Ukubaluleka Kokuphepha Kokhetho

Ukulondeka kokhetho akuyona nje into edinga ubuchwepheshe − kuyisici esiyinhloko sobukhoma bentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kokuvikela okuqinile, yonke inqubo yokuvota iba yisisulu sokusetshenziswa kabi, kungaba ngokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi, ukuguqula, noma imikhankaso yokukhipha ukwaziswa. Ukwethembeka kokhetho kuxhomeke endleleni eqinile evikela zonke izigaba, ekubhalisweni kwevoti kuze kufinyelelwe phezulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwezimiso zokuvota, ukuqeqesha izikhulu zokuvota, ukuhlolwa kokhetho, nokuqinisekisa ukulondeka okungokoqobo kwezindawo zokuvota.

Ukusongela ukulondeka kokhetho kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule. Ukugxambukela kwamanye amazwe, njengokugxambukela kweRussia okhethweni lwase-U.S., kwabonisa amandla emisebenzi ye-inthanethi yokuhlwaya ukungezwani nokunciphisa. Ekhaya, amacala ahlukene okukhwabanisa (aqabukela) asetshenziselwa ukusakaza izindaba eziqeda ukuqiniseka. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhulu zokhetho manje zibhekene nenselele embangela yokuvikela izitha eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyilapho zilondoloza ukubonakala nokutholakala kwe-vota.

  • Ukuvikela imithombo yezincwadi zokuvota ekuvimbeleni ukutholakala okungekhona okugunyaziwe kanye nokuvinjwa kwemininingwane
  • Ukuvikela imishini yokuvota nemishini yokuvota ekushintsheni
  • Ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwangaphambi kokukhethwa kanye nokuhlola kwangemva kokhetho
  • Ukuqeqesha ngokuqhubekayo izisebenzi zokhetho ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela i - Internet
  • Ukumisa imithetho yokusabela kwezenzakalo ezilandelayo yezenzakalo ezingase zivikelwe

Ngokwe- i-Cybersecurity and Insfrapublicare Security Agency (CISA), ukulondeka kokhetho kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo phakathi kukahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo, kanye nabathengisi abangabodwa nomphakathi. Le nhlangano ikhiphe iziqondiso zokulawula izingozi, kuhlanganise nokusebenzisa isiqiniseko esinezelele, ukuncitshiswa njalo, kanye nokwaziswa okuhlanganyelwa nge-Ecostations Infratalial Invitual Invitual Invitution and Anlysical Center (E-IAC).

Indlela Ukuphepha Okulinganisa Ngayo Ukuqiniseka Ngethonya

Ukuqiniseka okungokwengqondo kuyisakhiwo esibunjwe yimibono yokulunga, ukunemba, nokubona. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi ukuvota kwazo kuyobalwa njengokuphoqelelwe futhi isimiso singaxhashazwa, zingaba nengxenye kakhulu.

Ukucwaninga kwe Brennan Center for Justice kubonisa ukuthi ukuthembela ebuqothweni bokhetho kuhlobene kakhulu nezilinganiso zokuphepha ezingokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, kusho ukuthi kuye kwamukela imibango yokuhlola izingozi zengozi . Lapho izibalo zephepha zibalwa ngesandla ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela yezemishini . Izibalo zenqubo yokuhlola ziqinisekisa umphakathi ukuthi imiphumela ingaqinisekiswa ngaphandle kwesisekelo.

Imibono Yokukhohlisa

Izindaba eziphathelene nokukhwabanisa kwevoti ngokuvamile zeqisa kodwa zinamandla. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi uma kuboniswa izilinganiso zokuphepha kokhetho futhi kuthathelwa phambili, zinganciphisa lokhu kwesaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlolwa kwephepha ezibonisa ukuthi zikhona [i-VVPAT][FLT] [i-FLT] [i-oct:2] inikeza amarekhodi aphathekayo okuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhola labo libhalwe kahle. i-Volting's i-ssss of the 2020.S.h.h., isho ukuthi kusetshenziswa iphepha libona kakhulu izinga lokuthemba okukhulu kunokuncintisana kuphela kwemishini (DRE) ngaphandle kwemishini egciniwe.

Nokho, imingcele yokulondeka ingaba nemiphumela ebuya ngokulandelana uma isetshenziswa kabi. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ye-ID eqinile ngezinye izikhathi ithethelelwa njengokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa kodwa inganciphisa ukwethemba phakathi kwabavoti abafanelekayo abangenakho ukuvunyelwa. Isihluthulelo siwukulinganisa ukulondeka nokuthola-wayi-acs(amanyathelo) kufanele sibhekwe njengokuvikela isimiso, hhayi ukukhipha abahlanganyeli abasemthethweni. Imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi echaza ukuthi kungani izinqubo ezithile zisendaweni (isib., ukusayina iqiniso, ukuqinisekisa, amabhodi agunyazayo) ingasiza ekwakheni ukuqonda nokuthemba.

Imikhankaso Yokuxwayisa Umphakathi

Ukubona gcakasha akuziqalisi − kumelwe kukhululeke kakhulu. Izikhulu zenhlawulo kulo lonke izwe ziye zasungula imikhankaso yokususa izinyathelo zokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, "Thembela i Vote" eGeorgia kwakuhlanganisa izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi, izikhungo zezezezokuxhumana, nezindlu ezivulekile emahhovisi okhetho esifundazwe lapho izakhamuzi zingabukela khona ukuthunyelwa kwe-collet. Imizamo enjalo iye yahlanganiswa ekuqinisekiseni ukuzethemba okukhulu nokuncishiswa kwenkolelo emibonweni yozungu engenasisekelo.

A Ucwaningo lwe-Pew Research Center lwathola ukuthi abavoti abakhumbula ukubona ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sokhuseleko lokhetho kwakungamaphuzu angu-15 anokwenzeka kakhulu ukuveza ukunemba okukhulu ekuqondeni kwendlela yokuxhumana. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokuxhumana ezisheshayo. Imikhankaso ephumelelayo kufanele isebenzise ulimi olulula, ikheli elivamile elithinta ikhanda-khanda, futhi inikeze ubufakazi obucacile bobuqotho besimiso.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuvikelweni Kwemishini Yokukhetha

Ubuchwepheshe buyinkemba ebambene kabili kukhuseleko lokhetho. Isiza ukuhlanganisa imishini ngokushesha, ukufinyelela okubanzi ngokubhalisa nge-inthanethi, kanye nokuphathwa kwabavoti okuphumelela kakhulu. Kodwa futhi iveza izibhece zokuhlasela kwe-inthanethi nokuqhekeka kokwaziswa. Inselele iwukusebenzisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe kuyilapho ilinganisela izingozi zazo ngokuklanywa ngokucophelela, ngokuhlola, nangokuqondisa.

Imishini Yemishini Yobuchwepheshe

Imishini yokuvota ngokuqondile (i-DRE) ibilokhu iphikisana iminyaka eminingi. Ngaphandle komzila wephepha, kuyaqabukela kunzima, futhi abavoti abakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukukhetha kwabo ngaphandle kokuzilawula. Izindawo eziningi ziye zasuka ku-DEs zikhetha izimiso zokuhlola ezisebenzisa amabhukwana. Nokho, imishini yokuveza i-electronic collet (BMDS) ihlala ivamile, ikakhulukazi ngenjongo yokuthola ukwaziswa. I-BDS iveza umbhalo wephepha, kodwa i-software yazo isesengozini yokusebenzisa i-DEscapective enengqondo nokuhlolwa ngokunemba okunembayo, kanye nokuhlola kwangemva kokuhlela i-post proficiations, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-anoma.

Ngo-2022, isifundazwe saseColorado sasebenzisa isibopho esinemingcele yokuhlola izibalo [ kuzo zonke izinqumo zasesifundazweni, umkhuba manje obhekwa njengendinganiso yegolide ochwepheshe bokulondeka. Lemiba inikeza ukuqiniseka kwezibalo ukuthi umphumela ufana namabhola angempela aphonswe. Njengoba i- Consuctive Convition Commission [, izibalo ezinjalo zisebenza kakhulu uma zihlangene nomzila wephepha ophelele nophawulo obala.

Ukubhalisa nge - Internet

Ukubhalisa i-ovR engaphakathi (OVR) kwandisa ukufinyelela ngokuphawulekayo. Kusukela ngo-2024, izifunda-ma-42 kanye ne-Foold of Columbia inikeza i-OVR. Ukuzivumela akunakuphikwa, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kokwaziswa kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwemininingwane. Amazwe aye amukela izinto ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela, njengokuhlola ukwaziswa okungaqiniseki kwephepha-layisensi lomshayeli noma ukusebenzisa inani lokhuseleko lomphakathi. Eminye imikhandlu idinga isignesha esingokoqobo ukuze ivimbele ukubhalisa okukhohlisayo.

Naphezu kwezingozi, izinzuzo zeOVR zinkulu: amazinga okubhalisa aphakeme, izindleko zokuphatha eziphansi, kanye namaphutha ambalwa ngenxa yokufakwa kwemininingwane yezandla. Ukuhlola kwe-University of California kwathola ukuthi i-OVR yandisa amazinga okubhalisa nge 5-10% phakathi kwabavoti nabakhiqizi bemibala. Isihluthulelo siwukuthuthukisa iprotootho-mgoqo yokuqamba ngokuqhubekayo − ukuhlanganisa ukukhomba okufinyeza, ukuvala, nokuhlola njalo ukungena.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezobuchwepheshe Ezixubile

Ukuvota okusekelwe ku-Blockchain kuye kwahlongozwa njengekhambi lokhetho, ikakhulukazi ku-ontacler phesheya nakwezempi abangekho. Izinhlelo zomshayeli emazweni anjenge-Estonia nakwamanye ama-U.S. (umzk., iNtshona Virginia ngo-2018) ziye zawuhlola lomqondo. Nokho, izazi zihlala ziqaphile: isithikitshana asiziqedi izingozi zephutha lomsebenzisi, i-phishling, noma i-areawer ezisetshenziswayo ezinwini zokuvota. Kuze kuxoxwe izinselele, izazi eziningi zezokuvota zitusa ukunamathela konothi bephepha njengerekhodi eyinhloko. Noma kunjalo, ukuqhubekela ukucwaninga ezindleleni zokukhombisa kungase kunikeze izingqimba zesivikelo ngaphandle kokwenza i-okisiwe.

Ithonya Lokuphepha Liyawuthola Umsindo

Ingabe ukulondeka kokhetho kuyabuthinta ubuchwepheshe? Ubufakazi busikisela ukuma okuhlukile. Ukulondeka okuqinile kungathuthukisa ngokuqiniseka okwandayo, kodwa uma kubhekwa njengomthwalo (umz., izithiyo eziyinkimbinkimbi, imigqa emide ngenxa yemishini ephelelwe isikhathi), kungacindezela. Ithonya lenetha lixhomeke ezindinganisweni eziqondile nasendleleni ezisetshenziswa ngayo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Eziqhubekayo

Izigodi eziningi zinikeza izibonelo ezifundisayo. ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ama-colodo, asebenzisa wonke ama-imeyili ngephepha, ama-pager, ama-mini angenayo, kanye nokuncitshiswa kwe-computer, abona irekhodi elibhaliwe ngo-2020 (ngaphezu kuka-80% wabavoti abafanele). Ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi abavoti babeqiniseka ngokuqinisekisiwe. Ngokufanayo, [ u-Shyton kanye [FLT:] no-[FLT:] Ognogon[[FLD:5], isikhathi eside bebolekisa ukuvota-ma, belokhu kuveza ukuthemba nokuphepha.

Ngokuphambene, Georgia yathola ushintsho oluphawulekayo. Ngemva kokhetho lwama 2020, umbuso wadlula umthetho wokhetho lwe-omnibus (SB 202) owenezela izimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile kanye namabhokisi okulahla alinganiselwe, kuyilapho futhi kwandisa ukusekela nokuhlola inqubo ye-inthaneti. U-Rendout phakathi kwezikhathi ezingama-20222, kodwa ukuqiniseka kwaqhubeka kuqinile emigqeni yokhetho. Ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi ukuthuthukisa ukuvota kwamanani ekwakheni kwanxusa abasekeli abaseke baqala ukungabaza isimiso, kuyilapho imingcele eyengeziwe ingase ithenethe ukuduma. I-nethingi i-ethimba iyanda ngempela uma iqhathaniswa no-202222, kodwa yaqhubeka i-Requence i-ssss trans (insed).

Izithiyo Zokuhlanganyela

Izimiso zokulondeka zingadala imingcele ngokungahlosile. Imigqa emide ngenxa yokungakhiqizi imishini yokuhlola noma izinqubo eziklanywe kabi zingasusa abavoti, ikakhulukazi labo abanesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, ihloselwe ukuvimbela ukukhohlisa, ngokungenakulinganiswa ithinta inzuzo ephansi, asebekhulile, kanye nabavoti abambalwa abangase bantule amalayisense omshayeli noma ama-ID ahlotshisiwe kahulumeni. Ukuhlola kwe-MIT'S Evolution Data ne-Science Lab kwathola ukuthi izimfuneko eziqinile ze-ID yezithombe zincishisiwe ngamaphuzu aphansi ka-1-2, kanye nomphumela omkhulu phakathi kwabavoti abambalwa.

Ngokufanayo, ukususwa kwemivoti erolwayo − ilungiswe njengokulondeka ukususa amagama angaqondakaliyo − kungaphumela ekubeni abavoti abafaneleki basuswe ngenxa yamaphutha omlando noma izinhlelo zesikhathi. Ukulinganisa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ye 2018 ku- kudinga ukugcinwa kwe-[FLT] v. A. Philip Randolph Institute wasekela imikhuba yokuhlanza ye-Ohio, kodwa abacuphi baphikisa i-National Voter Religioctive Act. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwe-ccounting Act kudinga ukugcinwa ngokucophelela: izinyathelo ezisekelwe kubufakazi, ezihlolwayo, futhi zibukelwe njalo ngenxa yemiphumela.

Ukuqondisa Ngokubona Nokuzimela

Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwakha ukuqiniseka kwabavoti ingendlela yokubonana kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo yokhetho. Lokhu kusho ukuvumela ababukeli nabangenayo ukuba babuke ukuhlelwa kwemishini, baqondise ukuhluzeka komphakathi nokuhlola imishini, futhi bakhiphe imiphumela yokuhlola okunemininingwane. Izindikimba ezizimele, njengezibhodi zokuvota noma ama-bipartisan ahlola ama-sethi akhona, zisebenza njengesesha noma yiziphi izindlela zokulawula.

I- Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeMiyalo yeZwe izinqubo zokuhlola ukubheka izifundazwe. Ukuthambekela kubhekiselwa ezindleleni eziqinile, kuhlanganise nokuhlola izingozi, manje okubophekile ezizweni eziningi. Lemiba yamanani ayiqiniseki nje kuphela ngemiphumela kodwa futhi inikeza inqubo esobala engabonakala emphakathini nasemithonjeni. Uma ingenziwa ngokufanelekile, ingandisa ukwethemba ngisho nasezinhlangani ezisondeleni, njengoba kubonakala kukhetho lwe-2022 e-Generatorial.

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Neqiniso

Ukudukiswa okunganembile ngezokuphepha kokhetho kungaqeda ngokushesha ukuthembana. Izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba kanye nokuhlola iqiniso zinendima ebalulekile ekulahleni ukusho okungamanga. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020, iziphakamiso zokuguqula i-"evote" ngenxa yama-galiches aboniswa ukuthi amaphutha ekuqondiseni i-software, hhayi ukukhwabanisa kwezimiso. Imizamo yokusabela yokhetho nezezintatheli zasiza ekulawuleni ukusakazeka kwalokhu kulandisa, kodwa eziningi zaphikelela.

Imikhankaso yezezindaba echaza izindlela zokuphepha ngolimi olucacile ingasusa ukwaziswa okunganembile. "Izichaza - nqongo zezokuvota" ezikhishwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuvota ziye zaboniswa ukunciphisa ukukholelwa ezimfundisweni zozungu. Ukuhlobana phakathi kweminyango yokhetho nezikhungo zezindaba zendawo kuwumkhuba othembisayo osuthathwe yimibuso eminingana.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Uma ubheka ngalé kwe-United States, ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi inikeza izifundo zokulinganisela ukulondeka nokuhlanganyela. Canada isebenzisa isimiso sephepha elifanayo sovota ezweni lonke, iphethe ngokuqinile ukuhlukanisa ivoti kanye nohlu lovota. Isilinganiso sayo sokuphepha asiphikisani kakhulu ngenxa yokuthemba kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. [[FLT:] Estonia[[[FLT:]]] Estonia [[FLT]]] iphakamela kuyi-ivota (ivovota-3]] iqala nge-ekupheleni kwe-indice, kodwa ubukhulu bayo obuncane nokufunda okuphezulu kwenza kube yindaba ekhethekile. [[FLT:]] Australia] [FLT]]]] i-octive, eshintsha ukuvota, ekutholeni i-kugcosha i-get-endstingstingstingstingstingstingstingsstingstingstoout, i-toout, i-o

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kusikisela ukuthi ukukholeka komphakathi, ukuvuthwa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe, kanye nempucuko yezombangazwe konke kuthonya indlela ukuqapha okubhekwa ngayo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zezokulondeka Kokhetho

Indawo yokhuseleko lokhetho iyaqhubeka ijikeleza. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, ngokufanayo izinyathelo ezikhona zokuvikela inqubo yokhetho. Izinsongo ezihlanganisa ukuvuleka kwe-flake umsindo/ivideo ehlasela izikhulu zokhetho, ukuhlasela kwe-faure edata yokuvota, kanye nemikhankaso yokungaxhumani kwe-information. Iziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zingahlanganisa:

  • Imithetho ekhuliswe yangaphakathi ye-inthanethi, kuhlanganise nezakhiwo ezingathembisi kanye nokugadwa kwezikhathi ezingokoqobo zosongo
  • Ukuhlola imishini yokuvota ngokuzihlolela ukuphepha njalo ngemishini egunyaziwe
  • Ukuxhasa okwengeziwe ukuqondisa kokhetho, ikakhulukazi amagunya amancane anemithombo elinganiselwe
  • Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinkampani zikahulumeni, abacwaningi bezemfundo, nabathengisi abazimele ukuze bahlanganyele ekusongeleni ukuhlakanipha
  • Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cyptography yangemva kwe-quantam yemininingwane yabavoti abazwelayo njenge-quantam computing evuthiwe
  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwama - applet alondekile okuhlola indawo yokwaziswa bese ulinda izikhathi, ngaphandle kokugcina ukwaziswa kokuvota

I- IKhomishane yoMnyango wokhetho ihlongoze iziqondiso zokuzithandela zesizukulwane esilandelayo sezimiso zokuvota, ukugcizelela ukubambisana, izindinganiso ezivulekile, nokuqinisekiswa kwezindlela zokuhlola. Imfundo yomphakathi izohlala iyingxenye ebucayi; abavoti akumelwe baqonde nje kuphela ukuthi ukulondeka kukhona kodwa ukuthi kungani kuphumelela. Ekugcineni, ukuvota akuyona inqubo ekhona kodwa inqubo eqhubekayo yokuzivumelanisa, ukubambisana, nokuxhumana.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuphepha zokukhetha zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuqiniseka nokuhlanganyela. Uma ziklanywe kahle futhi zisetshenziswa ngokukhanyayo, ziqinisekisa izakhamuzi ukuthi amavoti azo nenqubo yedemokrasi ayimiqemane. Nokho, ukulondeka akunakuza ngezindleko zokuthola imvume. Izindawo eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo ezibheka ukulondeka nokuhlanganyela njengezinemigomo evumelanayo, hhayi ukuhweba ngokuphelelisa. Ngokufaka imali ezimisweni eziqinile kodwa ezihlukene, izibalo zemali, ukuqinisekisa okunamandla, nokuvimbela komphakathi okungakhokha isakhiwo sokhetho esingenisa ithemba futhi sikhuthaza ukuthembisana okukhulu. Njengoba ukusongela ukuguqula uhulumeni ngentando yeningi kungenza ulawulo lwentando yeningi, kanjalo ukuzigcina kwethu siqondiswa yisimiso sokukhetha, ngaso sonke isikhathi kuqondiswa izimiso zokuvumelana kwezimiso zokuvota okugcina isilinganiso.