Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yemfundo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sinikeza ukuthi "ISiphakamiso sokuqala asisoze senza umthetho ungabikho owenqabela inkululeko yokukhuluma." Lesisivikelo sesisekelo, esisetshenziswa ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, siye sachazwa futhi sacwengisiswa izinkantolo zezizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngokomo wemfundo, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kufeza injongo ehlukene: kuvikela ukuthuthuka kokuhlakanipha kwabafundi futhi kulondoloze umsebenzi wezikole njengezentengiselwano zemibono.

Umqondo wezikole njengezindawo zokucwaninga zokuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi usukela emuva emfundisweni yezemfundo yakuqala yaseMelika. John Dewey, iphiko eliphambili emfundweni eqhubekayo, uveza ukuthi izikole kumelwe zilungiselele abafundi ukuphila komphakathi ngokukhuthaza izindawo lapho impikiswano, ukungavumelani, nokuhlola kungabekezelelwa kodwa kukhuthazwa khona ngentshiseko. Le mfundiso yefilosofi ihlala ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikhungweni zemfundo kungeyona nje imfuneko engokomthetho kodwa imfuneko engokomthetho.

Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi ikilasi alikho ngaphandle koMthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela futhi ukuthi izikole zinomthwalo okhethekile wokulondoloza ukuhleleka nokuvikela inhlalakahle yabantwana. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwamalungelo abantu negunya lenhlangano kuye kwaveza iqoqo elicebile neliphikisanayo lomthetho omelwe abafundisi, abafundi, nabaphathi.

Ukwakheka Okungokomthetho Kwenkulumo Yabafundi

Inkathi yanamuhla yomthetho wokwahlulela okhululekile yaqala ngobuqotho ngesinqumo esiphawulekayo esabeka indlela yazo zonke izinqumo ezilandelayo. Ukuqonda lelicala nenzalo yalo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimo samanje somthetho.

Isilinganiso Esibi: Ithonya Elicwebezelayo

.Des Moines Independent School School Community v [1969], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ukuthi izikhulu zesikole zomphakathi zingabanqabela yini abafundi ukuba bafake izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi abafundi ‘ abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho womthetho wokukhuluma noma okukhuluma esangoni lesikole. ’ Lesinqumo samisa uvivinyo [[[FLT:] oluphansi] olukakhulu lwesikole ukuba lungavimbela kuphela inkulumo yabafundi uma bebonisa ukuthi inkulumo ingaphazamisa ngokomthetho ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi iphazamisa amalungelo esikole noma amalungelo abanye.

Isinqumo seTinker sasingasekelwe ndawo ngoba sasiqaphela abafundi njengabameleli begunya likahulumeni abathwala amalungelo kunabangawamukeli. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi "ukwesaba noma ukwesaba okungaguquguquki kokuphazamiseka akwanele ukunqoba ilungelo lokukhuluma." lesi simiso sabeka umthwalo onzima kubaphathi ukuze bafakazele ukuhlukumeza okungokoqobo noma okuseduze phambi kokucusumbula amazwi abafundi.

Nokho, iNkantolo iye yaveza okuhlukile okubalulekile okulinganisela ukufinyelela kwayo emongweni oqondile, ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu eminyaka.

Ukwandisa Isakhelo: Isihluthulelo Esihlukile

Ngemva kweTinker, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula izigaba eziningana zenkulumo yabafundi ezidinga ukuncishiswa kwesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo:

  • School-Spondored Exponent (Hazelwood): [[FLT]] Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier [1988], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izikhulu zesikole zingalawula isikole ngokulawula isikole-ponsoodwood, ukhiwo wemidlalo, neminye imisebenzi eshoshoyo ethwala i-alimur yesikole. I-mete iyingxenye yesikole esemthethweni ekulawuleni isithakazelo semisebenzi engaqondwa ngokunengqondo njengokumelelwa kwenhlangano. Lendlela isebenza uma kuhlelwa "ngeyokuhlelwa kwesikole se-ponstuans" futhi iyingxenye yenkulumo yezifundo.
  • , iNkantolo yathi izikole zinganqabela ukuthi izikole zingathi "i-vlard," [FULT:1] [[FLT]] [i-Bethel School District v. Fraser [1986], iNkantolo yathi izikole zingase zinqabe ukukhuluma okuthi "i-vlar," "i-lewd," noma "ihlazo ngokungenasihloko"" lelicala lavela enkulumweni yomfundi equkethe isigxoxobo sobulili emhlanganweni wesikole. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi izikole zinesibopho sokufundisa ubuhlanga nokuziphatha okufanelekile, nokuthi iSiphendulo Sokuqala asidingi ukubekezelela izikoleze noma ukuveza okungcolileyo eqeshisweni lemfundo.
  • Inkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi izikole zingavimbela ukukhuluma okungachazwa njengokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni (Morse): Moreste v. UFrederick (2007), iNkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi izikole zingavimbela ukukhuluma okungachazwa ngokunengqondo njengokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwemilaliso engekho emthethweni. Icala lihilela ukufunda ifulegi "BONG HITS 4 JESUS" eboniswe esenzelweni sesikoleni. Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuveza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo esidlula amalungelo abafundi enkulumo kulomo.

Lezi zindawo ezintathu ezihlukile, kanye noTinker, zenza isakhiwo esinezingxenye ezine izinkantolo ezisisebenzisayo ekuhloleni izimpikiswano zenkulumo zabafundi. Umbuzo oyinhloko ngokuvamile yiyiphi indinganiso esebenza emaqinisweni akhethekile alelicala, ngoba umphumela ungahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ihlelwe kanjani.

Inkulumo Yezinombolo Nemingcele Yegunya Lesikole

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo nezinye iziteshi ze-meters kuye kwadala eminye yemibuzo enzima kakhulu emthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma. Uma umfundi efaka okumelwe kuthathwe kuyi-webhusayithi yakhe siqu ewukwephula noma esongelayo ngezindaba zezokuxhumana ngaphandle kwamahora esikole, ingabe isikole sinegunya lokuziyala? Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusebenzisa i-Tinker endaweni lapho umngcele phakathi kwe-campus ne-campus uqala khona ukufiphaza.

I - conful Special Stupius

Ku uMahanoy Atreat School District v. B.L.[FL] [FL:1] [2021], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngalendaba ngokuqondile. Icala lalihilela umfundi wesikole esiphakeme owayefake umyalezo wenhlamba exubile nenhlamba egxeka kokubili isikole kanye neqembu laso lezingane lokukhuthaza ngemva kokuba sehlulele ukwenza isigaba sobuphini. Isikole samlengisa eqenjini eliphansi le-varsisty, siveza isimo esiphazamisayo seposi. Inkantolo yathi isikole siphule ilungelo laso lokuqala lokulungisa, sicabanga ukuthi izikole zinesithakazelo esingathinteki kakhulu ekuqondiseni inkulumo eyenzeka ngaphandle kwesikole nangaphandle kwesikole.

Nakuba iNkantolo yenqaba ukwamukela umthetho ocacile wokungakhulumi kahle, yaveza izici eziningana ezimelene negunya lesikole ezicatshangelweni ezinjalo:

  • Inkulumo ye-offcampus ngokuvamile iyinkulumo yomfundi, hhayi inkulumo egunyazwe isikole noma exhaswe yiso.
  • Izikole zinesithakazelo esiphansi ekuqondiseni inkulumo engabonakali emzamweni wazo wokuqondisa.
  • Ukunqanda inkulumo ewuwangala kubangela ukukhathazeka ngenkulumo ehlasimulisayo ethinta izindaba zomphakathi.

Nokho, iNkantolo yavuma futhi ukuthi izikole zisengaba negunya lokuqeda inkulumo ewusongo lweqiniso, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukuqinela abafundi abathile. Isinqumo seMahanoy sicacisa ukuthi nakuba uTinker esebenza kwethiwan, ukufinyelela kwazo akulinganiselwe, futhi izinkantolo eziphansi ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele emacaleni azayo.

Amalungelo Okukhuluma Akhululekile Obuhle Nabaqashi

Amalungu omzimba aqinile nezisebenzi zasesikoleni zisendaweni ehlukile ekukhululeni, kokubili kuyizisebenzi zikahulumeni nochwepheshe abanolwazi ezindinganisweni zabo. Le ndima ehlukene yenza kube nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi olungokomthetho oluhlanganisa izithakazelo zezinhlangano nenkululeko yemfundo.

Inkululeko Yokuthola Inkululeko Njengesimiso Sokuqala Sezimiso

Umqondo wenkululeko uqaphela inkululeko yemfundo ephakeme isekelwe kakhulu eMelika. Ivikela ilungelo loprofesa lokufundisa, ukucwaninga, futhi inyathelise ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanele kwezwe noma abaphathi benhlangano. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela inkululeko yemfundo njenge "inkathalo ekhethekile yeSigqi sokuqala" ezimweni ezinjenge iKemishian v. Board of Regents[[FLT] [1967]], imfundiso ihlala ingumomorphe. Ivikela inkulumo echaza ukubuza ulwazi nemfundo eqekezayo phakathi kwemikhawulo kaprofesa, kodwa ayinike isivikelo senkulumo yonke.

Imingcele YeGarcetti

Gercetti v. Ceballos (2006), iNkantolo Ephakeme yagomela ukuthi lapho izisebenzi zomphakathi zikhuluma "zisekela imisebenzi yazo engokomthetho," azikhulumi njengezakhamuzi ezizimele ngezinjongo zoQondaba, futhi inkulumo yazo ayivikelwanga ekuqeqesheni umqashi. Lesi sinqumo siye saba nethonya elikhulu ezinkokhelweni zabafundi ezikhululekile. Nakuba iNkantolo yanqaba ngokuqondile ukuxoxa ukuthi iGarcetti salu luyasebenza yini enkulumweni yemfundo yoprofesa eyunivesithi yomphakathi, izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile ziphethe ukuthi inkulumo yezemfundo, ukucwaninga, nenkonzo yayo ivikelekile ngaphansi kwenkululeko yemfundo eshintshiwe.

Noma kunjalo, isinqumo seGarcetti sidala ukushuba okuphawulekayo. U-Faculty ogxeka izinqubo zezinhlangano ezisezingeni zazo njengezisebenzi − ngokunye njengezazi noma izakhamuzi ezingasese − angathola ukuthi ukukhuluma kwabo akunasizo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekutheni inkululeko yemfundo ikweletwa ezindaweni ezinjengomklamo wezifundo, ukukhonzwa kwemiklamo, nokubuswa kwezindawo.

Ukuze bahlole ngokujule kakhulu indlela izinkantolo eziye zasingatha ngayo iziphakamiso zezikhulumi, abafundi bangabheka i-American Association of University professors yeziqondiso zenkululeko yemfundo kanye nokuzihlola, ezinikeza uhlelo olubanzi lokuqonda lezizindaba.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esidlule Zokukhuluma Ngenkululeko YaseKampusi

Ikhulu lama-20 lokuqala liye lasungula izimpikiswano ezintsha ezivivinya ukuqina kwezimiso zokukhuluma ezingeni lemfundo. Lezi zinselele zibonisa izimpikiswano ezibanzi zomphakathi mayelana nokuzimela, ukuphepha, nenjongo yemfundo ephakeme.

Izindawo Eziphephile Nezixwayiso Ezishukumisayo

Ukuvela kwezindawo eziphephile " nokuxwayiswa" emakolishi kuye kwadala impikiswano enkulu. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi le mikhuba yakha indawo lapho abafundi abakwekwengamelayo bengahlanganyela khona ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwezemfundo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlukunyezwa noma ukulimala ngokwengqondo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinyathelo ezinjalo zingathulisa ukuphana kwengqondo okukhulu futhi zibangele ukuthamba kokuhlakanipha.

Ngokomthetho, izindawo ezilondekile nezixwayiso eziyinhloko ngokuvamile ziyizindaba zesimiso somthetho-mthetho kunokuba zinikwe umthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asidingi izikole ukuba zinikeze izixwayiso eziqabulayo, futhi asizenqabi zona, futhi asisebenzi njengezimiso zokuhlola. Umbuzo oyinhloko ongokomthetho ukuthi ingabe inqubo ethile noma inqubo ivimbela ngokuphumelelayo inkulumo esekelwe embonweni. Uma izikole ziveza izikhulumi ezithile noma imibono engamukeleki ezikhungweni eziphephile, zingase zikhiphe ukunqatshelwa kweSiphakamiso sokuqala sokucwasana okusekelwe ekwahlulekeni okusekelwe kuso.

Ukukhungatheka, Ukuziqhayisa, Nemingcele Yokubekezelelana

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ukubhikisha okunokuthula, kuhlanganise nokumasha, imibuthano, nokusho okungokomfanekiso. Nokho, ukubhikisha kokuthi ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo kuphazamisa inqubo yemfundo (ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvimbela amakilasi okwakha ekuhlanganeni, noma ngokuhileleka emsindweni oqhubekayo owenza ukuba imfundo ingabi nokwenzeka, kungaba ngaphansi kwesikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nemithetho elandelwayo.

Inselele yabaphathi isekuhlukaniseni phakathi kwenkulumo evikelweyo nokuphazamiseka okungaqondakali. Izinkantolo ziye zagcizelela ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuphazamisa okukhulu kweTinker kudinga ubufakazi bokuphazamisa okungokoqobo noma okunengqondo okungabonwa kusengaphambili emikhankasweni yesikole, hhayi nje ukungaphatheki kahle noma ukungavumelani nomyalezo ovezwayo.

Ukuze kuqondiswe ukuthi izikole zingaqala kanjani izimiso zokubhikisha ezihlonipha izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala, Ukuhlanganisa amalungelo e-Enignelwanu kanye no-FRE (FLT) kunikeza izikhombo eziyisibonelo kanye nokutusa okungcono kakhulu kwemfundo yenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Intuthuko Yomthetho Nesenzo SikaHulumeni

Izifunda eziningana ziye zamisa imithetho efuna amakholiji omphakathi namayunivesithi athathe izinqubo ezithile ezikhethekile zokukhuluma, njengale:

  • I - Prohibing "izindawo ezikhululekile zokukhuluma" ezigcina umsebenzi ojabulisayo usendaweni encane, engayodwa emagcekeni esikole.
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi zicela ukuba zithathe izinkulumo eziqinisekisa ukuzimisela kwazo ukuveza imizwa yazo mahhala.
  • Besho ukuthi izikole zilondoloza uhlu lwezikhulumi ezimenyiwe futhi zembula noma yiziphi izimo lapho izikhulumi zidideka noma ziphazamiseka.

Lemizamo yomthetho ibonisa ukukhathalela okukhulayo ukuthi imithetho yezikhulumi zasemakolishi nemikhuba yokuphatha iye yacindezela imibono engaguquki neminye imibono engamukeleki.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu unamaphi esabelweni esifanelekile, umthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma wezwi uhlale uyingxenye esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa isimiso. Abafundisi nabaphathi kufanele bahlale bazi ngezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisebusweni babo futhi bathintane neseluleko somthetho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izimiso ezintsha ezihlobene nenkulumo.

I- Inkululeko yomphakathi wase-America Union inikeza imithombo eningiliziwe ezivikelweni zikahulumeni nezenkululeko yokukhuluma kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokushintshwa komthetho osele ukhona nokwenziwa.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokuveza Inkululeko

Ukwakha ikolishi elikhuluma ngenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho ukulondoloza indawo yemfundo ehlelekile kudinga umzamo wamabomu nezimiso ezicacile.

Yakha Izindinganiso Ezicacile, Ezinengqondo Zomthetho

Izimiso zesikole kufanele zichaze ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe ngokuqondile futhi zigweme ulimi olungacacile noma olubanzi olungasetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni inkulumo evikelekile. Izikhulu zesonto kufanele zihlanganise indinganiso ye-Tinker eqinile, indinganiso ye-Hazelwood-sporated yenkulumo yesikole, nezinye izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezifanele. Izinhlangano kufanele zibukeze izinqubo zazo ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho olungisa icala.

Baqeqeshe Abahle, Abaqashi Nabafundi

Ukuqonda amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile nemithwalo yemfanelo akuyona into elindelekile. Izikole kufanele zinikeze izikhathi zokuqeqesha ezihlanganisa:

  • Isimiso esingokomthetho esiyisisekelo senkulumo yabafundi neyokufundisa.
  • Indlela yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwenkulumo evikelwe nokuhlukunyezwa noma izinsongo ezilula.
  • Indima yenkululeko yemfundo ekufundiseni nasenkundleni yesikole.
  • Imikhuba emihle kakhulu yokuthuthukisa izingxoxo zasekilasini ezinzima.

Yakha Izindawo Zokuxoxa Ezikhiqizayo

Kunokuba zigweme izihloko eziphikisanayo, izikole kufanele ziwavulele ngenkuthalo amathuba abafundi nabafundisi okuhlanganyela emiqondweni eyinselele ehlelwe ngendlela ehloniphekile, ewubala, izingxoxo eziwuchungechunge, nezinhlelo ezihleliwe zezingxoxo ezingasiza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele amakhono okucabanga agxekayo futhi bafunde ukuhileleka emibonweni abangase bayithole ingamukeleki.

Misa Izinhlelo Ezibonisa Ukukhononda Nokukhanga

Uma kuphakama izingxabano ngesiyalo esihlobene nenkulumo, abafundi nabafundisi kufanele bakwazi ukuthola inqubo elungile nesobala yezikhalazo zezindawo zokulala nezinqumo ezikhangayo. Lezi zinqubo kufanele zihlanganise izikhombo ezicacile zesikhathi, amathuba okunikeza ubufakazi, nokubukezwa ngabantu ngolwazi lomthetho weSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezikhungweni zemfundo amelela enye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu neziphikiswana kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Kusukela embukisweni owenziwe eTinker kuya kwimibuzo ekhushulwa ngemishini eqanjwe eMahanoy, izinkantolo ziye zazama ukulinganisela ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuveza izimpawu ngokumelene nezidingo ezingokoqobo zezikole ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhleleka nokufezeka kwemisebenzi yazo yemfundo.

Kubafundi, ukuqonda amalungelo okukhuluma kusho ukuqaphela kokubili amandla nemingcele yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Kubafundisi nabaphathi, kusho ukuthatha indawo engokomthetho efuna inhlonipho ngokunikezwa nokunaka ngezimo ezingokwenhlangano ezenza ukufunda kube nokwenzeka.

Ekugcineni, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile emfundweni akulona nje ilungelo elingokomthetho kodwa kuyithuluzi lokulawula inqubo elithi lapho lisetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, lilungiselele abafundi ukuba bangenele ubuzwe futhi bathuthukise ukuphishekela ulwazi. Ngokusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuthuthukisa amasiko okuxoxa ngenhlonipho, nokugcina intuthuko engokomthetho, izinhlangano zemfundo zingasekela isithembiso seSichibiyelo sokuqala lapho zifeza umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko wokufundisa.