Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli wase-United States negatsha lomthetho buyitshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho waseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka iziphatho "yonke iMibuso Yomthetho" eKhongomeni, uMongameli ufeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemithetho. Kunokungabi yingqapheli nje, umphathi omkhulu usebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zomthetho, zezombangazwe, kanye namathuluzi angenamidanti ukuze aklame umthetho. Ukusuka kumfanekiso wetshebe kuya ekusetshenzisweni okungokomthetho "ipulpul," izikhulu zezwe ziye zathonya njalo ukuthi imiphi imithetho edluliswayo, iyalahlwa, noma ishintshwa. Ukuqondwa okuphelele kwale zimiso kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokugcwele ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo yomthetho kahulumeni.

Inqubo Yomthetho Nesivumelwano Sobumongameli

Uhambo lwemali ethathwa embonweni wezomthetho luyindlela ende nengaqondakali. UMongameli angangenela cishe kuzo zonke izigaba, ngisho noma isimemezelo semvume siwumbuso wamalungu oMkhandlu kuphela. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlelwa kwemithetho, ngokuvamile ehhovisi legatsha eliphethe. Iminyango nezinhlangano eziphethe ivame ukuveza izikweleti ezibonisa izivumelwano ezinobungane, ukunikeza izimemezelo, imininingwane, nezimiso zokulunga. Isicelo sohlelo lomthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile sihlanganisa iziphakamiso zemithetho yemithetho ehlelwa yizinhlangano ezihlangene ezihlangene nezihlangene.

Ikheli Le - Union

Ikheli laminyaka yonke le-State of the Union lingenye yezindawo ezibonakala kakhulu kuMongameli ukuba amise uhlelo lwemithetho. Kulenkulumo, uMongameli unikeza izinqubo eziza kuqala, ucela ukuba uMkhandlu uthathe isinyathelo ezindabeni ezithile, nezinselele zesizwe. Lemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo (Artle II, Ingxenye 3) iye yaguqukela ekubeni isenzakalo esikhulu esingaphenduli lutho, esiklanyelwe ukubangela ukucindezela komphakathi kubenzi bomthetho futhi ibonise lokho iWhite House ekubheka njengokuphuthumayo.

Umsebenzi WamaKomiti Nezikhundla Eziphawulekayo

Umsebenzi omningi ocushwe umthetho wenziwa kumakomiti e-commilia. Ithonya likaMongameli lapha liboniswa ngezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ezifakaza phambi kwamakomiti, zinikeza ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe nezikhundla zokuphatha. Amahhovisi endlu namahhovisi esimiso somthetho asebenza eduze nezihlalo zekomiti namalungu aphezulu okulungisa izikweleti phakathi nokubhalisa. Omongameli abaphumelelayo balondoloza ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo namalungu ekomiti ayinhloko, ngezinye izikhathi bathumela omabhalane bekhathe ukuba bafakaze noma bavumele uMongameli we-Mongameli welungu lekomiti ukuba bahlangane ngasese.

Impikiswano Neziphendulo Ezivamile

Uma nje isikweleti sifika phansi kwendlu noma iSigele, uMongameli angathonya umphumela ngokukhipha imvume ngokuqondile. Izimemo ezivela e-Oval Office, izimemo zezeze zenzakalo ze House, futhi ngisho nokudumisa noma ukugxeka umphakathi kungathonya amalungu angahloniphi. UMongameli futhi uncike ekuholeni kweqembu leNdlu yendlu kanye noMholi weMajorie weSigele .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lukaMongameli luthuthukisiwe phakathi nesigaba sekomiti yengqungquthela, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele. Izindawo zokuqondisa zivame ukutshelwa ngokwethukela; ukuma okuqinile elungiselelweni elithile kungaholela abanikiwe ukuba bathathe isikhundla sikamongameli sokugwema usongo.

Amandla E - Veto

I-veto iyi-search engcono kakhulu kaMongameli eMkhandlwini. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 7, uMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (zidlule ngamaSonto) ukuba enze umsebenzi emali edluliswe ngawo womabili amagumbi. Okukhethwayo kufanele kusayine incwadi yomthetho, ivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayino (uma uMkhandlu ukhona), noma u-vetototo. I-a ebuyela eKhongolo, engawukhipha ngevoti eyi-3 2 kuphela emagumbini obili . /a insika ephakeme eyenza ukuba kube khona ujuqu olugcina kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Ze - Vetoes

  • I-Vito ebanzi: uMongameli ubuyisela imvume egumbini eliqalwe nomyalezo ochaza ukuphikiswa. Lomyalezo ungaba yibhukwana elinamandla lokuthonya, elichaza izinkathazo zomthetho-sisekelo, ukungavumelani kwesimiso, noma imipango engokwemiqondo.
  • i-Pocket Veto: Uma iziKhomishane zifa phakathi kwefasitela lezinsuku eziyishumi, uMongameli angase angasayisayini imvume. Isibeko asibuyeli eKhongosweni, ngakho alikho ithuba lokukhomba. Lelisu ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa ekupheleni kwesimiso somhlanganiso futhi lingaphikisana uma uMkhandlu uphikisana nencazelo ye-"adjournmentmentment".

Izinsongo Ze - Veto Njengethuluzi Lokunyakazisa Isikhumba

Mhlawumbe kunethonya elikhulu kuneveto ngokwayo usongo. Abameli bavame ukukhipha "izinqumo zesimiso sokuqondisa" (SAPS) phakathi nenqubo yomthetho, ixwayisa uMkhandlu ukuthi uMongameli uzokhipha izikweletu ezithile uma enezinto ezithile. Lezi zinsongo zingaphoqelela uKhongolo ukuba lushintshe umthetho ukuze ugweme iveto, ngokuphumelelayo ukunika uMongameli isihlalo etafuleni lokuhlela izigwebo ngaphambi kokuba kudluliswe isibambiso. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli uGeorge H. Bush wasebenzisa izinsongobo zokukhipha izinguquko ezisekweni ze-Ceae Air Acts Act ka-19909.

Umlando ubonisa amandla eveto. Kusukela ngo-2024, abaholi baye bakhipha ama-vetoe avamile angu-500, kanti amanye amongameli banamuhla abangaphansi kwe-10% abano-usifi. Ngokuphambene, amavetoe aye asetshenziswa kangamakhulukhulu. Ubuninzi be-vetoes buyehluka kakhulu. Izibalo ze-Franklin D. Roosevelt edume izindleko ezingu-635, kuyilapho abanye amongameli banamuhla beye bakhipha ingcosana ngaphansi kwengu-20. Lokhu kuveza umehluko phakathi kokulawula kwemidanti, izifiso zemithetho, kanye nendlela ebusayo. (Bheka [[FLT.0:]FT.FFFDrigriplinlinlinlin.]Fto izibalo)

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Uma ithonya eliqondile lomthetho lihluleka noma lithatha kancane kakhulu, omongameli bavame ukuphendukela eziqondisweni eziphetheyo nakwezinye izenzo ezingekho ngokomthetho. Umyalo ophethe umongameli olawula imisebenzi kahulumeni. Nakuba kungesona isithatheli somthetho, iziyalezo zezikhulu zivumela amongameli ukuba basebenzise imithetho ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho okhona noma baqondise indlela igatsha eliphethe elimisa ngayo imithetho.

Igunya

Iziqondiso eziphethe zithola igunya kumthetho-sisekelo (ikakhulukazi i-Viseting Claus in Artigos II) nemithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Zinethonya lomthetho wazinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi zingasetshenziselwa ukumisa izinhlelo ezintsha, ukuqondisa ngezindlela zokuqondisa, ukuchaza kabusha imithetho, noma ukwakha amabutho omsebenzi. Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa uhlelo lwe-Harry Truman's device umthetho wezempi (Uhlelo lwe-Professive 9981), kanye nohlelo luka-Franklin Rooselt olugunyaza i-internment yaseJapane eMelika (Isigaba 906). Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa i-Deserred Action for Childhome Agedalives (DAC) uhlelo lwe-Presidential Obama ne-Trump) ngaphansi kwemiyalome.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Iziqondiso eziphethe zicindezelwa nguMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho okhona. Zingashaywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni uma zidlula igunya lobumongameli noma ukuphikisana nenhloso yokubusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli olandelayo angaqeda noma aqede noma yimuphi umthetho wesikhulu ngokushaya ikhefu lepeni (a isici esiwenza uqine kakhulu kunomthetho. Abaphikisi bangabekela iziyalezo ezisemthethweni ngaphansi kwe-Administrative Procedure Act noma bathi baphula imibuso. I-National Archives igcina isikhulu [[FLT: 0]] sinohlu lomthetho wemithetho ephethe ekhishweyo ].

I - metarianismranda Nezimemezelo

Ngaphandle kweziyalezo zezikhulu, amongameli basebenzisa umongameli wesifunda nezaziso ukuze baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukusayina Izinkulumo

Elinye ithuluzi elaziwayo kodwa elinethonya yisi sagano. Uma umongameli esayina umthetho, ngezinye izikhathi banikeza incwadi echaza umthetho. Lamazwi angase amemezele ukuthi amalungiselelo athile awavumelani nemithetho, abonisa indlela igatsha eliphethe eliyowusebenzisa ngayo umthetho, noma limane linikeze izincazelo zezombangazwe. Nakuba ukusayina kwamazwi kungenagunya eliqondile, kungathonya indlela izinhlangano nezinkantolo eziwuchaza ngayo umthetho.

Lomkhuba waba ovelele kakhulu ngaphansi kukaMongameli George W. Bush, owasebenzisa izinkulumo zokusayina ukubekela inselele amakhulu emali ebhange, ngokuvamile ephikisa ngokuthi ayephula amalungelo kamongameli ezindabeni zangaphandle noma ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusayina izinkulumo kufana "ingxenye ye-line vhato" ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho abavikeli bewabheka njengokusetshenziswa okungokomthetho kwendima yomphathi wokuchaza. Ukuze baqoqe ukusayina okungokomlando, bheka i-Project of American Project [[FLT: 1].

Ukuthonya Umbono Womphakathi

Ngaphandle kokubophana ngokuqondile noKhongolo, abaPhathi besebenzisa amandla okuthonya umphakathi ukuze balolonge indawo ezungezile ye-avion. UTheodore Roosevelt wabiza umongameli ngokuthi "ipulpiti," futhi lomqondo usalokhu ubalulekile namuhla. Ngokuveza izimpikiswano, ukukhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi, nokucindezela abamisi-mthetho, ababusi bangadala izimo zezombangazwe ezidingekayo ukuze umthetho udlule(8) noma ukuze kufe izikweletu ezingathandwa.

Imithombo Yezindaba Engokwesiko Neyanamuhla

Abameli bebelokhu besebenzisa izinkulumo, izingqungquthela, namakheli omsakazo ukuze badlulisele iziphakamiso zabo eziphambili. UFranklin Roosevelt's "Umphathi Chaps" usiza ekwakheni ukusekela izinhlelo ze-New Deal. Amakheli kaRonald ka-Reagan ayesemuva abuye axhumane nokucindezela komphakathi ukuze anqume intela. Ekhulwini lama-21, amapulatifomu ezenhlalo anjenge X (eyayi-Ducarder) avumela amongameli ukuba badlulise imithombo yezindaba engokwesiko futhi bakhulume ngokuqondile nezigidi. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli uTrump, ngokuvamile wasebenzisa u-Trump ukumemezela izinsolo, ukudumisa noma ukugxeka amalungu eSivumeko, futhi adlulisele izimali zakhe ezikhethekile noma izikwele ezinhlawulweni ezithile.

Imizamo Yomphakathi Nempi

Abameli bavame ukuhamba ngaphandle kweWashington ukuze bathuthukise izinqumo zabo. Imihlangano yenkampano, amahholo edolobha, nokuvakashela ezindaweni eziyinhloko kungabangela ukushumayezana kwezindaba zendawo futhi kucindezele abameleli ukuba basekele iWhite House. "Going Public" isu lokuhamba emakhanda eSishaya-Mkhandlu ngokuqondile ukuya kuvota . .ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ezilinganisweni zikamongameli ezivumayo nasemoyeni yezombangazwe.

Ukusebenza Nezigigaba Zezombangazwe Nomholi Wemikhandlu

Iqembu likaMongameli mhlawumbe liyilungu elibaluleke kakhulu lokunqabela impumelelo yemithetho. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iWhite House neKhongolo, abaholi bajabulela impumelelo ephakeme kakhulu ekudluliseni izinqumo zabo zomthetho eziphambili. Phakathi nalezinkathi zikahulumeni onobunye, uMongameli usebenza ngokuphumelelayo njengomholi weningi lenhlangano, eqondisa uhlelo lwezinqumo ze-auclus, iziswebhu, nemihlangano yobuholi.

Ubunye Beqembu Nezimbongolo

Izikhulu eziphethe iqembu eMzini naseSihlalweni zisebenza eduze neWhite House ukuze ziqinisekise ukujeziswa kweqembu. Iqembu lezindaba zemithetho likaMongameli likhuluma nesiswebhu seqembu, esihlola amavoti futhi sicindezela amalungu ukuba asekele izikweletu zezisebenzi. UMongameli anganikela okuthile ngokubuya − ukusekela umsebenzi wesilwane esifuywayo selungu, ukuvela komkhankaso, noma isabelo esingcono sekomiti. Ngokuvamile uhulumeni ohlangene uveza umthetho ongokomthetho wezwe, njengoMthetho we-Affordable Carence (2010) ngaphansi komongameli we-Obama noMphathi-Cuts noJobs Act (2017) ngaphansi koMthethombo ka-Rom).

Uhulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi Nempicabadala

Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula iWhite House kanye negumbi elilodwa leSishaya-mthetho −a isimo esibizwa ngokuthi uhulumeni ohlukene − ithonya elilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi lidinga ukuxoxisana. UMongameli ngokuvamile kumelwe avumelane neqembu eliphikisayo ukuze adlulise umthetho, noma okunye athembele kumaveresi ukuze avimbe izikweletu ezingafanele. Amandla kahulumeni ohlukene angaholela ekuvinjelweni kukahulumeni, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho, noma ukusebenzelana kwe-bipartistan njengomthetho ka 1986 Tex Reformation Act noma 2021 Intelliclactment Acts. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ikhono likaMongameli lokwakha izibo ezinhlangothini ezinqamlezi ze-page.

Ithonya Lohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali: Ilungiselelo Lohlelo Lohlelo Lohlelo Lohlelo Lokwenza Imali

Elinye lamathonya anamandla kakhulu angenanjongo uMongameli anawo ekwakheni umthetho yinqubo yemali egunyaziwe kahulumeni. UMongameli ufaka isicelo saminyaka yonke sokusetshenziswa kwemali ekhona kuKhomishane, ukuchaza izinto eziza kuqala, iziphakamiso zemali, nezinguquko zenqubo. Nakuba kungafuneki ukuba uHulumeni amukele uhlelo lukamongameli, lusebenza njengesiqalo sezingxoxo zezingxoxo futhi ubeke imingcele yengxoxo.

I-Office of Management and Baccount (OMB), esiza uMongameli, inendima eyinhloko ekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali kanye nezicelo zokubukeza izinhlangano. I-OMB futhi inikeza "Izimo Zokulawula" ekwandiseni umthetho, ukunikeza isikhundla esingokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile isongela i-veto uma ichitha imingcele ethile. Inqubo yemali inethonya kakhulu kangangokuba amongameli bavame ukuyisebenzisela ukuveza izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo (ezifana nokulungisa intela, ukumisa kabusha, noma ukulungisa intela). (Izinqumo zemali eziphelele zikhona [[FL:] Indlu yase-Orthoni.VBM.VB][FFF:1]

Isiphetho

Indima kaMongameli ekubekeni umthetho idlulela ngalé kwe-veto amandla. Ngezimo zezinhlelo, ukunxusa ngokuqondile, ukunxenxa komphakathi, iziyalezo zomphakathi, izimemezelo zokuqondisa, izitatimende zokusayina, nenqubo yokuhlela izindleko, umphathi omkhulu uhlale ehlela ukusebenza komthetho kahulumeni. Indima phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nemithetho ye-agcompan inamandla, ithonywa amandla, ukulawulwa kweqembu, ikhono lomphakathi, umbono womphakathi, nemingcele yemithetho. Ukuqonda lezimiso kucacisa indlela uMongameli angaba ngayo kokubili umholi wesizwe nomdlali oyinhloko enqubeni ye-Gajiniom, ngezinye izikhathi njengesethi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi njengesithiyo esinamandla amakhulu. Abafundi nabafundisi, bawazisa ngayo amathuluzi abalulekile umfanekiso ophelele wezokubusa kwaseMelika.