I - Engine - mail Efihlekile Yobulungisa: Indlela Inkantolo Ebusa Ngayo Amandla Omthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho akuyona into eyodwa. Isenzo esifanayo `impikiswano, ukwephulwa kwezimoto, ukukhwabanisa kwezegebengu,--acan kuholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu kuye ngezindlela ezihlukene kuye kuphela lapho na phambi kokuba kufike lowo [[ icala] olethwayo. Ukunquma ukubusa kuyi-gumkhakha, ukusukela ekubeni umshini oqinile, ukulawula kuwumthetho wezwe kanye nomphathi wesango owe-procratedry wesimiso somthetho sonke. Igunya phakathi kwamakhulu ezinkantolo, ichaza ukufinyelela kwezinhlangano zomthetho, futhi ekugcineni ihlelwa indlela yokulunga. Kubantu abasemabhulohweni, abanini bezentengi, nabendaweni evamile, ukulawulwa okungahleleki okungokomthetho futhi kufanelekile; kuyadingeka ukuba kuvikwe ngokwemithetho futhi kuvinywe amalungelo angokomthetho.

Kuyini Ukusola?

Kuleli gunya elilula, amandla angokomthetho enkantolo noma endikimba engokomthetho ukwenza izinqumo nokukhipha impikiswano phezu kwabantu, impahla, noma izihloko zendaba ezisemgangathweni ochazwe kahle. Igama livela kwelesiLatini juris (umthetho) kanye [i- i-digitario[ [i-active] [[FLT]]] [imvume] [[i-octal:3] [imvume]]. Inkantolo ngayinye eUnited States /federal, isifundazwe, i-"imingcele ebekwe ngemithetho, umthetho, umthetho ovamile. Uma inkantolo isebenza ngaphandle kwegunya, imiyayo ayilutho futhi ayilawuleki. Lokhu isimiso singakhuliswa nakunoma isiphi isigaba sokudluliswa, ngisho nasesilingani sesikhamulo sokuqala secala sokuqala sokuqala sokuqala.

Ukulahlwa kumi phezu kwezinsika ezintathu eziqoshiwe, ngasinye kumelwe saneliswe ukuze inkantolo izwe icala ngokusemthethweni,

Ukuziphindiselela Kwakho (Ukumangalelwa Ngezigigaba)

Isinqumo somuntu siqu amandla enkantolo okufuna umuntu othile noma into ethile ukuba izivikele. E-United States, lo mbuso ulinganiselwe yi-Active Procession Claus of the 14neth Refement. Inkantolo yezwe ingasebenzisa igunya lomuntu siqu kunoma ubani ohlala embusweni, usetshenziswa ngenkathi ekhona ngokoqobo, noma unendawo eyanele "abangathintwa abaphansi" nezwe elingangqubani nemibono ebanzi yokudlala nobulungisa obuqinile". Lomqondo wayaziwa kakhulu kunoma yimuphi u-Shoe. v. Washington [1945] futhi uyaqhubeka nokuzimela, ikakhulukazi ngo-Internet transformation. Isibonelo, ukusebenza nje kwe-webhusayithi engenela ekwanele, ukuhlanganisa i-webhsayithi esemthethweni, kodwa ingenziwangagunyazelelwa kakhulu imikhiqizo.

Umentshisi Oyisihloko (Ukumangalelwa Ohlotsheni Lomthetho)

Izindaba ezibekwayo zibhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa amacala ohlobo oluthile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ze-Federal, zinemingcele elinganiselwe yezikhulu: zingalalela kuphela amacala aphakamayo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni (inkinga) noma amacala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene ezihilela isilinganiso esingaphezu kuka $75 000 (igunya lokulawula). Izinkantolo, ngokwehlukile, zingamacawa egunyazwe, agunyazwe wonke, angalalela cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwecala ngaphandle kwalawo agcinelwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni (umk., ihhostry, imvume, imvume yombuso). Icala eliphethe inkantolo alinakho ukumelana nempikiswano; uma inkantolo ingenayo, kumelwe ikhishwe uma kokubili amalungu evumayo.

I - Territorial Jurist (Ukufinyelela Kwenani Elivamile)

Imingcele engokoqobo echaza imingcele lapho inkantolo iphumelela khona. Inkantolo ephakeme ingakhipha isahlulelo esithinta izwe phakathi kwalesosifunda; inkantolo yezwe ingamisa imiyalo yayo kulo lonke isifunda; inkantolo yesifunda isebenza phakathi kwesifunda sayo. Izinhlangano zomthetho zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile: iphoyisa elivela kwelinye idolobha alikwazi ukubopha isosha isosha elisolwayo kwelinye izwe ngaphandle kwesivumelwano. I-Tertorial iyinkimbinkimbi ngokukhethekile ezimisweni zikahulumeni ezinjenge-United States, lapho izikhulu zemithetho zisebenza khona ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile engokomthetho: isikhulu samaphoyisa esivela kwelinye idolobha singeboshelwa kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwemvume noma isivumelwano. I-tratoriorial i-otacity iba yi-scento eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezimisweni zikahulumeni ehlangene ne-United States, lapho izikhulu ezingu-50 eziphethe uhulumeni ngamunye uhulumeni ngamunye unendawo yazo ezizimele.

Okwenza Icala Libe Yindaba Yokuphoqelelwa Ngokomthetho

I-Jurisdiction ayiyona inkolelo-lwazi ecatshangelwayo", inemiphumela esheshayo esebenzayo. Inquma ukuthi yimiphi imithetho esebenzayo (imithetho kahulumeni ephikisana ne-oves internationals), inkantolo engayizwa impikiswano, futhi yiyiphi inxusa lomthetho elinegunya lokuhlola noma lokubopha. Ukuhluleka ukuqonda amandla kungaholela ekuchitheni imithombo, ukulahlekelwa yizinsuku, noma ngisho ukulahlekelwa ngokuphelele amalungelo angokomthetho.

Ukuphoqelelwa Ngombango

Enkantolo yomphakathi, imibuzo yamagunya equlu yamacala kahulumeni ngokuvamile iyindawo yempi yokuqala. I-atlaff kumelwe ingene enkantolo ephethe kokubili igunya lomuntu siqu phezu kommangalelwa nombuso wezikhulu zecala. Uma ummangalelwa eyinhlangano enkulu ebekwe inkantolo ethile, ummeli we-paltiff kumelwe amise ukuthi inhlangano ihlangene ngokwaneleyo ne-orum. Lokhu kungenza ukuba izivumelwano eziningi zebhizinisi zihlanganise "i-ace of forum" noma "uvumela ukubusa" isigqebheko, ngokusho kusengaphambili ukuthi noma yiziphi izimpikiswano ziyobekwa enkantolo ethile. Ngaphandle komthetho onjalo, inkampani ingaphoqelelwa ukuba izivikele embusweni ekude, izindleko ezikhuphukayo nezikhuphukayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwesigebengu

Isimiso sobugebengu sixhomeke kakhulu esabelweni sezwe. Umshushisi wezwe angakhokha kuphela icala uma icala elithiwe lenzekile emingceleni kahulumeni. Uma ubugebengu budlula izifundazwe eziningi (ngokwesibonelo,), ucingo olukhohlisayo olwenziwa eTexas esisulwini eFlorida/omabilitis lungagunyazwa, kodwa kuphela uhulumeni lapho isenzo sobugebengu noma umphumela ungamangalelwa khona. Uhulumeni wezwe ungangena lapho ubugebengu buhilela ukuhwebelana kwezindawo, impahla, noma umthetho kahulumeni. Lesimiso esiphambanayo singadala izikhawulo noma izikhawu, sidinga ukuxhumana okucophelelayo phakathi kwezinhlangano.

Ukubambisana Kwebhizinisi

Kumabhizinisi, ukuqaphela igunya kuyimfuneko. Inkampani ethutha imikhiqizo ezweni lonke kumelwe yazi ukuthi ingamangalelwa kunoma yisiphi isifunda lapho imikhiqizo yayo ibangela khona ukulimala. Ngokufanayo, umqashi nezisebenzi ezikude kumelwe aqonde imithetho yemisebenzi yesifunda ngasinye lapho lezozisebenzi zihlala khona. Ukungazi kobuJulisto kungaveza ibhizinisi ekubekeni icala emacaleni angalindelekile.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zokumangalelwa Kwesimiso Esingokomthetho Sase - United States

Ngaphandle kwezinsika ezintathu, izinkantolo zihlukanisa igunya ngezinye izindlela eziningana ezithinta ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa:

Type Definition Example
Original Jurisdiction The court that first hears a case. Trial courts (district courts, superior courts).
Appellate Jurisdiction The court that reviews decisions of lower courts. U.S. Courts of Appeals, state supreme courts.
Exclusive Jurisdiction Only one court system can hear the case. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over bankruptcy.
Concurrent Jurisdiction Two different court systems have authority. Diversity cases can be heard in either state or federal court.
Diversity Jurisdiction Federal jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states. Suit between a California plaintiff and a New York defendant for $100,000.

Ukuqonda ukuthi hlobo luni lwegunya olusebenzayo kubalulekile ekukhetheni i-forum elungile. Ukugada enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni, ukuchitha isikhathi nemali.

Izinselele Ezinzima Ekuphoqeleleni Kwanamuhla

Isimiso sokulawula esingokwesiko sabangela ukuba kube nemingcele emisiwe nokuba khona ngokoqobo. i - Internet nezohwebo zembulunga yonke kuye kwawuqeda lowo mbono, kwabangela izinselele eziphikelelayo.

I - Internet Ne - Cyberspace Impicabadala

Lapho ingosi ye-lount A ihlanekezela umuntu eZweni B, ikuphi ukumangalelwa? Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuveza imithetho engaguquki. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yakhuluma ngalengxenye ku- Nicastro v. McIntre [2011], iphethe lowo menzi wezezentengiselwano ongabheki ngokuqondile eU.S. angeke abekwe enkantolo yezwe ngesisekelo somkhiqizo owodwa othengiswe umuntu ozimele odayiswa yi-trandributoror. Nokho umbuzo uyaqhubeka: njengoba ezohwebo eziningi zihamba ku-intanethi, "ucingo oluphambili" luncike kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwezenzo zobuphicindezeli kanye neziciji.

Ubugebengu Bokuhleleka Nokweqisa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ubugebengu obudlula imingcele yezwe buphakamisa ngisho nezindaba eziyingozi. I-Cybercrime, ubuphekula, nokushushumbisa kwabantu akuvamile ukuhlonipha izikhawu eziphethe imingcele. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uvumela umbuso ukuba ubeke imingcele esekelwe esimisweni sezwe (lapho ubugebengu buyenzeka), isimiso sobuzwe (lapho umenzi wobugebengu noma isisulu siwubuzwe), noma isimiso sokuvikela (lapho ubugebengu busongela ukulondeka kwezwe). Nokho, ukugcinwa ekugcineni kuxhomeke ezivumelwaneni ezingaphezulu kanye nasekubambisanani kwezokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited States, isebenzisa njalo izivumelwano zosizo olungokomthetho (MLAT) ukuze icele ubufakazi obuvela kwamanye amazwe. Inqubo ingacotha futhi ingangaqiniseki, ngokuvamile, ukuphenyaza okukhungathekisayo.

Izindawo Ezingajabulisi

Ngisho noma ikhona igunya lokubusa, inkantolo ingase yenqabe ukuzwa icala ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- i-forum engavumelani ne- ("contension forum"). Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu uma enye inkantolo kwelinye izwe ifaneleka kakhulu ukuxazulula impikiswano. Izinkampani zezizwe eziningi zivame ukunxusa lemfundiso ukuba isuse amacala e-U.S. izinkantolo ziyise ezweni lakubo le-pecter, lapho izindleko zingaba ziphansi khona futhi zithole indawo enkulu. Imfundiso ibiyindawo yokucasha kakhulu ukuze i-litrtignation, njengoba kusho izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ngokumelene nezingozi ezikhona kwamanye amazwe.

Ukumiswa Komthetho Wesizwe Okunye

Phakathi kwe-United States, izinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zinemingcele yendawo. Ukulandela ukusolwa okunqamula imigqa kahulumeni, isikhulu singekwazi ukubopha kwesinye isifundazwe ngaphandle kwemvume noma igunya lomthetho. Uniform Criminal Orpastition Act [, ethathwa amazwe amaningi, inqubo, kodwa idinga izicelo ezingokomthetho nemvume yokwahlulela. Lokhu kuphambana komthetho kungabambezela ukuboshwa futhi kuvumele izinhlangano ze-FRGB ukuba zigweme. Izinhlangano ze-FOFC zingathatha isinyathelo lapho ubugebengu buphula umthetho wombuso, kodwa lokho akuyona njalo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukusola Ngezenzo

United States v. Lopez (1995) – Ukulinganisela I - Federal Juriscion

Kulelicala eliphawulekayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa iSiphakamiso seSifunda seGun-Free Act, okwakwenza kube icala likahulumeni ukuba nesibhamu esingamamitha angu - 1 000 esikoleni. INkantolo yathi umthetho udlule igunya loMkhandlu ngaphansi kweChwebesi uClause ngenxa yokuthi ukuphatha isibhamu eduze kwesikole kwakungalithinteli kakhulu izentengiselwano zezwe. Lesi sinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni ezindabeni ezindabeni zobugebengu alilinganiselwe; iphethe icala eliyinhloko lobugebengu obuvamile basemgwaqweqweni. Isinqumo sathi abashushisimende bamazwe siphoqelelwe ukuba bahlole kahle ukuthi icala labo lihilela ngempela yini ibhizinisi yezentengiselwano yezezwe ngaphambi kokuletha izimangalo.

I - parate Milligan (1866) – Imingcele Yokuvinjelwa Kwempi

Phakathi neMpi Yangaphakathi, isikhulu sezempi esibizwa ngokuthi iLambdin Milligan saboshwa yizikhulu zempi e-Indiana futhi sagwetshwa ukufa yinkantolo yezempi. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ibutho lamasosha lalingenawo amandla ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo zezempi zazivulekile futhi zisebenza. Icala lika-Milligan lamisa umngcele onzima: ibutho lezempi alinakuthatha indawo yezinkantolo zezakhamuzi ngenxa nje yokungalawuleki kwempi. Lesimiso sisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla ezimpini zokuphikisana ngokusetshenziswa kwezisebenzi zempi zobuphekulaleli liyasola.

Microsoft Corp. v. United States (2016) – Ukwaziswa Kwamanani nokwesiphethu

Isibonelo sesimanje kakhulu sasihlanganisa isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni wase-U.S. ofuna ama-imeyili agcinwe kubaqondisi beMicrosoft e-Ireland. Uhulumeni waphikisa ngokuthi i-Vold Communications Act yayenza yabuswa yinoma yimuphi umniningo ngaphansi kokulawula kweMicrosoft, kungakhathaliseki indawo. IMicrosoft yabuza ukuthi lo myalo wawungenawo umphumela owengeziwe. I-Second Court of Appers of Microsofts, ibambe ukuthi inkampani efuna ukuba kukhiqizwe ukwaziswa okugcinwe kwamanye amazwe ingqubuza ukulwa ngokomthetho. Icala, kamuva lithathelwe indawo yeCLOUD ka-2018, libonisa indlela ukulawula ukwaziswa kohlelo okuhlala kusemphikiswa ngayo, ngokushesha, indawo e-utevokimen.

Izindlela Ezingokoqobo Zokulahla Icala

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unguchwepheshe ongokomthetho, umninibhizinisi, noma umuntu obhekene nendaba engokomthetho, nazi izinyathelo eziqinisekile zokusingatha izingozi ezisezindaweni ezingaphandle:

  • Funda izigaba-ukhetho ngokucophelela. Izivumelwano eziningi zisho ukuthi izingxabano kumelwe zibekwe esifundeni esithile noma enkantolo. Uma usayina ngaphandle kokufunda, ungalivala ilungelo lakho lokumangalela esimweni sasekhaya.
  • Cwangcisa igunya lakho phambi kokuhlela isuti. Cwaninga ukuthi ummangalelwa unezibopho ezanele esifundazweni sakho. Uma kungenjalo, kungadingeka ubhale phansi kwenye indawo noma uthembele emithethweni emide yezikhali.
  • Ikhonsathi yommeli ojwayelene nezindaba eziningi zokulahlwa. Uma icala lakho lihilela izigigaba noma izenzakalo emazweni amaningi, icebo lokulawula lingawenza noma liphule amathuba akho empumelelo.
  • Hlala waziwa ngoshintsho lwezimo ezisezingeni le-apply. Izimiso ezintsha njengeCLOUD Act nomthetho olawula icala ungathinta amalungelo akho ezindaba zomuntu siqu nekhono lakho lokuthola ubufakazi obusezingeni eliphezulu.
  • hlonipha ukulinganiselwa komthetho. Uma uvalelwe esifundazweni esingumakhelwane, khumbula ukuthi amaphoyisa endawo angadinga ukuhlanganisa isimo lapho ubugebengu benzeka khona. Qiniseka ukucela ummeli ngokushesha.

Isiphetho: Ukumangalelwa Njengesisekelo Somthetho

Ukubekwa umthetho akuwona nje umthetho osemthethweni; ukwakhiwa komthetho-mthetho okunika amandla phakathi kwezinkantolo, amaphoyisa, nohulumeni. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele egcina ukulunga, ukubikezela, nokuhlonipha ubukhosi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla awasebenzi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, ezentengiselwano, nobugebengu buqhubeka bungabi namingcele, izinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho kumelwe baqhubeke besebenzisa imithetho. Ukuqonda indlela ukulawula okuthinta ngayo imithetho kunika wonke umuntu amandla okulawula isimiso ngendlela ephumelelayo, ukuqinisa ukuzisholo, ukuvikela, noma ukuqonda nje ukulawulwa komthetho ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo, bheka i-Contectal Information ye-curement , Isethulo sobulungisa sokuqondisa i-custom [, kanye [[FLT:] ne-[FLT]'s ukungena okuningiliziwe egunyeni lomuntu siqu [[].