Isingeniso: Indima Eyisisekelo Yobufandamentali Ekuzinzeni Komthetho - sisekelo

I-lignaryism ibilokhu iyifilosofi yokwahlulela echazayo engokomthetho waseMelika, ikakhulukazi phakathi komongo wokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo we-United States. Engxenyeni yawo eyinhloko, isekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo ngesikhathi uthathwa ngayo. Incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi eqondwa yizizukulwane ezivumelanayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inikeza isisekelo esiqinile, esiqinisekile somthetho-mthetho, ivimbela ukuba le mibhalo iguqulwe umoya wezombangazwe oshintshayo noma izintando zomuntu siqu zabahluleli. Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho awuyona nje into enhle ecatshangelwayo; usekela ukuvumelana komthetho, uqinisekisa ukuvumelana kwezinqumo zomthetho, futhi uqinisa ukuthemba umphakathi esimisweni somthetho.

Ngokuhlaziya izincwadi ezingokomlando, amacala avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme nezimpikiswano zanamuhla, sizobona ukuthi kungani ubusunguli buhlala bunamandla ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komthetho - sisekelo okuqinile.

Izimiso Zokukholelwa KuNkulunkulu Kudala

Ukubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo kusekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyinhloko eziqondisa ukusebenza kwayo. Okokuqala, kugcizelela incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala [ yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo] incazelo yokuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokulungisa i-ratting. Lendlela ixhomeke kakhulu emithonjeni engokomlando enjengencazelo yencazelo yasekuqaleni, kuyilapho ukwakha kusebenza okuqondenezinto zamanje, ukugcwalisa izikhawu lapho umbhalo ushokane. I-General Convention, i-ratiation, i-ratiation, ne-panection systry. Eyesibili, umehluko phakathi kwencazelo nokwakhiwa. Ukwesibili, umehluko phakathi kwencazelo yokuqala yombhalo, ifuna ukuqonda incazelo yokuqala, kuyilapho ukwakha lokho okushoyo, ngokuvamile kugcwalisa lapho umbhalo ububanzi buhlukahluka. I-Genethisclogostitum, izihloko ezibhalwe ngokusho okusemthethweni, ngokwezinzelwa ngokwezimo ezithiyo, i-magnotemental ewulution.

Lezimiso zidala indlela eqinile yokuchaza indlela. Uma amajaji esebenzisa njalo uphendlo olungokomlando olufanayo, imiphumela iba nesiqiniseko esiqinisekile. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT]] Divergation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa ukucabanga kokuqala ukuchaza iSichibiyelo Sesibili, ihlola ukuqonda kwekhulu le-18 kwelungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Isinqumo sanikeza indinga elicacile eliye laqondisa izigwebo ezihambisana nezinganiso zezibhamu, inciphisa ukungaqiniseki kwemithetho yezakhamuzi.

Izimbangela Zomlando Nezisekelo Eziyisisekelo

Imvelaphi yobuProtomstry isukela emuva esikhathini sokusungulwa. UJames Madison, ku- Federalist No. 37, waxwayisa ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe imiswe ukuze kugwenywe “izinto ezinkulu ezithakazelekayo ezithakazelayo.” Kamuva, uMahluleli uAntonin Scalia, umsekeli ophambili wanamuhla, uphikisa ukuthi u-Diastrim iyindlela eyodwa engokomthetho yokuchaza ngoba inqubo yentando yeningi. Washo ngodumo ukuthi, “UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwajana ephilayo; ufile, ufile." Lombono uphikisana “nomthetho ophilayo”, ovumela incazelo yokuzivelela nomphakathi.

Ubuqamama bathola ukuvelela okuvuselelwe ngawo-1980 nangawo-1990, okuhlangene nezibalo ezifana noRobert Bork ne-Federalist Society. Namuhla, inqubo yokusungula ifundiswa ezikoleni zomthetho futhi isetshenziswa abahluleli kulo lonke uhlobo lwemibono, nakuba kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezinjengokuthi “inhloso yokuqala” vs. “incazelo yakuqala yomphakathi.” Lokhu kuvuthwa kokuhlakanipha kusiza ekuzinzeni ngokunikeza isisekelo esiqinile esingaphikiswa futhi sicwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Indlela Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Kukhuthaza Ngayo Ukuqina Emthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqina komthetho - sisekelo kuvela ekuchazeni okuqinisekile nokungaguquguquki.

Izindinganiso Ezicacile Ezingaguquguquki Zokuchaza

Uma amajaji enamathela encazelweni yokuqala, ancika eqophelweni elimisiwe: ukuqonda okungokomlando kombhalo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuqonda okungase kuholele ekunqumeni okuphikisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Commerce Claus [ [Umdwebo] (Isigaba 8, u-Classiace 3) ubeyindawo yokulwa amandla kahulumeni amakhulu. Abahluleli ababheka ekusungulweni kwenkathi yenkathi] phakathi kwezigaba ezimbalwa” [lokhu kusho ukuhweba, hhayi ukusungula noma ukulima. [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT]] kungumthetho ocacile owezwelo.[FLT][FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [5] [95], i-Qunist Comstingsting Ignomestingstings, i-Actives, i-Activemonglet, i-Active, i-Arlet.[5], i-oldngngng

Ukuncishiswa Kwecala Lokwahlulela

I-practal inqanda abahluleli ukuba bafake izinqubo ezithandwa yibo siqu ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Ngokufuna ukuphenywa komlando, iqondisa isinqumo sokwahlulela ukuze kunikezwe ubufakazi obungenanjongo. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yezinqumo ezizinzile noma zakha amalungelo amasha ngaphandle kwemvume yedemokrase. Isibonelo esivelele singu [[FLT]] R. [[FLT] v:3], abagxeki abaningi abaqalayo abagxeka ukungasekelwe ndawo yencazelo yokuqala yeSigqi se-Gajimethi se-Dintshiya. Abagxekiiishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshovu ukuthi umthetho, owe emashumini eminyaka, ekubambisani izingxabano zezombangazwe. Umehluko osekuqaleni, njengo [FLT:][5] [2] [2] Inhlangano ye-G.[5]

Ukubikezelwa Kwabantu Nabezinhlangano

Umthetho oqinile womthetho-mthetho uvumela izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nohulumeni ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuqiniseka. Ngokwesibonelo, izincazelo zokuqala ze zinikeza uClause (ISichibiyelo se-FT]) ([2005], iNkantolo yezentengiso yezentengiselwano] kanye “nomsebenzi wasobala.” [[FLT]][3][ello v. City of New London[FLT] [2005], iNkanto eyenzeka ngempumelelo ekusebenziseni umphakathi." isinqumo esaveza ukungavumelani umphakathi ukuvumelana komphakathi. UThoma waveza ukuthi inkathi yokusungulwa kwezindawo “ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo noma ukungasetshenziswa kwezezentengo, ukuthonywa nje kwemithetho ewumthetho ewuthotyelwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho eminingi, ngokuhlelwa kwezindawo eziphambili, ngokusetshenziswa ngokunikezwa ngoko kulindeleke ukuba kulindeleke ukuba kulindeleke ukuba kwenziwe khona.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezikhuthazayo Ngaphandle Kokubhalwa Kwamacala

Ubufazi buhlonipha inqubo yeSiphakamiso V njengendlela efanele yokuguqula umthetho-mfamende. Uma umphakathi uguqula, uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uvuselelwe ngesenzo sobukhomandeli sokulungisa, hhayi ngokuchaza kabusha kokwahlulela. Lokhu kulondoloza indima yoMthetho-sisekelo njengesisekelo esimisiwe. Isibonelo, [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [5] [5] [185] [5] [55] [5] [5], eyayiphethe ukuthi abantu baseAfrika babengezakhamuzi. Inqubo yokulungisa ukuthembeka [[FLT][FLT][5][5] [eye-FLT] [eye-FT], ilungiswe inqubo yomthetho womthetho womthetho.[5][5][4]

Izinzuzo Zokunamathela Komthetho - sisekelo Kwasekuqaleni

Izinzuzo zobusunguli zidlulela ngalé kokubikezela nje, ziqinisa ukufaneleka koMthetho - sisekelo nentando yeningi.

  • inikeza inhlonipho ngoMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi yesisekelo. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo uchazwa ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala, uthathwa njengomthetho ophakeme kakhulu, hhayi njengethuluzi elivumelana nezimo. Le nhlonipho isekela umthetho.
  • Iprojekthi eqinisekile imiphumela engokomthetho. Amabhizinisi nabantu bangahlola ukuba ngokomthetho-sisekelo wezenzo zabo kusekelwe ekuqondeni komlando. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuhlaziywa nokungaqiniseki.
  • Iqhinga lokwahlulela futhi ingenzeka iphathwe. ngokuqinisa incazelo yobufakazi obungokomlando, ubukhomanisi buvimbela abahluleli ukuba bafunde izindinganiso zabo siqu embhalweni. Lokhu kulondoloza ukwahlukana kwamandla.
  • ithumela izinqubo zentando yeningi. Izinguquko ezinkulu zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ngokulungisa, hhayi ngokufuna amajaji amahlanu. Lokhu kuvumelana nombono womsunguli werepublic esekelwe ebukhosini obuvamile.
  • Ingxoxo ye-promotes ehlangene ne-branch. Uma izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucabanga kwakuqala, izishaya-mthetho nezikhulu ziyayazi imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukubambisana nokucwengisiswa phakathi kwaleyomingcele.

Ukuqina Ngenxa Yangaphambi Kokuzalwa: Ukukholelwa KuNkulunkulu Nokubona Izinkanyezi

Inkolelo ebanzi ephikisayo iwukuthi ukusungula akunandaba nesiqalo ngokuphelele. Ngokwenqubo, izazi eziningi zakuqala zamukela imfundiso ye i-stares decisis njengamandla aqinisayo, nakuba zingaphinde zibuye zibuye zilandele izicathulo eziphikisana nencazelo yokuqala. IJaji Scalia ngokuvamile likhomba isidingo sokuzinza emthethweni wezentengiselwano, lapho amathemba ehleliwe khona. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] [FLT]] [3] i-Parenthiact bracs v. [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [5], isekela ukulingana nokulunga. Okunye okungajwayelekile ukuthi iNkathiwe futhi kuvumela ukulingana okulungile.[FLT.[FL:] [FF]]] [FLT]]]] [5]] [5] [3]] [ip] [ir, izimoti zesibonelo

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokuqamba Phambili

Naphezu kwamandla ayo, ukubhalwa kwamagama okuqala kunezinselele.

Izinkinga Ekuqondeni Incazelo Yasekuqaleni

Ukuhlaziya ngokomlando akuyona njalo okuqondile. Inkathi yokusungula yayihlukene, futhi “incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala” ingaphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sempinda [ iphikisana ngokuthi ingabe“ amabutho alawulwa kahle" alinganisela ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali" liyaqhubeka. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi i-althism ingaba isembozo esikhethayo, lapho abahluleli bekhetha khona imithombo esekela umphumela wabo othandwayo. Nokho, abasekeli bekhothasi bokuqala babheka leyondlela enzima engokomlando − njengokusebenzisa i-corpus Languages Languages kanye nokuhlola imibhalo yokusungula imibhalo ngokucubunga okunganisa izihloko. Ukuzinzisa komlando kuxhomeke ekuhloleni ngokwethembeka, ukuhlola okusobala.

Ingozi Yokungazinaki Izidingo Zesayensi Yemvelo

Ukugxeka okuvamile ukuthi ubuKhomanisi bungaholela emiphumeleni ezwakala ingalungile noma ingaqondakali namanani anamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, izincazelo zakuqala ze- Ukuvikelwa kuka-Claus zisetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele isenzo sokuvuma, njengoba kubonakala ku [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [3] izincazelo ze-Fair Adgicts v. Harvard [2002] [25] . INkantolo yeNkanto ithembele ekuqondeni kokuqala kweSimezo se-Genethi ye-Geneardet (ewayimputha) ukugawula izinhlanga ngokunganaki. Abagxeki ukungakuphikisa lokhu kulokhu kuphindisana kwezinhlanga.[FLT:] Ukunganisa imithetho okumelwe kuchazwe ngomthetho noma ukuvumelana kwemithetho engokomthetho, futhi nokungadingi ukuvumelana kokwahlulela.

Ubuqaba Nenkinga Yokushintsha Komlando

Abanye abasunguli bayavuma ukuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi “ngokwakha okungokwesivumelwano” ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenza kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kungadala ukucindezeleka. Predentint i-amandla okususa [[ inye indawo lapho incazelo yokuqala ingase ingqubuzane khona nokusebenza isikhathi eside. Umsunguli we-Profester angaphikisa ngokuthi umongameli unegunya eligcwele lokususa izikhulu zezikhulu ze-athorst, kodwa isandulela siqala ukuthatha [[FLT:] [FFFFF] [FFF].[20][5] [FFFFFFF].[5][5]

“ Isandla Esifile” Inkinga

Abagxeki baphakamisa futhi “inkinga efileyo”: Kungani isizukulwane esifile kufanele sibophe abaphilayo emakhulwini eminyaka? Abakholelwa ekudalweni kwakuqala baphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo waklanyelwa ukuba ushintshe ngokunembile ukuqinisekisa ukuqina. Ukulungisa kuvumela izizukulwane zamanje ukuba zikhulume, kodwa kuphela ngenqubo enkulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuvikela amalungelo amancane kanye nobunzima obuthatha isikhathi eside ekubusweni kwamandla adlulayo. Njengoba uJames Madison aphikisana kungcono ukuguqula uNo. [6][FLTY:1], “Ukulawula uhulumeni olawulwa abantu, ubunzima obukhulu kulokhu kuwukuthi: kumelwe uqale ukwenza uhulumeni ukwazi ukulawula; futhi endaweni elandelayo uyakwazi ukuzilawula. Ukulawula.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

UbuSulumane buhlala buyimfundiso eqinile, eguquguqukayo. Ukuvela kwe- “FLT:0] kugcizelela injongo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi kunokuba kube yinhloso yasekuqaleni, futhi kuhlanganisa amathuluzi anjengekhorpus yolimi. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngendima yesiqalo, isisindo somlando wangemva kokuhlanganisa, nendlela yokusebenzisa ubuKhomanisi [ku- iSimende somphakathi [[[FLT: 1]] Samalungelo noma izigqebhezana zomgobo. INkantolo Ephakeme yamanje, nabaqambi abaningi bokuqala, baye baletha ngayo ubukhona bokuqala ezimweni zokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo empambano, nenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe, isihluthulelo siwukuthi ubuKhomanisi bokuqala bunikeza indlela engasetshenziswa ngokungaguquki phakathi kwezindaba ezihlukahlukene. Noma umuntu evumelana nayo yonke imiphumela, ukubonakala kokucabanga kwakuqala kuvumela ukuqashelwa komphakathi nokubusa ngentando yeningi. Lokhu kunempilo kakhulu kunesimiso lapho abahluleli bemane bamemezele khona imiphumela ngaphandle kwezimiso.

Isiphetho: Ubuqalo BuyiNsika Yokuqina Komthetho - sisekelo

Ubufazi benkolo bunengxenye ekuzinzisweni komthetho-mthetho ngokunikeza i-ankile emisiwe, engokomlando yokuchaza. Inciphisa ukuhleleka komthetho, ikhuthaza ukubikezela, inhlonipho ngezinqubo zedemokrasi, futhi ikhuthaza ukuhlobana ngokulungisa ngokusemthethweni kunokuba kubhalwe futhi. Nakuba kunezinselele. (_zikhona) ukuhluleka ekutholeni incazelo yokuqala, ukuqina, futhi ingozi yomlando okwaziyo, futhi i-profescial disophy inikeza uhlelo oluqinile lohlelo lomthetho wemithetho eqinile. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sincintisana nokwehlukana okujulile okungokomthetho, ubukhomba ukubhekana nomthetho womthetho njengophawu nje lokukhetha okuvamile. Ngokuveza umthetho ngokwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni, ubukhomba uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlala uyisisekelo uqinile wombuso waseMelika, uyakwazi ukuqondisa izakhamuzi, ukulondoloza izizukulwane ngezizukulwane eziphambili ezizayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka: [[FOLT:2] [Umthetho-mthetho wesizwe] ; isigaba seColumbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008); Isikhungo solwazi olungokomthetho – Uqobo lwe-Exptionalism[; [FLT:]; [FLT]], [FOLT] ANTINSTINSCSELATE, “UMALIMO: Engelutho”[FLT].[FLT]