Isiko Elihlala Njalo Lendawo Yomongameli

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, kusukela kumarepublic asanda kumiswa kuya kumademokrasi asemakhulwini eminyaka adlule, isifungo sobumongameli singenye yemicikilisho ebonakala kakhulu nengathi sína yokubusa. Singaphezu nje kokuphindaphinda imikhosi yenkolo noma ukuphindwa kwamagama. Isifungo siphawula isikhathi esiqondile lapho amandla aphethe edlula kumholi oyedwa ukuya kulowo olandelayo, sihlanganisa isimiso soshintsho olungokomthetho. Emiphakathini eye yakhuthazelela impi yombango, ukubusa kwempoqo, noma ukulwa kwesizwe, isifungo singasebenza njengesifanekiselo esinamandla sokubuyisana nokuvuselela umthetho-mthetho-siseko, umholi omusha wenza okungaphezu kokwamukela umthwalo wemfanelo; uqinisekisa isivumelwano phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo, sihambisana nokubusa phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho nemithetho elungile.

Ukubaluleka kwalelisiko kusemkhakheni walo wezinga elihlukene. Kuyisithembiso somuntu siqu, esikhulunywa ngumuntu ozothwala ubunzima besikhundla, nophawu olubodwa oluqashelwa isizwe nomphakathi wezizwe zonke. Amazwi esifungo, ngokuvamile abhalwe ezincwadini eziqanjiwe zezwe, ayindlela yokuveza izindinganiso zentando yeningi: ukubusa komthetho, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, inkonzo ngaphezu komuntu ngokwakhe. Ezikhathini zokushintsha kwezombangazwe noma ukuncishintshwa kobunkungu, idili lokuthatha izifungo lingahlanganisa izwe noma, uma lihluliwe, lijule. Ukuqonda indlela lesifungo esisebenza ngayo njengophawu lokushintsha kwentando yeningi kudinga ukuhlola imisuka yaso engokomthetho wentando yeningi, ukusebenza kwayo ngezikhathi ezingoko mlando, nezinselele ezisongela incazelo yaso.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Se - Oath Yomongameli

Nakuba izizwe zonke zizenzela indlela yazo yokufunga, izici eziyinhloko zivumelana ngokuphawulekayo: isithembiso sokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo, ukwenza imisebenzi yehhovisi ngokwethembeka, nokukhonza abantu. Lezi zici ngokuvamile zifakwa emthethweni ophakeme wezwe, zifake isifungo esisemfuleni womthetho-mthetho. Ukubekwa kwamagama abalulekile, kuveza umlando oyingqayizivele nezinto eziza kuqala zezwe.

E - United States of America

Isifungo sobumongameli wase-U.S. mhlawumbe singesona esidume kakhulu, esimiswe ukuba siqine kakhulu eSiphakameni II, iSiqeshana 1, uClause 8 soMthetho-sisekelo: “Ngifunga ngokuqinile ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizosebenzisa iHhovisi lekhono lami elingcono kakhulu, sivikele futhi sivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Ukululaza kolimi kuphikisana nobunzima balo. UGeorge Washington wanezela inkulumo ethi “Ngakho - ke uNkulunkulu” phakathi nokunikezelwa kokuqala, isiko abantu abaningi abalandela impela abangazange balandele kodwa abangadingeniswanga ngokomthetho. I-U. i-U.S. isithembiso siye sathathwa futhi sathathwa esimweni esinzima sobuhlukuhlukunyeni esingokonyakazayo sombuso wempi, noma umBhawundlu ongokonyaka ka-Frank, noma u-Frankle, futhi umbiko ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ongokomthetho ophansi ongokomthetho ophansi, wonke, uVundla wonke (enye uyavuma, uVul.)

ENingizimu Afrika: Isivumelwano Sokubuyisana

Ukushintsha kwe-South Africa ukusuka ohlwini lwentando yeningi ngo-1994 kungesinye sezibonelo ezidunyiswa kakhulu zomlando zamandla esifungo. Ingxenye 87 yoMthetho-sisekelo wokugcina (Umthetho 108 ka-199) imisa isifungo sombuso kaMongameli: “Mina, A.B., ngifunga/ngiqinisekisa ukuthi ngiyothembeka eRepublic of South Africa futhi ngilalele, ngisekele, ngisekele futhi ngigcine wonke umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo weRepublic; futhi ngiyozinikezela eSikhundleni saseRepublic nasebangeni lonke. Lapho u-Pelson Mandela ethatha lesifungo ngoMay 10, 1994, sasingesona nje isiqinisekiso esingokomthetho esingokomthetho, futhi sasiphawulwe ukubusa okumhlophe nokuqala okusha kwesizwe. UMeparea uNingi uqobo uqobo uqobo uqobo uqobo waso sonke emhlabeni wonke, uqobo wasohlangothini olubanzi, ukukhipha isilinganiso esiwuphawulekayo wonke emhlabeni wonke, futhi umqulu ophansi, wonke, futhi ububanzi obuphansi obungaphezulu, ububanzi obungaphezulu, ububanzi bezwe kanye neso

ENigeria: Ukuqina Okuqhubekayo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Ongalawuleki

INigeria, izwe elinabantu abaningi kakhulu e-Afrika, liye labhekana nomlando wezombangazwe oguquguqukayo, kuhlanganise nokugumbuqelwa kwezikhali kanye nempi yangaphakathi. Kusukela lapho libuyela ekubuseni kwabantu ngo-1999, isifungo sobumongameli siye saba isisekelo esibucayi sokuqhubekela phambili kwentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-Nigeria (1999, njengoba ulungisiwe) ufuna uMongameli ukuba afunge ukuthi “afeze imisebenzi yami ngokwethembeka, futhi asebenzise amandla ami angcono kakhulu, futhi avumelane noMthetho-sisekelo we-Federal Republic yaseNigeria nomthetho. Isithembiso siyingxenye yomkhosi omkhulu wokumisa ohlanganisa isandla esingokomthetho samandla. Ukushintsha okungalawuleki kuhlanganisa isandla sika-Olgungun, futhi kungene wonke umbusi wamabutho akhona ngaphandle kwempoqoqo; izinselele zempi e - Umara . Uhulumeni wezwe lonke uhulumeni uyavuma i - Yurauauauaua, futhi uhulumeni osekela uhulumeni othembekile ekuvikeleleni, futhi uhulumeni osekela inse inse inselele ekunqobe, uhulumeni owe wasendulo, umqulu wonke, umqulu

Isifungo Somcimbi Njengomkhuba Wobufundisi Nobunye Besizwe

Ngalé kwemisebenzi yayo engokomthetho, isifungo sobumongameli sisebenza njengesiko lomphakathi elinikeza ilungelo. Isenzo sokufunga phambi kwezinkulungwane, ngokuvame ukusakaza ngolwazi oluhlanganyelwayo.""i-aspective ibalulekile ngoba idemokrati ayisekelwe emithethweni kuphela kodwa ekukholelweni okuthandwayo. Uma umholi ethatha isifungo, isakhamuzi sibona isikhathi sokuvuma, ukuzithoba kokuzithandela ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuvuma kwasobala kusiza ekususeni amandla azimele: umholi akakho ngaphezu komthetho kodwa uyinceku yaso.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nesimiso Sembulunga Yonke

Kulenkathi yanamuhla, ukunikezelwa kuye kwaba isenzakalo sembulunga yonke sezezindaba. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba, ukukhulumela kwezenhlalo, kanye namanxusa ezizwe zonke konke kwandisa ukubaluleka kwesifungo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunikezelwa kukaBarack Obama wase-U.S. kwadweba abantu abalinganiselwa ku-1,8 000 000 eSizweni futhi babukwa ngezigidi emhlabeni wonke. Isifungo saphindwa futhi saphindwa, futhi uBumendi Obama wawanciphisa lamazwi, wafuna ukuba aphinde ngokufanelekile amazwi futhi wabonisa ukuthi ngisho nehhovisi eliphakeme lingaphansi kwezimfuneko eziqondile zomthetho wezwe. Leso siqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sithembiso asikwenziwa nje kuphela esizweni kodwa emhlabeni wonke, umholi omusha umholi wezwe wonke, ephethe inqubo yentando yentando yeningi.

Izigaba Ezishintshayo

Isifungo singesinye sezikhathi ezimbalwa ekuphileni kwezombangazwe ezidlula impi ehlukanisayo. E-United States, amongameli abaphumayo ngokwesiko baya kulokhu kumiswa komlandeli wabo, umkhuba owaqala ngoJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson. Ngisho noma ushintsho luphakathi kwezimbangi ezithukuthele, ukuhlanganyela komkhosi kugcizelela ukuthula. Ngaleyondlela, eGhana, umongameli ngamunye ofikayo ufunga endaweni efanayo, i-Instrustrust Square, kanye namaqembu amakhulu akhona. Lombukwane obala wobunye, lapho abaphikisi bobunye bempi bebo phakathi nesifungo sombhishoshosho esisha, uveza umqondo wokuthi isikhundla sisikhulu kunomuntu. Ngaleyo ndlela isifungo siba uhlobo lwenkolo yomphakathi, ukubo bonke ukuzinikela ezimisweni zentando yentando yentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Okungokomlando Kwezinguqulo Okuchazwa I - oath

Izwe ligcwele izikhathi lapho isifungo somongameli siveza impumelelo yentando yeningi noma sivimbela inhlekelele.

E - United States 2009: Inkathi Entsha Yethemba

Ukwamukelwa kwe-Obama kwabonwa kabanzi njengenkathi yenguquko emlandweni waseMelika .Umongameli wokuqala waseMelika. Isifungo sakhe, naphezu kokuphambuka okuncane, sasiwuphawu olunamandla lwekhono lesizwe lokuguqula. Izigidi ezazingabaza ukungalingani kwesimiso sokhetho zaqinisekiswa ngokubona ukudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla kusuka kumaRepublican kuya eDemocrat. Isifungo sathathwa ngeBhayibheli elifanayo elasetshenziswa nguAbraham Lincoln ngo-1961, ngokuhlanganisa ngokuqondisisa ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela isifungo esingasetshenziswa ngayo ekuhlukaniseni ibhulo elingokomlando futhi sidlulisele ukuphatha okusha okusemthethweni.

I - Indonesia 1998 - 2004: Ukusuka Ebushiqelani Kuya Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ngemva kokuwa kukaSuharto ngo-1998, i-Indonesia yabhekana noshintsho olunzima. Ohulumeni abantekenteke bakaB. u-Habibie, u-Abdurrahman Wahid, noMegati Sukarnoputri ngamunye wathatha isifungo sobumongameli ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo ka-45. Isifungo ngokwaso saba isibambiso. Lapho uWahid efundiswa ngo-2001, uMegawhabita owalandela uMegati wafunga phakathi namahora, eqinisekisa ukuthi umbuso awukaze ubhekane nesikhala segunya. Umongameli wangongowango 2004 wathola unyulwa nguSulo Bambang Yudhono, waphawula ukudluliselwa kokuqala koxolo komongameli owayekhethwe komunye umongameli ukuba angene komunye. Umkhosi wakhe wokufuya kwakhe wawukhona ekwakheni futhi usakaza izwe lonke, uphawu olubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni we-Indonesia wawune.

EKenya 2002: Ukuqeda Inkathi Yenkonzo Ende

Ukhetho lwango-2002 lwaseKenya lwanqoba futhi lwagujwa kakhulu, ngokungafani nokhetho lwango-1950 lwe-Kenya African National Union (KANU), olwaluphethe kusukela ekuzimeleni. UMwai Kibamba wathatha isifungo sobumongameli ngoDecember 30, 2002, eKasarani Sports Complete phambi kwesixuku esikhulu. Ushintsho lwalunokuthula futhi lwalugujwa kakhulu, ngokungafani nokhetho lwamuva ngo 2007. Isifungo sikaKibeka uKibeka umkhosi waso sasihlanganisa isithembiso sokulwa nokonakala nokusebenzisa umthetho omusha. I-Cyroatiom kamuva wayezozama ukugcina, kodwa umzuzwana wabonakalisa ukunqamuka kwenkathi yokwehlukana nesixuku sangaphambili. Isifungo somphakathi, ngesiSwahili, sasiyisihluthulelo sobunye besizwe, siletha ndawonye amaqembu esizwe ayemelene nemibuso endulo ngayinye. Icala lempi yaseKenyane ibonisa ukuthi kamuva inguquko yemibuso ephakeme yalethwale.

IPoland 1989: Ukubhuntsha KobuKhomanisi

Ukhetho lokuqala olukhululekile ngokwengxenye ePoland lwaholela ekusungulweni kukahulumeni onezintambo eziqinile. NgoDecember 1990, uLech Wał lweesa wafungela njengoMongameli wokuqala owakhethwa ngedemokrasi wasePoland kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II. Isifungo sakhe, esithathwe phambi kweSishaya-Ngqungquthela Sesizwe, saphawula ukunqanyulwa okugcwele kokubusa kobukhomanisi. UWałōsa wakhetha ukufunga ukuthi “ngisizela uNkulunkulu,” ukunanela ulimi olwalusetshenziswa eRepublic yasePoland. Imikhosi yasakazwa eMpumalanga Yurophu, ishukumisa ezinye izinhlangano. Isifungo sasingesona isenzo esingokomthetho kuphela kodwa isimemezelo sokuthi izwe manje lalizobuswa izimiso zentando yeningi. Ushintsho lwePoland lwabonisa ukuthi ngisho nezimiso ezimisiwe zinganikeza umthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, futhi isihluthulelo sasiyisihluthulelo sokushintsha kwemithetho.

Lapho Inkundla Yenqatshwa Noma Ingavikelekile

Akubona bonke abaholi abasho amazwi ahlose ukuwagcina, futhi ezinye izinguquko ziye zenzeka ngaphandle kwesifungo. Nokho, ukwenqaba noma ukuhlanekezelwa kwesifungo ngokuvamile kubonisa ukwephulwa kwezimiso zentando yeningi.

Ukwenqaba Ukufihla Nesihlwathi Esingabhalwanga

Kwezinye izimo, umholi okhululekile wenqaba ukuhlanganyela ekunikezelweni komlandeli wabo, elulaza ubunye obungokomfanekiso. E-United States, uDonald Trump wakhetha ukungabe esaba khona amandla angokwesiko kaJoe Biden ngo-2021. Ukunqanyulwa kwesiko okwakulandelwe ngisho nangamongameli owalahlekelwa ukukhethwa. Nakuba uTrump engaphulanga noma yisiphi imfuneko somthetho-sisekelo (igama lakhe elingokomthetho laphela emini kaJanube ngoJanuary 20), ukunyamalala kwawo kwawenza buthaka amandla angokomthetho ahlanganisayo. Ngokufanayo, emazweni lapho abaholi abagumbuqeli bephoqelela khona umongameli ukuba afunde isifungo sokulahla umthetho ngaphansi kwe-Duress, inselo ewuqeda kakhulu amazwi encazelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugumbula umbuso wasePakistan wabona uJeral Muharfra ethatha amandla okufuya.

Ukuzilimaza Ngokuzenzakalelayo Kwesihlwathi

Abanye abaholi basebenzisa isifungo ukuze bathethelele izenzo ezilulaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMongameli Aleksand Vučí waseSerbia noma uViktor Orbán waseHungary efunga ukuvikela umthetho-sisekelo, bavame ukwenza kanjalo kuyilapho besusa inkululeko yokwahlulela futhi becindezela. Isifungo siba isifungo esingaqiniseki: umholi uthi usekela uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho empeleni esekela amandla ombuso wezwe. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umphakathi wezizwe zonke nokuphikiswa kwasekhaya kuveza igebe phakathi kwesithembiso esishiwoyo kanye neqiniso elibusayo. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi isifungo sodwa asinakuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwentando yeningi; kumelwe sihlanganiswe nezinhlangano eziqinile, ukhetho olukhululekile, nomphakathi okhuthele. Noma kunjalo, ngisho noma kusetshenziswa kabi, iqiniso elizwiwayo lizwakalayo ligcizelela inani elingokomfanekiso lezenziwa yibo.

Isicathulo Esingekho Emkhakheni Wedemocratic

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izifungo zikamongameli azigcini edemokrati. Imibuso eminingi yempoqo yesigaba sokufushanisa izifungo ezicushwe ngokucubungula ukuze kuvele imikhosi engokomthetho. ERussia, uVladimir Putin uthathe isifungo sobumongameli izikhathi eziningi (2000, 2004, 2012, 2018) nesandla sobumongameli. Umkhosi usakazwa kusukela eKremlin, kanye nokukhala kweSigebengu seSigele kanye nendinganiso somongameli ephakanyiswayo. Nakuba i-Vladimir Putin iye yathatha izifungo zokubekwa amandla yizazi zomhlaba wonke njengezingakhokhi ngenkululeko nangobulungisa, umkhosi wesifungo ngokwawo ulingisa umkhuba wentando yeningi. Ngokufanayo, emazweni anjenge-Belarusselsal neKazakhstan, isifungo somongameli sisetshenziswa ukwenza ukukhazinyuliswa kobuPromasterin, ngisho nangesilinganiso sobumongameli esihoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho oqotho.

Ikusasa Lendawo Yomongameli

Njengoba inqubo yentando yeningi ibhekene nokuwohloka kwezimiso zentando yeningi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, umuntu angase abuze ukuthi isifungo sikamongameli siyaqhubeka yini sibusa. Ukungathembeki kwezombangazwe, ukuncipha kwezimiso, nokuphakama kwabaholi abaphangi ababekela imingcele esobala yokuvinjelwa komthetho-sisekelo wonke wonke usongela ukusebenza kwamasiko. Nokho ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi isifungo siyaqhubeka siqinile. Imibuso emisha yombuso wentando yeningi iyaqhubeka ukusamukela; ngisho nasemazweni ashintshayo ekubuseni kobushiqela, isifungo singenye yezinqubo zokuqala ezasungulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-Tunisia, owakhiwa ngo-2011 ngemva kwe-Arabia Spring, uhlanganisa isifungo esinemininingwane sikamongameli. Umkhosi lapho uBejiid Essebsi wathatha khona isifungo ngo-2014 sathathwa futhi wabekwa njengophawu ku-Ben Ali.

Isifungo sivumelana nezikhathi ezishintshayo. Amanye amazwe manje avumela ukufunga ngento ethile yomuntu siqu noma ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umbhalo wenkolo, ngokuphathelene nokungakholelwa kwenkolo. Amanye ahlanganisa izifungo zendawo ezungezile noma izithembiso zokuvikela amalungelo ezingane. EGhana, umongameli ufunga isifungo esengeziwe sokuvikela indawo ezungezile, ebonisa izinkathazo zanamuhla. Isimo singashintsha, kodwa umsebenzi uyaqhubeka: ukubopha umholi obala kumthetho-sisekelo futhi anikeze isizwe ufakazi ohlangene. Inkathi yezokuxhumana ngemishini, ifinyelela abantu abaningi kunanini ngaphambili, i-impela kusetshenziswa izingcingo zocingo, ihlanganyela ngezokuxhumana, futhi incintisana ngezono enqunywe yizono. Lokhu kuhlola kungaqinisa inqubo, njengoba noma isiphi isifungo esimiswe kumazwi esimiswe umthetho. Umongameli uyavuma, ngisho nangemva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, isilinganiso semishini yokuziboshela umthetho wezenziwa.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sobumongameli singaphezu kakhulu kwesesikhathi esisele sangaphambili, esingokomthetho. Siwuphawu oluphilayo oluhlanganisa izinhloso zedemokrasi zibe isenzo esisodwa, somphakathi. Noma e-United States namazwi ayo angokomlando athathwe ku-Athian II, eNingizimu Afrika ebuya ngemva kwe-paradimedid, ekuhlanganeni kwe-demokrasi ye-demokrati, eNigeria ngokungaguquki, noma kwezinye izinguquko ezingenakubalwayo emhlabeni wonke, isifungo siveza isikhathi lapho amandla eshintsha izandla ngokomthetho nangokuthula. Siqinisekisa izakhamuzi, siqinisekisa ukuqina kwemithetho yesizwe, futhi siqinisekisa izwe ukuthi umholi omusha uyokwenza ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Izibonelo zokwenqaba, ukuvukela, ukuvukela, noma ukulingisa uhulumeni kugcizelela ukubaluleka kombuso: labo abafuna isibusiso sawo sombuso.

Ukuze uguqulo lwentando yeningi luphumelele, isifungo kumelwe sisekelwe yizinhlangano eziqinile, ikomiti ezimele, nabantu abaqaphile. Kodwa lesisiko ngokwaso akufanele sithathwe kalula. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho umongameli omusha ebeka isandla kumthetho-sisekelo (noma ifulege) futhi aphinde amazwi asendulo, isizwe sivuselela ukuzimisela kwaso kuhulumeni waso. Lokho, kuphindaphindwa ezizukulwaneni, kuhlanganisa isikhathi esidlule futhi kusikhumbuza ukuthi idemokrati ayisona nje ilungiselelo lenqubo kodwa isithembiso esenziwe obala, ukuze sizwakale.