kuwukukhetha okuncane. Lokhu kukhukhuleka kwezimiso kungaholela ekuphambukisweni kwentando yeningi, njengoba kufakazelwa emazweni anjenge-Hungary nePoland.

Izinqubo Zokwandisa I - Voter Turmout

Kukhona izindlela eziningi ezisekelwe kuyi - ~ neaccom ukuze kwandiswe ukuhlanganyela.

Intuthuko Yokubhalisa Nokuthutha Izincwadi

Ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwevoti kungomunye wezinguquko eziphumelela kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-AVR ngo-2016 kwanezela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabavoti abasha nonyuswayo. Ukubhalisa kwansuku ezingu-63, okusetshenziswa ezizweni eziningi, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngesikhathi esifanayo, zisuse isithiyo sonyaka. Ukunweba izinsuku zokuvota nangamahora angaphambili, kanye nokungafaki posi ekhona noma ukuvota, kwenza kube lula kubantu abanezimiso ezingalindelekile ukuba bahlanganyele. Izwe elinjenge-Australia, lapho ukuvota kuphoqelelwa, kuthola amazinga angaphezulu kuka-90%. Nakuba ukuvota okuphoqelela ukuvota kuhlala kuphikisana eUnited States, kungena hlangothi olufana nokwenza usuku lokuvota noma ukuvota (njengoba amazwe amaningi eYurophu) kungaphakamisa futhi iziphethulo.

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nentuthuko

Abantu abaningi abavoti ngoba abayazi ukuthi kunjani noma kungani kubaluleke. Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba konke kungadlala indima ekukhuthazeni ukufunda nokubhala komphakathi. Izinhlelo ezifundisa abafundi ngokuvota nangezigxobo zokhetho ziye zaboniswa ukuze zithuthukise ukuvota kamuva ekuphileni. i-Nonpartisan ithola indawo yokufaka ikhefu ezindaweni ezithile. I-"dooduràtohooktohooking, ukuvalwa kocingo, ukukhunjuzwa kocingo, izikhumbuzo ze-jwayekile kodwa ezikhungethene. Ukucindezela kwezenhlalo, lapho abavoti abakanye nabo betshelwa khona ukuthi omakhelwane babo bebotawa, ukwanda, nakuba kumelwe basetshenziswe ngokwezimiso.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuntekenteke

Inqubo yokuvota e-inthanethi yenza ukuba inqubo itholakale kakhulu. Ngo-2024, izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-40 zase-U.S. Izinhlelo zezimoto zinganikeza izindawo zokuvota, izilinganiso ze-colot, nezikhumbuzo. Ezinye izifundazwe zizama izimiso zokuvota ezisekelwe kumablockchain highon system translates systems kumazwe aphesheya noma kumavoti ezempi, nakuba kusekhona ukukhathazeka. Amatheku ezokuxhumana ezokuhlalisa izingozi, angabuye afake abavoti lapho kusetshenziswa izikhumbuzo zokuvota nokwaziswa kokhetho.

Izimpande Zomgwaja Nokuthunjwa Komphakathi

Mhlawumbe indlela esekela kakhulu ekwakheni impucuko yokuvota. Izinhlangano zomphakathi, amasonto, izinyunyana, namaqembu omphakathi angakwenza kube okuvamile ukuvota futhi anikeze ukusekela komphakathi. “Imiyalo eMdanti” iyisibonelo esinamandla emasontweni ase-Afrika. Uma ukuvota kuba ukulindela komphakathi kunokuba umsebenzi othile, kuvela ngokwemvelo.

Umbono Wembulunga Yonke: Ukuqhathanisa I - voter Kunqamula Amazwe

Ukuqhathanisa kwezizwe ngezizwe kwembula umehluko omkhulu. Ngokwemininingwane evela kwiNhlangano yeNhlangano yezentando yeningi ne-Electoral Areplation (IDEA), isilinganiso sovota kukhetho lukamongameli emazweni e-OECD sicishe sibe ngu- 68% wenani labantu abavotayo. Amazwe anenani lokuvota eliboshiwe, njengeBelgium, Australia, ne-Brazil, avame ukudlula u-80%. Ngokungafani, i-United States i-alphanal i-democravition ephansi kakhulu kwe-democralion ethuthukisini, ngokuguqukela ku-5 76% ye-VAP (izinga eliphansi le-VEP66%). ISwitzerland, naphezu kwezinhlangano zayo ezinamandla, ingeye isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu eYurophu (engxenye ye-45 ye-ovotor yomphakathi) ngenxa yokukhathaza ukuvota.

Amazwe aphakeme avame ukuhlanganyela izici ezifanayo: ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo noma okulula, izimiso zokuhlela ezinikeza abavoti umuzwa wokuthi izindaba zabo zokuvota, umncintiswano ohlukene onikeza ukukhetha okucacile, nemfundo eqinile yomphakathi. Amazwe aphansi e-Veganortout avame ukuba nezimiso eziphambili, ukubhalisa okuqinile, kanye namazinga aphezulu emali eholayo.

Isiphetho

I-votersut ayiyona izibalo. Isilinganiso sendlela idemokrasi esebenza kahle ngayo futhi enamazwi azwakala ngayo. Imfundo ephakeme iqinisa ukumelelwa, ukulandisa, nokuthemba. I-oketmover isontanisa isimiso, iqinisa ukungalingani, futhi iqede ubukhoma kwentando yeningi. Nakuba imingcele yokuhlanganyela ingokoqobo, ayiyona engenakunqandeka. Izinguquko zesimiso sokubhalisa intando yeningi . Inguquko . "inguquko" ne-automatic costation, ukuvota, imfundo eqinile yezezakhamuzi. [16] Imfundo engcono kakhulu yezesayensi notshani ingenza umehluko onayo. Isisekelo sokuhlela i-opera i-tovota ye-octives.

Izikhombo ze-External:[ ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i- Prew Research Center ku-U.S. ukuthambekela kokubuya, [ i-Brenantan Center yeSikhungo sokwahlulela [[ ezinguquko zovota, kanye ne-' I-IDEA[FLT] yembulunga yonke.