Amandla Ohulumeni Esimiso Sendawo Ezungezile

Abaholi basendaweni ekhethekile kuhulumeni wezwe laseMelika njengezikhulu eziyinhloko zezifunda zabo, bephethe igunya elikhulu phezu komthetho wendawo ezungezile nemithetho. Umholi wabo angasheshisa ukuvuselelwa kwamandla, ukuqinisa izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nokuqinisa izindinganiso zokungcola (noma kungaphazamisa, kulibazise, noma kwenze buthaka leyo mizamo efanayo. Ukuqonda izindlela ukuqondisa indawo ezungezile okungahlelwa ngazo kubalulekile kubafundi, abenzi bezimiso, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqondisa imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi yendawo ezungezile elawulwa uhulumeni.

Ithuluzi lombusi lihlanganisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, amandla ohlelo, iziphakamiso zemali, iziphakamiso zezinhlangano, ukumiswa kwezinhlangano, nokubekwa kwemithetho. Ngalinye lamathuluzi angasetshenziswa ukuphoqelela isimiso sendawo ezungezile ngendlela ekhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongo wezombangazwe : “‘ Apartisan ukulawula kwendlu yomthetho, umbono womphakathi, ukuthembela kwezomnotho emithonjeni engokwemvelo, nezimpawu zezimiso zikahulumeni − konke kusebenzelana neziza kuqala ze-gubernarator. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ababusi abalawula ngayo umthetho wendawo ezungezile, baveza ngayo izibalo zecala ngaphesheya kwezindawo zezombangazwe, futhi bahlola imiphumela emide yezobuholi babo.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Namaqembu Ohulumeni Ekubuseni Kwendawo Ezungezile

Iziqondiso Zesimiso Sombuso Nesiqondiso Sikahulumeni

Abalawuli bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze bamise isimiso sendawo ezungezile ngaphandle kokulinda ukumiswa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umbusi angaqondisa uMnyango Wendawo Ezungezile ukuba athathe izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha igesi ezitshalwayo noma afake imvume enqunyweni evuselelwe imisebenzi yamandla. Lemiyalo iphethe izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi iveza izinguquko ezisheshayo. Iziqondiso eziphethe zinamandla ikakhulukazi uma izishaya-mthetho ziboshelwe noma zilawulwa iqembu eliphikisayo, zivumela umbusi ukuba asebenze ngaphandle kwesizathu phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukusebenzisa I - Veto Ugesi Nokulawula Uhlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali

Umbusi ongavimbela umthetho wendawo ezungezile odluliswe yisishaya-mthetho. Lomthetho uphoqelela abaphathi-mthetho ukuba bakhulume ngokuqukethwe yizindleko uma bengenakho ukukhokha okukhulu okudingekayo ukuze balawule i-veto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbusi angasayina izindleko zokuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zendawo ezungezile, ukuphawula izinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni ne-omphakathi. Ukulawula ukulondoloza imvelo kunikeza elinye ithuluzi: ababusi bahlela izimali ezihwebela imali yezinhlelo zendawo ezungezile, ukugcinwa, nokuncishintshwa nokucwaninga. Ngokwandisa noma ukunciphisa izivumelwano zezinhlangano ezinjenge-Divironts of Natural Resources okanye i-moography Board, umbusi uthinta ngokuqondile isikhundla sombuso sokusebenzisa imithetho yendawo ezungezile.

Ukumiswa Kwezinhloko Ze - agency Yendawo Ezungezile

Abalawuli bamisa abaqondisi bezinhlangano zezemvelo, kanye namalungu ezindawo eziningi ezisebenzela ukulawulwa kwemvelo, ukungcola, nesimiso samandla. Lokhu kukhetha okumisiwe kuhlela indlela yokuqondisa iminyaka. Umbusi ohlela isivikelo sendawo ezungezile uzokhetha abaholi abanombhalo oqinile wokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye nobuchwepheshe bezesayensi. Umbusi ovumela ukunqandwa kwezindawo ezizungezile akhethe abatyunjwa yifilosofi, ngokuvamile abaholela ekubekeni imithetho ephansi kakhulu nakwehliseni izijeziso ezimbalwa. umlawuli wesizwe unikeza iziphakamiso zemithetho ebonisa indlela indawo ebekelwe phambili kuyo ngokwezikhundla zezenhlala.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Ezingokwezombangazwe Nendawo Ezungezile

Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amazwe angomakhelwane engamukela izimiso ezihluke ngokuphelele zendawo ezungezile naphezu kwezimo ezifanayo zezwe, kuhambisana nemingcele yesimo sezulu esishubile.

Ohulumeni Abathuthukayo Nesimo Sezulu

Abalawuli ezifundazweni ezinjenge California, Washington, New York, ne-Oregon baye bamisa imithetho yesimo sezulu efuna ukuvelela, bamisa izindinganiso ezivuselelwe, futhi bathatha izinyathelo zokufinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekharbon. Laba babusi bavame ukuhlela isimiso sendawo ezungezile njengesidingo sokuziphatha nethuba lezomnotho, bephikisa ngokuthi ukubekwa kwamandla ahlanzekile kudala imisebenzi futhi kunciphise izindleko zempilo. Iziqondiso zokulawula ezivela kubabusi abahamba phambili ziye zamisa izisulu zokuncishiswa kwegesi ezindaweni ezibandayo, ziphoqelele ukuba imoto yokuthatha imoto yokuyinwa ngemuva, futhi zithuthukise izinhlelo zokulawula indawo ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ukungcola emiphakathini encipheke kakhulu.

Ohulumeni Abangancintisi Nokucindezeleka Kwezomnotho

Ababusi abaholayo bathambekele ekubekeni intuthuko engokomnotho, amandla, nokulawula. Bangamelana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha igesi uma bekholelwa ukuthi imithetho enjalo izolimaza izimboni ezinjengowoyela negesi, ezolimo, noma ezokwakha. Abanye baye bakhipha iziqondiso zokubuyisela imithetho yendawo ezungezile ezuzwe ngefa lezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo eziphambili, njengokunciphisa izinga lokuvikela amanzi noma ukulinganisela izinga lokukhubazeka kwendawo ezungezile. Nokho, ababusi ababambelele ekushicileleni imvelo ngezinye izikhathi basekela izixazulu zezemvelo, njengazokulondoloza imvelo zokuzithandela noma ukukhokha intela yekhabhoni, ikakhulukazi uma lezo zimiso zihambisana nezinzuzo zezemboni noma inzuzo yomnotho yendawo.

Indima Yethonya Nombono Womphakathi

Umbono womphakathi kanye nokulawula kombuso wesishaya-mthetho kulinganisela kakhulu ikhono likambusi lokulungisa isimiso sendawo ezungezile. Umbusi obhekene nomphathi womthetho olawulwa yiqembu elihlukile angase alwele ukudlulisa izikweletu ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile noma angathembela kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu ezingase zibekelwe inselele enkantolo noma ngezikhulu ezilandelanayo. Ababusi besifundazwe ngokuvamile bahamba ngokucophelela, bethatha izinyathelo ezithile zendawo ezungezile ukuze badlulise ukuvota ngokulinganisela kuyilapho benqaba abanye abangahlukanisa izikhundla eziphambili. Umdlalo phakathi kwababusi nomthetho womthetho womthetho udala inqubo eshukumisayo lapho ubuholi obubili bugunyaziwe futhi bucindezelwa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ithonya Lokugoma

ECalifornia: UJerry Brown, uGavin Newsom, ne - Climate Leadership Agenda

ICalifornia sekuyisikhathi eside isebenza njenge-bellowether yenkambiso yendawo ezungezile kahulumeni. UMbusi uJerry Brown (2011-2019) usayiniwe umthetho owenezelwe owehlisa i-cap-atrade kazwelonke, ubeke isisulu samandla avuselelwe ka-50% ngo-2030, futhi uqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihlele ukunyuka kolwandle. Umenziswa wakhe, uGavin Newsom, uye waqhubeka ukuthi ukukhipha uhlelo lwesikhulu oluvimbela ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezintsha ezinamandla kagesi ngo-2035 futhi uqondise ukuqondisa [[FLT: 0] iZinkokhelo zeNyuwe zeNyuwe ukuthuthukisa imithetho enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo. Izenzo zezindaba zibonisa indlela umbusi wezempatho yezokusebenza ngaphandle kokusekela inzuzo ye-conobhulo.

Florida: URick Scott, uRon Desantis, Nendawo Ezungezile njengeNkundla Yezombangazwe

Ababusi baseFlorida baye bangenela isimiso sendawo ezungezile ngelens yezokuvakasha, indawo, nezolimo. URick Scott (2011-2019) wabhekana nokugxekwa ngokusika imali engokwabantu bendawo ezungezile nokuvimbela imithetho ehlanzekile kahulumeni. Nokho, umlandeli wakhe, uRon DeSantis, wathatha indlela ehlukile, wasayina uhlelo olulawulayo ngo-2019 olwadala umsebenzi omusha we-eathone eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, owabelwa ukubuyisela izigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-Everglades, futhi wabeka umgomo wokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezakhi ezimileni emiseleni emanzini. UDesantis umbiko wendawo ezungezile ubonisa ukuthi umholi wezezendawo ezungezile angashintsha ngokushesha ngisho naphakathi kweqembu elifanayo . .

ITexas: UGreg Abbott Nokwehlukana Kwezinjini Ezinamandla

ITexas, i-texas, isifundazwe esikhulu kakhulu salelizwe esikhiqiza uwoyela negasi, inikeza isibonelo esihlukile. UMbusi Greg Abbott ugxile ekulondolozeni amandla kahulumeni kuyilapho esekela futhi ukufakwa kwemisebe yomoya namandla elanga. I-Texas ihola izwe ekukhiqizweni komoya, umphumela wowomashiqela womoya nezimiso zezwe ezimi kade eziye zasekelwa ababusi bakuqala abanjengoGeorge W. Bush noRick Perry. Nokho, u-Abcott uphikisa imithetho ethile yomoya eqinile futhi uphikisa imithetho kahulumeni ye-metane, uphikisa isigaba samandla. Indlela yakhe yokusebenzisa inzuzo emthonjeni wemali iveza indlela ababusi abalinganisela ngayo izinzuzo zezentengo embonini ezindaweni zemali ngokusekela imfucucucushe, ukuvuselelwa kwezelelwa kwezente, ukuvuselelwa kwezenteko yezenteko yeze yamazwe.

Washington: UJay Inslee Nombusi Wesimo Sezulu

Jay Inslee, umbusi waseWashington kusukela ngo-2013 kuqhubeke, washintsha isimo sezulu esiyinhloko somphathi wakhe . Wasayina umkhankaso wobumongameli kulokhu kuguqula. Wasayina i-Washington Clean Energy Transformation Act, edinga ikhulu 100% likagesi ohlanzekile ngo-2045, futhi wasebenzisa ama-odalor aphethe ukusingatha ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ezinto zokuhamba nezakhiwo. Ukuhola kukambusi we-Inslee kubonisa indlela angayisebenzisa ngayo inkambiso yemvelo ukuze akhe isizinda sezwe futhi acindezele imingcele yalokho ohulumeni bamazwe abangakufezayo. Impumelelo yeWashington incike futhi endlu yomthetho esekela inkampani esekela ikhasimende, izinto ezingase zingabe zingekho kwezinye izindawo.

Izici Ezishukumisayo Noma Eziphazamisa Umzimba

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho YoMbuso

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesishaya-mthetho kuthinta ngokuqondile ikhono lombusi lokukhipha umthetho wendawo ezungezile. Umbusi ophethe womabili amakamu angasusa kalula izikweletu ngekomiti, izimali ezilondekile, futhi agweme ukumelana ne-veto. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni ohlukene ngokuvamile uholela ekuvivinyweni kwemithetho, nababusi besebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu njengomsebenzi ojikelezayo. Kwezinye izizwe, abavoti baye bavumela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela indawo ezungezile ngaphandle komphathi wemithetho nendlu yomthetho, njengokuvuselela izindinganiso zamandla noma intela yecarbon.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Sendawo Ezungezile

Izinguquko ekuqondiseni kwezindawo zikahulumeni zakha uvulo ukuba ababusi bandise noma bavumele imizamo kahulumeni engokomhlaba esebenzela indawo ezungezile. Phakathi nokuqondisa kukaTrump, ababusi abaningi beDemocratic basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu nemithetho kahulumeni ukuze basekele izisulu ze-Paris Agreement nokunqanda ukukhishwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nezimiso zokuhamba emoyeni. Uma i-Biden iphinde yangenisa i-Parali Trump i-Parance Adment futhi ihlela inqubo yesimo sezulu, ababusi abaqhubekayo bazuza umsizi kahulumeni osekelayo, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi abameleli benqaba imithetho emisha kahulumeni, bekhomba igunya nemiphumela yezomnotho. Lokhu kuhle--kamuva kwe-gubernator kuveza indlela esebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso sombuso saseParis esigunyaza futhi sigunyaza umsebenzi wezwe.

Ukwehla Kwezomnotho

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthembela kwezomnotho zikahulumeni ekukhishweni kukaphethiloli ovubukuliwe, ezolimo, noma ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kwemisebenzi yezentengiselwano kuthonya isimo sendawo ezungezile sombusi. Ababusi e-Rocky Mountain West, baye basekela amalahle negesi yemvelo njengoba bekhuthaza umoya nokukhanya kwelanga. EMidwest, ababusi bezwe elilima baye balwa nezikhungo ezivikela uhulumeni eziwumphakathi namahlelo ezibulala izinambuzane, besho ukuthi basongela ukuphila. Ukuncishiswa kwezomnotho kunciphisa lemigoqo; izifunda zezobuchwepheshe ezikhulayo noma izingxenye zenkonzo ngokuvamile zizimisele kakhulu ukwamukela imithetho yendawo ezungezile ngenxa yokuthi bayazi ukuthi akukho zingozi kakhulu ezisekelweni zabo.

Izimpande Ezinomsuka Nethonya Lomphakathi

Umbono womphakathi kanye nokungalawuleki kwendawo ezungezile kungaphoqelela ababusi ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngisho nalapho bengathanda ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuvela kwenhlangano yesimo sezulu sentsha, ukuphikisa ukudungeka, nokukhathazeka ngezinga lamanzi kuye kwaphoqelela kokubili amaRepublic nama-democratic ukuba akhulume ngezinkinga zendawo ezungezile. Kwezinye izimo, ababusi baye basabela ngokudala izingqungquthela zemikhandlu yomphakathi, ukwanda kwezezimali zezinhlelo zezezobulungisa zendawo ezungezile, noma ukuhlanganyela ekwakheni isimo sezulu esihlukene. .S. U. U 'Creathermoneal [, umbutho wababusi abazinikele ezimisweni ze-Paris, kufaka istelelctive shologorive, ukuvezwa kwezenzo zomphakathi nezomphakathi, noma ukumiswa kwesizwe esizweni esihlangene.

Ifa Elihlala Isikhathi Eside Lobuholi Be - gubernatorial

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile ezimiswa ababusi ngokuvamile zidlula isikhathi sazo esisehhovisi − kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izimiso eziqinile ze-computer zingasuswa abalandeli, kuyilapho umthetho ogunyazwe umthetho wezomthetho kahulumeni uqinile kakhulu. Izibopho zokuhlela izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezizungezile zingashintshwa lapho umbusi omusha eqondisa izimali kwezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Nokho ezinye izinyathelo zithola ukugcinwa okuhlala njalo: ngokwesibonelo, izindinganiso zemoto yaseCalifornia ezikhishwayo zithathwe ngemiphumela yendawo ezungezile engamashumi eminyaka, zidala intengo yokulawula enamandla engekho lula ukuyivala kalula. Ngokufanayo, amajaji amisa imingcele yezindawo zokuhlala izilwane zasendle, noma akha izimali ezihlanzekile ezishiya ifa elingokomzimba nelebhulo elihlele imvelo emashumini eminyaka.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ababusi abalulaza ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezizungezile noma abanciphisa amandla ezinhlangano bangase babangele ukulimala okubizayo ukuze kuncishiswe. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, izindawo zokuhlala ezingcolisiwe, nezindleko ezikhudlwana zempilo yomphakathi zingaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba ukulawulwa kwesimiso sokuqondisa kuhambile. Ifa lobuholi bokuqondisa abenziwa nje kuphela emithethweni esayinwayo noma eziqondisweni zezikhulu, kodwa emonakalweni oqhubekayo ezingeni lomoya, emfundweni yamanzi, emfundweni, ezinhlobonhloboni nasemphakathini.

Isiphetho: Indima Ebucayi Yezikhulu ZoMbuso Emphakathini Wendawo Ezungezile

Umholi wezenhlalathi, uhulumeni unamandla ayinhloko ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezizungezile. Ngeziyalezo zezikhulu, amandla e-veto, ukulawula, nokumisa izinhlangano, ababusi bamisa isiqondiso nejubane lesimiso sendawo ezungezile. Ithonya labo lilawulwa yiqembu lezombangazwe, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, inqubo yezomnotho, kanye nokucindezela komphakathi. Njengoba izinselele zendawo ezungezile zikhula . Ngokuqonda indlela inguquko yemvelo ebangelwa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, inqubo yokulawula indawo ezungezile, iyakuba yimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu. Ngakho abafundi bezokubusa kwendawo ezungezile kumelwe baqaphele abantu abagcina la mahhovisi anamandla namandla esimiso sezezombangazwe athinta ukuqondisa kwabo. Ngokuqonda indlela i-gubernalgardator esebenza ngayo, sizuza umfanekiso ocacile wentuthuko yendawo ezungezile, ukuvinjelwe, noma ukuguqulwa kwezinga lezwe.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i-Environry Protection Agency yezwe nemithombo yendawo inikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwendlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho yendawo ezungezile ehlangene, kuyilapho i- Conferenceal of State Legislatures[ ihlela futhi ikhiphe izikweleti zendawo ezungezile.