Iyini I - Electoral College Futhi Kungani Ikhona?

UMongameli we-United States akakhethwa ngokuqondile yivoti ethandwa yisizwe. Kunalokho, umphumela unqunywa yi-Electoral College, inqubo eyamiswa eSigabeni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi yacwengisiswa yiSichibiyelo seshumi nambili. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, isifundazwe ngasinye sithola amavoti [ angokomthetho [ ngokulingana nenani labantu baso, futhi umuntu ozothatha i-a komiti kumelwe avikele iningi lalalawabo abavoti — manje angu-270 phakathi kuka-58 — ukuze awine u-precity.

Abasunguli be-Electoral College badala i-Electoral College njengesivumelwano phakathi kokukhetha umongameli ngevoti eKhongolo kanye nokumkhetha ngevoti ethandwayo. Babekhathazekile ngokunikeza iziKhongolo amandla amaningi kakhulu, okwakungaholela ekonakala, futhi babekhathazekile ngokuthi abavoti besizwe esikhulu, esihlukene, babengase babe nokwaziswa okwanele mayelana nokhetho olusuka ezindaweni ezikude ukuze benze ukhetho olunolwazi. Ababheki babebhekwa njengabaqondisi abazosebenzisa isahlulelo esizimele. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimiso saqala kulokho esiyikho namuhla: ukuzuza yonke inqubo engenisa inzuzo ezindaweni eziningi lapho izikhulu zisho khona ukuthi cishe abavoti abavoti abaziwayo bevotela khona cishe njalo ngokwezimo ezithandwayo.

Indlela Imisebenzi Ekhethekile Enikezwa Ngayo Ezweni Ngalinye

Ingqikithi yamavoti amavoti ngu-538. Lelinani lilingana nengqikithi ehlangene yabameleli base-U.S., ikhulu leminyaka, nesithathu sama-Erectors eSifundeni saseColumbia [ [ngenxa yeSichibiyelo sekhulu se-D.C. i-overences yomongameli). Uhlelo ngalunye lwezwe lunqunywa yizakhamuzi zalo njengoba kubikwa kuyi-decnational U.S.C.

I - fomula Esetshenziswayo

Uhulumeni ngamunye uthola amavoti amabili avoti abavoti ababili, kanye nenani eliguquguqukayo lamavoti alingana nenani lezigodi zezindlu anazo. Izifunda zezindlu ziyavunywa njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngenxa yokushintsha kwenani labantu. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • [ ICalifornia, isifunda esinabantu abaningi kakhulu, sinezifunda zezindlu eziyi 52 kanye nezi-2 Iziqu = 54 zamavoti akhethiwe.
  • [Wyoming[, isifunda esingenani abantu abaningi, sinendawo eyodwa yendlu kanye neyesi-2 i-Senator = 3 amavoti akhethiweyo.
  • [ inezigodi ezingu 38 kanye nezi-2 Izivoti ezingu-40 ezivoti.

Ngoba wonke umbuso uqala ngamavoti amabili noma ngabe inani labantu, amazwe amancane anethonya elingenakulinganiswa elihlobene nenani labantu bawo. Umvoti eWyoming unamandla aphindwe kathathu kagesi ovotayo wevoti eCalifornia uma elinganiswa ngamavoti kavoti angowomuntu ngamunye.

Isigodi saseColumbia

Washington, D.C., akusona isifundazwe kodwa kwabelwa amavoti amathathu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-23. Lokhu kunikeza inani elifanayo lamavoti abavoti njengezwe elingenalutho, ngisho noma inani labantu bakhona likhulu kunezifunda eziningi. D.C. alinakuba namavoti amaningi kunalawo angohulumeni abambalwa, ngakho, lihlala lingu-3.

Impumelelo Ithatha Zonke Izimiso

Kuma-48 ezindawo kanye no-D.C., ozothola amavoti athandwa kakhulu kulelozwe uthola wonke wamavoti alowo hulumeni. Lokhu kungu "izinto ezithathekayo-all" indlela. Ayigunyaziwe yi-U.S.Constitution; isho ukuthi lendlela yokusondela ku-1800 njengendlela yokwandisa ithonya lawo kukhetho. Imiphumela iwukuthi umvoti angawina isimo ngengasilingani nengalo elilinganiselwe — sithi 51% kuya ku-49 — futhi isathola i-100 yamavoti yayo evoti evoti.

Ezihlukile: UMaine noNebraska

Maine neNebraska zisebenzisa indlela ehlukile ebizwa ngokuthi indlela yesifunda ngasinye yesifunda sokuvota okukodwa. Kulezi zifunda ezimbili, umnqobi wevoti ethandwayo kazwe lonke uthola amavoti amabili (ku-Senators ezimbili). Umvuni wamavoti athandwayo esifundeni ngasinye uthola ukuthi ivoti eyodwa yesifunda sokhetho. Le simiso sisho ukuthi amavoti akhethiweyo angahlukaniswa phakathi kwesifunda esisodwa. Isibonelo, ngo-2020, uJoe Biden wawina ivoti yezwe eMaine futhi wawina nesifunda sokuqala sohlanga, kuyilapho uDonald Trump ewina i-2-bunionsali. Isifunda sango-Bimp sigodun i-Bimp evoti ye-Bray.

Indlela Eya Ku - 270: Indlela Umsekeli WobuBusi Awina Ngayo

Ofuna ukuvota okungenani [[FLT: 0] 270 okhetho — ingxenye elula yengqikithi engu-58 — ukuba abe nguMongameli-okhenti. Icebo lomkhankaso lakhiwe ngokuphelele ekufinyeleleni lenombolo. I-Candidate igxila imithombo yayo ku-"zifundazwe ezimileni ezihanjwayo" noma "izifundazwe ze-"mettletrop" — isho ukuthi umphumela awuqiniseki futhi lapho ishicelwe kancane kakhulu ekusekeleni ivota. Izindawo ezilondekile (lezo ze-Democratic Republican) azitholi ukunakwa kakhulu.

Okwenza Ukuba Kube Nezindaba Ezingu - 270

Umnyango wama-270 usho ukuthi u-Clinton angawina umongameli ngaphandle kowina amavoti athandwayo esizwe. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka kahlanu emlandweni wase-U.S., muva nje ngo-2016 (UMvoti uTrump uphumelele amavoti angu-304 ku-Clinton's 227, kuyilapho u-Clinton awina ivoti ethandwayo ngamavoti acishe abe yizigidi ezintathu) futhi ngo- 2000 (u-Gencone W. Bush wawina amavoti angu-71 e-Al Gore's 266, kuyilapho uGore wawina ivoti ethandwayo ngo-540 000). Lesi sicingo se-Elcelce ingenye yeziciokhi eziphikisana kakhulu futhi ihoxaxa ngenguquko.

Inkathi Yokukhetha: Kusukela Ngo - November Kuze Kube Ngo - January

Inqubo yokukhetha umongameli iqala ezinyangeni eziningana, iElectoral College iphakathi nezinyathelo eziningana eziyinhloko.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukukhethwa Okuvamile — ULwesibili Lokuqala Ngemva KoMsombuluko Wokuqala ngo - November

NgoSuku Lokukhetha, abavoti kunoma yiliphi izwe bafaka amabhola kulowo ozokhetha umongameli abathandayo. Uma uvotela umlandeli womongameli, empeleni uvota [[FLT: 0] uvota i-Eretors ethembise ukusekela lowo mbhalisa. Amagama ama-Electer angase avele noma angaveli ku-bacolot kuye ngomthetho wezwe. Ngokwesiko, abavotezi babona amagama kamongameli nomongameli we-presidentia.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: I - Vote Ethandwayo Ithola Abaphakamisi

Ngemva kokuba amavoti ebaliwe (inqubo engathatha izinsuku noma amasonto kuye ngeposi-ejovot nezinhlanga ezivalekile), umbusi ngamunye kahulumeni ufaka imiphumela. Ekuthatheni izifundazwe zonke, ozothola amavoti amaningi kulelozwe ukhetha abaxhasi bakahulumeni. Labo abaxhasi bangamanxusa athembekile, abakhethiwe izikhulu, noma abashisekeli abakhethwe yiqembu lesizwe.

Isinyathelo 3: I - Eletors Vote — UMsombuluko Wokuqala Ngemva KoLwesithathu Lwesibili Ngo - December

Kulolusuku, abaqondisi bahlangana e-capitol yesifundazwe ngasinye (naku-D.C.) ukuze baphonse amabhola abo — elinye likaMongameli nelinye likaMongameli onguMongameli. Basayina izitifiketi eziyisithupha zovoti, ezithunyelwa kuMongameli oyisekela (njengoMongameli weSigele), iNational Archives, unobhala kazwelonke wezwe, kanye nenkantolo yesifunda. Kwezinye izizwe, kunemithetho efuna abavoti abadumile, kanye "nababalwayo" nababethi abangenalukholo" abangakwazi ukubhekana nenkokhiso noma ukubuyiselwa. U.S. INkanto Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ngo-2020 ukuthi isho ukuthi izivumelwano nokususa abavoti abangenalukile.

Isinyathelo 4: Izingqungquthela Zibala Izingoma — January 6

Ngo-January 6 ngemva kokhetho, isiqephu esihlangene soMkhandlu sihlangana ngo-1 p.m. Ukubala amavoti. UMongameli ongumbonisi weSigele, uqondisa izibalo. Amavoti ayavulwa futhi afundwe ngokuzwakalayo ngokulandelana kwemithetho yezifunda. Noma yikuphi ukuphikisa kokuvota kukahulumeni okuvota kumelwe kwenziwe ngokubhala nangokusayinwa yilungu elilodwa leNdlu nenye iSenator. Izivumelwano ziphikisana futhi zivotelwe ngokwehlukana negumbi ngalinye. Zombili zamakamu kumelwe zivumelane ngokuzwakalayo ukuze ziphumelele. Lenqubo yayiwukuhlasela kwe-January 6, 201, ukuhlasela kwe-U. Capitol.

Isinyathelo 5: Impumelelo Iyaqinisekiswa

Ngemva kokuba isibalo sesiqediwe, uMongameli ongumsekeli umemezela isilinganiso sokugcina futhi umemezela umnqobi. UMongameli uthola umvuno ngokomthetho kukhetho.

Kwenzekani Uma Ukungabikho Komthetho Kufinyelela Ku - 270?

Uma kungekho mvoti othola okungenani amavoti angu-270, ukhetho lunqunywa yindlu yabameleli base-U.S. enqubweni ebizwa ngokuthi "ukhetho oluhlangeneyo" lesisimo senzeka kabili emlandweni wase-U.S.: ngo-1800 (owaholela esiphendulweni se-12) nango-1824 (lapho uJohn Quincy Adams ekhethwa yiNdlu).

Indlela Ukukhetha Okukhangayo Okusebenza Ngayo

  • Lendlu ikhetha uMongameli kwabaphambili abathathu abazovota ngokukhetha okukhulu.
  • Izithunywa zombuso ngayinye zivota kanye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabameleli abangaki, lokhu kunikeza amazwe amancane amandla amakhulu.
  • Ozongenela udinga amanxusa amaningi kahulumeni (manje angu - 26 kwangama - 50) ukuze anqobe.
  • ISigele sikhetha uMongameli Oyisekela ngokwahlukana, uMphathi ngamunye ethola ukuvota okukodwa.
  • Uma leNdlu ingenakunquma ngoSuku LokuHlaziya (January 20), uMongameli ongumsekeli uba uMongameli Othatha Inkonzo kuze kube yilapho iNdlu ifinyelela isinqumo.

Ithuba lokhetho lweziqu liye laxoxwa eminyakeni yamuva lapho abazothatha ingxenye yesithathu besongela ukudonsa amavoti futhi bavimbele noma ubani ozovota ukuba afinyelele ku-270. Umjikelezo wokhetho lwama-2024 uye wavuselela isithakazelo kulesisimo esinikezwe ivoti ehlukene kakhulu.

I - Electoral College Reformation: ISivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate

Esinye seziphakamiso zenguquko ezivelele kakhulu yi- National Popular Vote Interstate Compact (NPVIC). Lokhu isivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe eziya eholweni zonke amavoti azo akhethiwe kulowo ophumelele evotini ethandwayo yesizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ophumelele esifundeni ngasinye. I-National Popular Vote Interstation (NPVIC) isebenza kuphela uma amazwe anengqikithi yamavoti angu-270 ahlangene. Njengango 2024, imelela amavoti angu-205 akhethiwe athandwayo aye ajoyina i-coctal, ayishiya ingena mvume engu-65 esebenzayo.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-commony ingaqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imivoti iyanda ngokulinganayo ezweni lonke nokuthi owina amavoti amaningi ezweni lonke uyoba uMongameli. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ingenza inhloso yabasunguli inciphe, inciphise ithonya lamazwe amancane, futhi igxilise ukunakekela ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni.

Ezinye izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukuqeda iElectoral College ngokuphelele ngokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo (okudinga ukuzuza okukhulu okungama - 3 ezindawo zombili ezisemizini yeSishaya - mthetho nokuhlanjululwa yizishaya - mthetho ezintathu ezine), ukwamukela indlela yesifundazwe ehlelwe ngokwesifunda ezweni lonke, noma ukusebenzisa ukuvota okusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi uthola ukusekelwa okuningi.

Izinkolelo - ze Ezivamile Nemibono Engalungile

Inganekwane: I - Vote Ethandwayo Iveza Onqobayo

Abavoti abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi owina amavoti amaningi ezweni lonke uba uMongameli. Lokhu akunembile. Nakuba ama-Electritor ebopha amavoti athandwayo ezweni lawo, akukho voti ethandwayo enquma umphumela. Umnqobi uthola amavoti angu-270.

Inganekwane: Abaphehli Bemisebe Abahlale Bekhazimula Njengoba Kulindelekile

Abaphehli abaningi bathembekile kulowo abathembisene ukubhalisa, kodwa "Abakhethi abangakholwa" bayaphumelela. Ngo-2016, abakhokhi abayisikhombisa bavotela abanye abazobhapathizwa ngaphandle kwalabo ababethenjiswe ukuba basekele. Ezinye izifunda-mazwe zinemithetho yokuthi amavoti angenalukholo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waleyo mithetho. Nokho, eqinisweni, abavoti abangenalukholo abakaze bashintshe umphumela wokhetho lukamongameli.

Inganekwane: I - Electoral College Iyindawo

I-Electoral College ayiyona indawo engokoqobo. Yinqubo. Abaqondisi bahlangana emacapitor ahlukene ezwe, hhayi esakhiweni esisodwa eWashington, D.C. igama elithi "College" libhekisela eqenjini le-Electers elisebenza ndawonye, njenge-"college of cardinal" ikhetha upapa.

Ikusasa Lekholiji Lase - Electoral

I-Electoral College isenye yezici eziphikiswana kakhulu zikahulumeni waseMelika. Abavikeli bayo baphikisa ngokuthi ivikela izithakazelo zezifunda ezincane nezindawo zasemaphandleni, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ngokuhlangene, futhi inikeza ukuzinza ngokufuna ukusakazwa kwezindawo ezibanzi zokusekela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ikude nedemokrati, inikeza amandla angenakulinganiswa okuguqula amazwe, icindezela umvoti ukuba athathe izifunda ezilondekile, futhi isengozini yokusebenzisa i-gerrymandernider ezifundazweni ze-conoralions ezisezindaweni ezinjenge-Maine ne Nebraska.

Ucwaningo lomphakathi lubonisa ukuthi iningi lamaMelika likhetha ukuthatha indawo ye-Electoral College ngokuvota okuthandwayo. Nokho, ukuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kunzima kakhulu, futhi amazwe azuza kakhulu esimisweni samanje — ikakhulukazi amazwe amancane anabantu abaphansi kakhulu — awakufuni ukuyishintsha. INational Popular Vote Intertate Communcial ihlala iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokulungisa inguquko esikhathini esiseduze, kodwa abhekene nezinselele ezingokomthetho nezokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe.

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

  • I - Electoral College inamavoti angu - 538 aphelele; kudingeka angu - 270 ukuze unqobe.
  • Isifundazwe ngasinye sivota amavoti alingana nenani lezifunda zezindlu kanye namaSenator amabili; D.C. athola 3.
  • 48 izifundazwe no D.C. sebenzisa amathayi-all awinayo; iMaine ne Nebraska zisebenzisa indlela yesifunda se-cornion.
  • Ofuna ukungenela angazuza umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba ukhetho oluthandwayo lwesizwe.
  • Uma kungekho mmemezeli ofinyelela ku - 270, iNdlu Yabameleli inquma ukuthi unqobile.
  • Ukukhohlisa kwe - Elector noma "abavoti abangakholwa" akuvamile futhi akuvamile ukushintsha imiphumela.
  • Imizamo yezinguquko ihlanganisa iSivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate nokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuqonda iElectoral College kubalulekile ekuqondeni umongameli waseMelika. Nakuba isimiso singabonakala sidida noma singalungi, yinqubo enqume noma yiluphi ukhetho lukamongameli emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyalusekela noma ufuna ukulubona lushintsha, wazi ukuthi lusebenza kanjani — nokuthi lungasebenza kanjani ngokuhlukile — ikunika amandla njengomvoti nesakhamuzi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola imithombo engokomthetho ye- U.S. National Archives e-Electoral College, SUSA.gov Electoral College ukuhlolwa kwemininingwane ye-[, [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] i-FOVERACTY] ulwazi lokhetho [, kanye nokwabelana kwemininingwane ye-BHAYIBHAYIBHAYIB.[FLT]]