Ukuqonda Ukukhethwa Kwamaphakathi Nemithetho Yakho

Ukhetho lwe Midterm, oluthatha cishe phakathi kwegama likamongameli leminyaka emine, lumelela enye yezinqubo ezilandela uhulumeni wentando yeningi waseMelika kodwa ezivame ukunganakwa kakhulu. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli lulawula umphakathi futhi luhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, ama-midters anemiphumela ejulile yesimo somthetho wesizwe. Lokhetho lunquma ukuthi ubani olawula iKhongolo, okuthi ngokulandelayo alolonge isimiso sikahulumeni, ukunqunyelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, kanye nokulinganiswa kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha esikhulu ne-propatialtical. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda indlela imisebenzi yazo kahulumeni phakathi kwemijikelezo kamongameli, amavota enikeza ngayo ithonya eliqondileyo emikhawulweni ebusa ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokhetho phakathi kwenkathi yokukhetha kusebukhoneni babo bokumisa izinto eziza kuqala zezombangazwe zase Washington. Umongameli angangena ehhovisi enemigomo efuna ukuvelela, kodwa ekugcineni ukwakhiwa kwe-Congress kunquma ukuthi leyo migomo iba umthetho yini. Inkathi yama-mindrs isebenza njengenhlolo yezikhathi ezithile emandleni kamongameli, ivumela abavoti ukuba baqinisekise noma benqabe ukuqondisa. Lokhu kudala isigqi esilawulayo eMelika lapho iminyaka emibili yokuqala ye-presidenti ivame ukubona ukuqhutshengisa kwemithetho, kuyilapho inkathi yangemva kwe-middy isebenza njalo ibhekisa phambili ku-progation, ukuhlehlela, noma ukuyekethisa okuxhomeke kumphumela wokhetho.

Umshini Ovamile: Okusemgqonyeni

Ngawo wonke umjikelezo wokhetho phakathi phakathi nenkathi yokukhetha uhlela kabusha wonke iNdlu yabameleli — zonke izihlalo ezingu-435 — kanye cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezihlalo ezintathu zeSigele (ngokuvamile ezingu-33 noma ezingu-34). Lomklamo wokwakha uqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu, esabela ngokuqondile kukhetho, ingawubonisa ngokugcwele umuzwa womphakathi oshintshayo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. ISigele, namagama aso anyaka ka-46 anyakazayo, sinikeza ukuqhubeka kuyilapho isavumela ushintsho ngezikhathi ezithile. Inhlanganisela yakha amandla lapho inkathi eyodwa phakathi ingaguqula ukulingana okulawula okulawula.

Ngaphandle kwamahhovisi kahulumeni, ukhetho lwaphakathi nendawo luhlanganisa futhi nemincintiswano eminingi kahulumeni neyomphakathi: imikhumbi emikhulu, izihlalo ze-avistion, izinyathelo zomthetho, nezinhlanga zokwahlulela. Lokhu kuvota okuphansi kwe-ballot kuthinta ngokuqondile umthetho wesigaba sombuso ezindabeni ezisukela ekusekeleni imfundo namalungelo okuvota kumthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezezezezimali nakwezezezezezezimali. Umphumela owengeziwe wokhetho phakathi nezindawo zokubusa, kuzenza zibe yimoto egxekayo ezakhamuzini ukuba zihlele imithetho ehlukahlukene.

Izigxobo kunoma isiphi isikhathi ezinikezwayo zilolongwa yi-mongo yezombangazwe. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili umongameli noMkhandlu, iqembu lokuphikiswa kanye nabasekeli balo babheka isikhathi esiphakathi njengethuba lokuphoqa i-cheke emandleni ahlangene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ulawulo luhlukene, izikhawu zingaqinisa isimo noma zishintshe ukulingana. Lokhu kwakhiwa kwenza ukuba kubuye kube isikhathi esiphindaphindiwe sokuguqula inqubo.

Indlela Imiphumela Ephakathi Nezikhathi Ekhipha Ngayo Amandla Ombuso

Ithonya elisheshayo lokhetho lokuthatha izintambo liwukunikeza amandla avuseleleka phakathi kweKhomishane. Ukulawula kwendlu neSigele kunquma izabelo zekomiti, izikhundla zobuholi, nokuhlelwa kwemithetho. Ingxenye enkulu egumbini ngalinye ilawula ikhalenda lomthetho, inquma ukuthi iziphi izindleko ezithola amavoti aphansi, futhi ibeke imingcele yokulawula impikiswano. Lokhu kulawula kwendlu kuguqula ngokuqondile amandla angaphansi kwesimiso kanye nokufa komthetho.

Uma igumbi elilodwa noma zombili zilawulwa phakathi phakathi kwenkathi, uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho lungashintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Iqembu elisha lihlela imigomo yalo siqu yenqubo, ngokuvamile ukuhlehlisa noma ukuvimbela izinyathelo zempi zeningi elandulelayo. Izihlalo zamakomiti, ezinethonya elikhulu ekuzweni, ekuhloleni, nasekubaleni, zingashintsha izandla. Lokhu kungasheshisa izinqumo ezithile zemithetho uma kuvinjelwa ezinye ngokuphelele.

Isibonelo Esingokomlando Sokulahlekelwa Umongameli Wolwandle

Ngokomlando, iqembu lomongameli cishe lilahlekelwa izihlalo cishe njalo phakathi nokhetho. Kusukela eMpini Yombango, iqembu lomongameli liye lalahlekelwa izihlalo zendlu ezingu-36 kwezingu-40 phakathi kwenkathi, nesilinganiso sezihlalo ezingu-30. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhlangana kwezici: ukuthatha izikhawu eziphansi phakathi kwabaxhasi bakamongameli, ukuhlongoza ukuvota abaphikisi, nokuthambekela okungokwemvelo kokuba abavoti basebenzise amaphakathi njengencuthum ekuqondiseni kwesimiso sokulungisa inkathi. Okungajwayelekile kuhlanganisa u-2002, ngemva kokuhlasela kwangoSeptemba 11, lapho umPresidenti kaGeorge W. Bush ethola izihlalo, kanye no-1998, phakathi nenqubo yokungagunyazi.

Lendlela engokomlando inemiphumela emikhulu yemithetho. Umongameli olahlekelwa ukusekela okukhulu phakathi nendawo kumelwe ajwayelane nendawo elawulwa kakhulu yemithetho. Ukuvumelana nemithetho yezikhulu, inqubo yokuqondisa, nokuyekethisa kwe-bipartisan kuba yimfuneko uma indlela ye-propatiss incinana. Ngaleyondlela isigaxa esiphakathi sisebenza njengendlela evimbela noma iliphi iqembu ukuba lilondoloze amandla angavinjelwe isikhathi eside, igcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso abasunguli bayo abafaka kuyo eMthethweni Weziphene.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezinti Negebe Eliphakathi Nenkathi

Esinye sezici ezichazayo okhethweni phakathi nenkathi yokuvota yisici esiphansi ngokungaguquki uma kuqhathaniswa nokhetho lukamongameli. Nakuba ukhetho lukamongameli ludonsela 55% kuya ku-65% yabavoti abafanelekayo, ukuthatha isikhathi esiphakathi kuye kwahlukahluka ngomlando kusukela ku-35% kuya ku-50%. Leligebe elivulekile linemiphumela ejulile yokumelelwa nomthetho, ngoba abavoti abavela phakathi naphakathi bathambekele ekubeni abadala, abamhlophe, abacebile kakhulu, futhi abanombono ophakeme kakhulu kunabadaliweyo.

Ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi ka-2018 lwaqeda lokhu kuhlolwa ngokulandelana okuphawulekayo — cishe amaphesenti angu-50 abavoti abafanelekayo ahlanganyela, inguquko ephakeme phakathi nekhulu leminyaka. Lokhu kwabangelwa ukuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe okukhudlwana, ukuphikisa okukhulu kukaMongameli Trump, kanye nemizamo yokuhlela yezinhlangano zomphakathi. Umphumela wokuthathelwa indawo i House wasusa iziphakamiso zemithetho ebhekene nokuphathwa, ukuhlola, nezimiso eziqhubekayo, okubonisa ukuhlobana ngokuqondile phakathi kokungenela kwevota nomthetho.

Izibalo Nezigaba Ezihilelekile

Ukucwaninga kwePew Research Center nezinye izinhlangano kubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi abavoti abaphakathi abameleli ngokwenani labantu njengenani labantu. Abavoti abadala, ikakhulukazi labo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-65, bahlanganyela ngamazinga aphakeme kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi kunabantu abasebasha abavoti. Abavoti abafundele ekholiji bathatha izinga eliphindwe kabili kunalabo abangenaso idiploma yasesikoleni esiphakeme. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi imiphumela yaphakathi phakathi nendawo ithambekele ekubonakaliseni izingxebe zenkozo zokhetho oluncane kunezivoti zikamongameli.

Imizamo yokuvala igebe lokuvota iye yahlanganisa ukubhaliswa komvoti ngokuzenzekela, ukunyuswa kokuvota kwasekuqaleni, nezimiso zokubhalisa zosuku olufanayo. Izwe elamukela lezi zinyathelo livame ukubona ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphakeme phakathi naphakathi, okuthi kamuva kuveze izindikimba zemithetho ezibonisa ngokuseduze kakhulu izintando zomphakathi. Amaqembu ezisebenzi zobufundisi njenge Brennan Center for Justice School of New York University of Law abhale ukuvumelana okuhle phakathi kwemithetho yokuvota nokuvuselelwa ekhushuliwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu angokomlando angaphansi kwezindawo.

Imiphumela Yomthetho Nemithetho Ka - Agenda

Ukwakhiwa kweKhongolo ngemva kwenkathi ephakathi kusihlela ngokuqondile isimiso seminyaka emibili esele yegama lobumongameli. Uhulumeni onobunye — lapho iqembu lomongameli lilawula khona zombili izikhundla — uvumela ukuthatha izinyathelo eziphambili zomthetho, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezempilo okukhulu kuya ekukhokheleni intela engaphezulu kakhulu. Ngokuhlukile, uhulumeni ohlukene uvame ukuveza i-propatial, uphoqelela umongameli ukuba athembele ekuthatheni isigaba sokulawula noma afune izivumelwano ezincane ezindabeni ezingaphikisani kakhulu.

Cabangela izibonelo ezingokoqobo: Ngemva kwesikhathi saphakathi kuka-2010, amaRepublica athola ukulawulwa kwendlu ngenkathi engokomlando ethatha i-63-screen. Lokhu kwashintsha uhlelo lwemithetho kusuka ekusetshenzisweni koMthetho wokunakekela oMaka oMahle kanye nomthetho wezimali ekusebenziseni izikhali, ukuqondisa u-Obama, nemizamo yokubuyisela umthetho wezempilo. Izinyathelo ezinkulu zokushaya umthetho e-Obama White House zagcinwa kakhulu ngemva kuka-2010, kanye nezivumelwano ze-biparstan kuphela ezisezimpilweni ze-mali ezithiwe, njenge-fiscal real nenkatements steary.

Ngokufanayo, phakathi nonyaka ka-2018 kwathathwa i-Democrates ngenzuzo engu-40 yokudla, iphela ekulawuleni iRepublic. Indawo yomthetho yashintshwa ekunciphiseni intela nasekunqamuleni inqubo yezemfundo, ukubhucungwa kwemilaliso, nokuququlwa kwemithetho. ISigele, esaqhubeka silawulwa yiRepublican, sasebenza njengesephula umthetho oqhubekayo osuka ekwakheni umthetho owenziwe eMzini owenziwe ngemithetho ehlukene, waphumela ekubekeni amandla kahulumeni alinganiselwe yemithetho emisha enzima kodwa waveza umsebenzi obalulekile wokuqondisa.

Ukuvuleka Kwemoto, Ukuyekethisa, Nokufeza Umthetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemiphumela phakathi kwenkathi nomkhiqizo womthetho abuqondile. Uhulumeni ohlukene ungaveza umthetho obalulekile lapho bobabili abantu bethola isisekelo esivumelanayo, njengoba kuboniswa ngenguquko yezenhlala- kahle ku-1990 ngaphansi koMongameli Clinton neRiphabliki, noma ubulungisa bobugebengu bushintsha ngaphansi kukaMongameli Trump noMkhandlu ohlukene ngo-2018. Ngokuhlukile, uhulumeni ohlangene awuqinisekisi impumelelo yemithetho yomthetho, njengoba ukuhlukana kwamaqembu kungaphazamisana nezingxabano eziphakathi.

Ososayensi bezombangazwe baye bahlola izimo lapho umkhiqizo wemithetho wenzeka khona naphezu kokwahlukana kukahulumeni. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukucindezela komphakathi kokuthatha isinyathelo ezindabeni ezimfashini, ukuba khona kwemifelandawonye ezimisweni ezithile, nokubala ukuthi impumelelo ye-bipartis izuzisa womabili amalungu ebhokisini le-collet. Ukukhetha kwaphakathi kusebenza njengeqophelo elisebenza njengelibuyisela noma elivimbela lemiyaluyaluya, kuye ngemigqa nanganiso yemibono ye-Bhunga.

Izindaba Eziyinhloko Ezichaza Ukukhetha Okuphakathi Kwezigaba

Kulwiwa ukhetho phakathi kwezikhathi zokuvota ngezindaba ezihlobene nezivoti futhi zichaze izimpi zemithetho ezizayo.

Umthetho Wezomnotho Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Isimo somnotho silokhu siyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu kubavoti abaningi phakathi nokhetho. Ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukuswelakala komsebenzi, nokukhokhela izindleko zokuhlala kuthinta ngokuqondile inhlalakahle yomkhaya, kuwenza abe abasebenzi abanamandla ebhokisini le-collet. Abasebenzisa amaphakathi kwemizuzu ukuveza ukwaneliseka noma ukukhungatheka ngezimiso zezomnotho, okushintsha ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yentela, ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala, izingxoxo zophahla, nokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-20222 aphakathi engxenyeni athonywa kakhulu yizinkathazo zokwehla kwamandla emali, iholela ezingxabazweni zezenkambiso mayelana nokwehlisa amandla, ukuphatha amagebethi, ukunikeza izijezo zokukhokha.

Ukunakekela Impilo Kushintsha Nokutholakala Kwakho

Ukukhathazeka kwempilo kuhlala kuphakathi kwezinto eziphambili ezikhathaza abavoti abaphakathi. Izimpikiswano ngomzamo we-Affordble Care Act, Medicaid wokwandisa izidakamizwa, ukubhucungwa kwemishuwalense, kanye nokuhlanganisa umshuwalense zikhuthaza abavoti kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zezombangazwe. Imiphumela yeMidterm inquma ukuthi inqubo yezempilo iyaqhubeka yini ekunyukeni noma ukunyuswa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kuka-2018, yabunjwa kakhulu umzamo weRepublican owe wokubuyisela i-A, eyayithumela i-Didemocratic Revotation futhi yanikela ekuthatheni i-templated House. Umthetho, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwemisebe yemisebe yokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa nokuguqula imishala nokuguqula izidakamizwa izidakamizwa, ngokwesibonelo ukulingana okushintshiwe.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa silokhu siyindaba ehlukanisa kakhulu evelele emikhankasweni yaphakathi naphakathi. Imiphumela engokomthetho yokufuduka ixhomeke kakhulu ekutheni yiliphi iqembu elilawula i-Congress. Izindawo ezinkulu zaseRepublicans zithambekele ekubekeni imingcele yezindlela zokuphepha emngceleni, ukuqinisekisa ukuxhasa nokuvimbela ukufuduka okungokomthetho, kuyilapho iDemocraticism igxile ezindleleni zokuya esabelweni sesizwe, izivikeli zeDamocratics, nesimiso sokuvikela. Inkathi yama 20222 yaba nomphumela wokufuduka njengempikiswano ephezulu yeRepublication, ithonya impikiswano yezentengiselwano emngceleni kanye nezokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Ukushintsha Kwendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wesimo Sezulu

Izimpikiswano zendawo ezungezile ziye zaba yisisekelo esiyinhloko sokhetho lwaphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuqapha isimo sezulu kuye kwakhula. Iqembu elilawula ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu linquma ukuthi iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile ziqiniswa, zilulama, noma zigcinwe. Izikhulu ze-democratic ziqhubekisela phambili izisusa zamandla ahlanzekile, ukunciphiswa kwegesi encishisiwe, kanye nezibopho zesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho izakhiwo ezinkulu zaseRepublic zivame ukubeka imingcele engcono yokuzimela ugesi, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla amafutha, nokuvusekugqizekeni. Umthetho omkhulu onjengomthetho owe-Inflation Reduction Act 2022, owawuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezentengo yesimo sezulu esiqinile, wadlula ngaphansi kokulawula kweDemocraticism futhi wabonisa indlela inqubo ephakathi kwendawo ezungezile eyaba khona iminyaka eminingi.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle

Nakuba isimiso sangaphandle sivame ukubhekwa njengendawo kamongameli, uMkhandlu unethonya elikhulu ngezinqumo zezimali, ukugunyaza izivumelwano, ukuqondisa imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, namandla okumemezela impi. Ukhetho lwe-mistum ingasusa indlela yemithetho yangaphandle ye-United States ngokuguqula ukuthi yimaphi iqembu elilawula amandla omthetho omthetho ezindabeni zesizwe. Izimpikiswano ngokubopha izikhali, ukudayisa izikhali, izibopho, nokubophana kobuhlobo zithonywe yi-Roctic Congress. I-Materter, ngokwesibonelo, i-Dmocratic system, yaveza iningi elikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwezikhathi zokuhlala e-Iraq, inguquko inkambini yesimiso sesizwe se-U.

Indima Yesakhamuzi Ekusebenziseni Imithetho Emiphakathini

Kubantu ngabanye, ukhetho lwaphakathi nenkathi lumelela elinye lamathuba aqondile okuthonya isiqondiso somthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Ngokungafani nokhetho lukamongameli, lapho umnqobi emelela khona umfelandawo eyodwa futhi ngokuvamile ebusa ephakathi nendawo, izikhawu zivumela abavoti ukuba bathumele izimpawu eziqondile eziqondene nezimiso kuhlelo oluncane lwabameleli. isakhamuzi esivotayo phakathi nokhetho sinethonya elikhulu kakhulu phezu kohlu lokugcina lwe-Congress kunovota ohlanganyela kuphela kukhetho lukamongameli, ngenxa nje yokuthi abantu abambalwa bavota.

Ukuhlanganyela phakathi nokhetho kudlulela ngaphandle kokufaka amarekhodi okuvota. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zingacwaninga amarekhodi abavota, zingene emihlanganweni yehholo ledolobha, zihlanganyele ekuhlolweni, futhi zifake igalelo emikhankasweni evumelana nezimiso zazo eziphambili. Izinhlanga zendawo nesilinganiso sikahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezinqunywa ngemikhawulo emincane kakhulu phakathi neminyaka yaphakathi, zikwazi ukufinyelela ngokukhethekile ethonyeni yezakhamuzi. Amavoti ambalwa anganquma umphumela wohlanga lwesizwe lwezishayamthetho, oluthi ngokushintsha izimiso zezinga lemfundo, iziteshishi, imithetho yezindawo zokuthutha, imithetho yezindlu, nokuvota.

Ukuba nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ziboshelwe ukulandisa omunye umsebenzi obucayi wokuhlanganyela phakathi nenkathi. IGama leNdlu leminyaka emibili lisho ukuthi abameleli babhekene nabavoti njalo, badala indlela yokulandisa ngokushesha kumavoti emithetho nezindawo zokubusa. Izakhamuzi ezilandelela indlela abameleli bazo abavota ngayo emthetho omkhulu zingasebenzisa ngayo izikhawu phakathi ekukhokheleni noma zijezise lezo zinqumo. Lokhu kulandisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi abashicileli bayaqhubeka besabela enqubeni yabo, okungenani emfundisweni, futhi zinikeza umzila ohleliwe wezakhamuzi wezokufakelwa kuyo enqubweni yemithetho.

Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yabesifazane, Vote.org, neBallotia zinikeza izakhamuzi imithombo yokuqonda ukuthi yini esengozini phakathi nokhetho, zibhalise ukuvota, futhi zifunde ngezinyathelo zokuvota. Le mithombo engaphangi isiza ekuhleleni igebe lokwaziswa elivame ukucindezela ukuphuma phakathi nenkathi, okwenza izakhamuzi ezengeziwe ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ebhokisini lebhola.

Isiphetho: Ama - materns njengoMbukiso weDemocratic

Kunokukhetha okukhethekile okunesikhundla esisemqoka esimisweni sezombangazwe saseMelika. Bantula idrama nokuzimela kakhulu kokhetho lukamongameli, kodwa banethonya elikhulu okungenani phakathi nomthetho wansuku zonke nombuso. Ngokumisa ukulinganisela kwamandla eKhongolo, phakathi kwakha umjikelezo oziphindaphindayo wokulandisa, uphoqelela umongameli negatsha lemithetho ukuba baphendule ezithakazelweni ezihlukene zokhetho. Lesi sigqi senhlangano siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho sivumelwano esisodwa sezombangazwe esizinzile esingagcina isisekelo ngokwaso, silondoloze ukushukuma okunamandla okuhloselwe yibo.

Kubantu abahlala khona, isifundo sicacile: ukhetho lunendaba enkulu. Isakhamuzi esivota kuphela okhethweni lukamongameli sifaka ithonya ngokuphumelelayo ezinqumweni eziningi zemithetho ezizokwenziwa phakathi kwemisho kamongameli. Izindaba ezichaza amaphakathi — isimiso sezomnotho, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, indawo ezungezile, nokulondeka kwesizwe — zithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ukungenela ngokhetho lwaphakathi nendawo akusona nje isibopho somphakathi kodwa ukukhetha okubalulekile nganoma ubani ofuna ukuba izwi lakhe lizwiwe enqubweni eqhubekayo yokwenza umthetho. Njengoba umjikelezo olandelayo usondela, ukuqonda okukhona esiphazathwini futhi ubonise ukuthatha ingxenye esele ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokulungisa indawo yesizwe.