Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Ukukhetha Imvelo Kubaluleke

Indlela amavota ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni noma emahhovisi ayiyona nje imininingwane yobuchwepheshe", ihlela indlela imikhankaso esetshenziswa ngayo, indlela abavoti abaziphatha ngayo, nendlela abameleli bedemokrati abahluke ngayo ngempela. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulisiwe kuhlola inqubo yentando yeningi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu embulungeni yonke, ngalinye linemisebenzi yalo phakathi kobulula, ukungakhethi, ukuzinza, nokungaguquguquki. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhweba-kuphuma kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlola izinguquko nokufaka inqubo yedemokramente. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kuhlola amafomethi avamile okhetho − Fist-Past- Post, Protravectionalciation Inqualition, Rhaviced Voiced, Vointed, kanye neMixobo evelayo, ukuveza i-procedromedia engcono, ukubukeka kwazo.

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kuhlelo lwe-Past-Pres- Post yokuqala, ovota kakhulu esifundeni esisodwa uwina isihlalo. U Voter uphonsa ibhola elilodwa kulowo ozokhetha, futhi akukho mgodi ozothatha noma ophiwe. Lendlela isetshenziswa emazweni anjenge United Kingdom, Canada, iNdiya, ne-United States (ofuna ukhetho oluningi lwengqungquthela).

Izinzuzo Ze - FPTP

  • Ukuzifica kanye nejubane: Abavoli bawuqonda kalula umqondo othi “noma ubani othola amavoti amaningi.” AmaBallot alula, futhi imiphumela ingabalwa ngokushesha ngobusuku bokukhetha.
  • I-Majority Genatity Oguide:[ FTP ithambekele ekukhuliseni ingxenye yesihlalo yeqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke, inciphisa amathuba emifelandawonye futhi yenza ukuba ukumiswa kwemithetho kusebenze ngokuzinzile, okuwujuqu.
  • Ukwethula umelelo: Isifunda ngasinye sinommeleli oyedwa, onecala eliqondile, ongathuthukisa ukuhlobana okuseduze phakathi kwabavoti nesikhulu sabo esikhethiwe.
  • Ukukhishwa kwe-Extremist Fringe Parities:[ Isithiyo esiphakeme sokuwina izihlalo ngokuvamile sivimbela amaqembu amancane, anamandla ekutholeni ithonya lomthetho.

Izingozi Ze - FPTP

  • Imidlalo efakwe amavote kanye ne-sprepoision: amavote aphonswe abalahlekele noma abawinile ngengxenye enkulu yebala aliwuthinti umphumela. Lokhu kungaholela ekuwineni kweqembu izihlalo eziningi ezinezihlalo ezingaphansi kakhulu kwezingu 50% zevoti ethandwayo.
  • Izincwadi ezisemthethweni:[ Imishini ivame ukuzizwa icindezelwa ukuba ivote umuntu ongathandwa kakhulu kunokuba ikhethe kuqala, ihlanekezele ukuveza umbono womphakathi.
  • Ngaphansi kokumelelwa kwama-triam nama-pariti amancane: I-Goographic yamaqembu amancane ingasiza, kodwa amaqembu ahlakazekile azweni (umz., Greens, Liberals) athola izihlalo ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezindawo zokuvota ezihambisana.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: imingcele yesigodi ingasetshenziswa ekusekeleni iqembu elilodwa, ilulaze ubulungisa.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela

Ku-2019 UK General Evotion, i-Conservative Party yawina 43,6% yevoti kodwa kwathi i-Liberal Democrates yathola i-11,6% yevoti kodwa i-1.7% yezihlalo. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuthambekela kwe-FPTP ekuhlubeni i-proportigativity. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, isimiso se-FPTPPPP saseCanada siye saveza ohulumeni abaningi ngezikhathi eziningana ngisho nalapho iqembu eliwinayo lamukela ngaphansi kwe-40% yevoti ethandwayo.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Izimiso ze-Propotional directoration zijonge ukwabela izihlalo esihlalweni esigodlweni somthetho ngokulingana nengqikithi yamavoti atholwa yilungu ngalinye. Umehluko ovame kakhulu yisimiso soluhlu lweqembu, lapho abavoti bevotela khona iqembu (hhayi abavoti ngabanye) futhi amaqembu athola izihlalo ezisekelwe kwisabelo sabo sokuvota. Ezinye iziqu zihlanganisa i-Onte Exfred Vote (STV) ezifundeni eziningi. I-PR isetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi ze-democracy, kuhlanganise ne-Jalimane, i-Sweden, ne-Netherlands.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR

  • Ukumelela: Zonke izindaba zokuvota] (ngisho nalezo zeqembu elincane zinganikela ezihlalweni. Isishaya-mthetho sibonisa ngokuqonde ngokwengeziwe izinhlobonhlobo zezikhethelo.
  • Izimiso zesigaba esineminingi: Imishini inezinqumo eziningi, futhi imibono emincane ingathola izwi, iholele empikiswaneni ecebile yezombangazwe.
  • Umphezulu ophakeme Voter Turnout:[[FL:1] ngoba amavoti ambalwa “ayabodwa,” izakhamuzi zingazizwa zihlanganyela kakhulu, okungandisa ukuthembisana.
  • Imelelo engcono yama-Troff: Uma amaqembu amancane ezenzela ezawo izigaba noma efakwa ezinhluni zezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, angafinyelela ukumelelwa kwemithetho kalula kakhulu kune-FPTP.

Izingozi Ze - PR

  • Ohulumeni Bokubambisana nokungaguquguquki: akuvamile ukuba iqembu elilodwa linqobe iningi, liphoqelela imifelandawonye engathambeka noma ephuze ukwenza izinqumo (umz., ushintsho lukahulumeni oluvamile wase-Italy).
  • Ukulandelana kwevoters:[ Izimiso zoluhlu lwesigaba zivame ukusebenzisa uhlu oluvaliweyo lapho abavoti bengenakukhetha abazocela, benciphisa ukulandisa. Izinhlelo zohlu loluhlu ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukubala nokuqonda.
  • I-Prothelisation for Extremist Parities to Gauntain Seats:[ Imikhawulo ephansi (umz., 1% eNetherlands) ingavumela amaqembu angena emapaleni angenayo, angaphazamisa ukubusa.
  • Izikhokhi zophawu lwendawo: Ohlwini lwe-PR oluhlanzekile, azikho izigodi ezinengxenye eyodwa, zenza buthaka ukuxhumana phakathi kwabavoti nommeleli othile.

Izimiso Ezixubile: Indlela Exutshiwe Yokuphehla Umzimba

Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa i-FPTP ne-PR ukuze anciphise ama-PR amacala aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PR isebenzisa isimiso se-Mixber Proportonal (MMP) lapho abavoti bevota khona amavoti amabili (avoti amabili) omfundi wendawo (FPTP) kanye nesohlu lweqembu (PR). Uvota unquma ukulingana kwesihlalo sonke, ukuphakamisa izihlalo ukuze kufinyelele ukulingana kuyilapho kugcinwa i-protement. Lesibonelo sinikeza ukuhlehlela okulinganiselwe kodwa sidinga umklamo wokuqaphayo ukuze sigweme ukuphikisana okufana “nezihlalo ze-akhang."”

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Futhi yaziwa nangokuvota okusheshayo, i-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokuthanda. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela iningi lamavoti okuqala a-pareference, umvoti onezinto ezimbalwa ezithandwayo ziqediwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa kwezinye izintando zabo kulezo zibhalothisi. Lenqubo iphinda futhi kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti ekhona. RCV isetshenziswa e-Australia (Indlu yabamelelithiwe), e-Ireland (ukhetho oluphambili), nasemizini eminingana enjengeSan Francisco neMinneapolis.

Izinzuzo Ze - RCV

  • Imiphumela yeRepuces Spoleer:[ Abazothatha isigaba sesithathu bangagijima ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa amavoti, ngoba abasekeli babakhishi bezwe bangabalwa ukukhetha kwabo kwesibili.
  • [[[NT:0] Iqamba Imali Ethembekile: Imali ingabeka imfihlo yayo yokuqala ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokuthi “ivota”, iqede isidingo sokuvota ngeqhinga.
  • I-Promotes Broad Apple: Amakhangiso akumelwe ahehe ukusekela kokuqala kuphela kodwa futhi nokukhetha okwesibili nokwesithathu, aqhube umkhankaso ongakhi kakhulu nokwakha iqoqo elihlangene kakhulu.
  • [ IMajority Manday: Owinayo ekugcineni uthola ukusekela okukhulu kulabo abahlanganyela, ebanikeza umyalo onamandla wokukhetha.

Izingozi Ze - RCV

  • I-Coptx Ballot kanye nebala: Amavoter kumele aqonde indawo ephezulu, futhi ukufakwa kwe-tabter kudinga imizuzwana eminingana yokubala noma i-software yecomputer, engabambezela imiphumela futhi iphakamise izingozi ze-partrup ku-mijaho eseduze.
  • Ijubane eliphezulu le Voter nephutha Rates:[ Ballot nama-slect aphunyukile, aphinda-phindwayo, noma amaphawu angacacile kumelwe afinyelelwe, angasusa abanye abavoti.
  • Ukuvota Okungatholakala: Kwezinye izimo, abavoti bangathi “bashaye ucingo” umphikisi onamandla ngokuzibeka phansi ukuze balimaze amathuba abo, okuholela emiphumeleni ephambene ezimweni ezingavamile.
  • Ayisho iProjekthi egcwele: RCV isetshenziswa kakhulu ezifundeni ze-win eyodwa, ngakho ayiqinisekisi ukuthi i-aldermedial ye-athods.

Ukutadisha I - Case: Umbukiso Okhethekile Wase - Alaska Ka - 2022

NgoAugust 2022, i-Alaska yasebenzisa i-RCV okokuqala ngqá kukhetho olukhethekile lwendlu yabameleli base-U.Democrat Mary Peltola wanqoba owayenguMbusi uSarah Palin noRiphablikian Nick Begich. UPeltola wawina ngesilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-40% yamavoti okuqala kodwa wazuza iningi ngemva kokukhipha ukhetho lwesibili lukaBegich Costation, okuningi kwalokhu okwaya ePeltola phezu kwePalin. Umphumela wabonisa indlela i-RCV engaphakamisa ngayo abavoti bemali futhi iveze imiphumela ebonisa kahle izintando eziyinkimbinkimbi zika-Foffany.

Uhlelo lwezintambo ezimbili (i-Roft)

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kuso sonke isimiso esijikelezayo, ukhetho lokuqala luvame ukuqhutshwa abantu abaningi abazobhapathizwa. Uma kungekho mfundamakhwela owina iningi (inani elingu-50%+1) emzungezani wokuqala, umjikelezo wesibili uba phakathi kwababili abaphezulu (noma ngezinye izikhathi abengeziwe). Lokhu kuvamile kukhetho lukamongameli eFrance, eBrazil, nasemazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, kanye nokhetho lwemithetho emazweni anjenge-Iran nase-Uzbekistan.

Izinzuzo Zesimiso Sezintambo Ezimbili

  • UMnqobi Owenziwayo: Ogcinayo kumelwe afinyelele abaningi emzuzwini wokugcina, abanike umyalo ocacile othandwayo.
  • Ukubonisa kobuvolonti:[ Phakathi kwemijikelezo, abavoti banesikhathi sokuhlola kabusha, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukuvumelana nezivumelwano ezintsha.
  • [ Imicimbi ehlanganisa ukukhokha: Ivame ukuxoxa ngokuvumelana phakathi kwemijikelezo, iphoqelela ukugqama kwemibono nokuvumelana okungaholela ekubusweni okusekelwe ezindaweni eziningi.
  • Inkulu kakhulu wesibili-Umfutho we-Turnout: Umnqobi othatha yonke i-coffew angaqhubekisela phambili ukungenela ngenxa yokuthi zonke izindaba zamavoti.

Izingozi Zesimiso Esinezinhlayiya Ezimbili

  • Izincwadi zomthetho nomthetho: uphethe izindleko zokuhlela kabili, imizamo yokuvota, nezimfuneko zokuphepha. Kungaphuthumisa imiphumela amasonto amaningi.
  • Ukukhathala okubangelwa ukukhathala: I-FUT] Ivame ukwehla emzuzwaneni wesibili, ikakhulukazi uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi abavoti babo baqediwe noma uma ukukhetha okusele kungathokozisi.
  • Ukuvota okuzenzekelayo kwi-sound One:[ Abavoti bangavota ngokungeyikho emzungezani wokuqala ukuhlela ukushelelanisa i-gaved disease(ngokwesibonelo, ukuvota umphikisi obuthakathaka kakhulu ukuze asuse usongo olunamandla.
  • [ Ukukhishwa kwemikhosi emincane: Amaqembu amancane awavamile ukukhipha, alinganisela ikhono lawo lokuthonya isimiso ngisho noma esekela kakhulu kuqala.

Incwajana Eqhathanisayo: Ukukhethwa Komongameli WaseFrance

Isimiso saseFrance esizinze kabili sokhetho lwaso lobumongameli siye sabangela igalelo elivamile emzuzwaneni wesibili (umz., iMacron vs. Le Pen ngo-2017, 64.8% kuya ku-35%; ngo-2022, 58.5% kuya ku-41.5%. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso sicindezela ukukhetha “ububi obungenasiphelo” ekuduleni, obungazizwa bukhululekile, kuyilapho abasekeli bebunikeza imiphumela ecacile, emikhulu.

Izimo Zokukhetha Ezihlukile

Ukuthunyelwa Kwezincwadi

Ukuvota ngokuvunyelwa kuvumela abavoti ukuba bavote (babonise) abaningi abazovota ngendlela abathanda ngayo. Uma besebenzisa amavoti avunyiwe kakhulu. Olunye ukhetho lwenhlangano, ukuvuma ukuvota kulula futhi kunciphisa inkinga ephanga. Nokho, akuthathi umthetho wokukhetha futhi kungaholela eku “voteleni” (ngokuvuma kuphela) njengendlela efanelekile yokuthatha isinyathelo, kunciphisa izinzuzo zakho.

Ukugqama kwephuzu (Ukuqhakaza)

Izibalo zevoters zilinganisa isibalo somvota ngamunye ngesilinganiso (umz. 0-5 noma 0-10). Umlandeli onesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu noma ingqikithi yebhola awinayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uvumela abavoti ukuba baveze amandla okukhetha, kuyilapho abaphikisi bethi ukukuvuna kuvuza ihaba futhi kungadidaniswa nokuvota. Kuye kwasetshenziswa kukhetho olungesikho kuhulumeni kodwa akuvamile ukuba kube ngokwezinga lesizwe.

Izindlela Zokuxuba

Izindlela ze-condorcet ziqhathanise wonke umuntu ozothatha i-condorcet ngokuqondana nokubona ozoshaya wonke omunye emncintiswaneni wekhanda nontloko. Zinhle kakhulu futhi zivumelana nomthetho omningi, kodwa zingaveza imijikelezo (awukho umnqobi ocacile we-Condorcet) futhi zidinga ukuklanywa nokubalwa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Akukho kukhethwa okukhulu kwesizwe okusebenzisa indlela ehlanzekile ye-Condorcet, nakuba izindlela ezifana ne-Schulze zisetshenziswa kukhetho oluthile lweqembu lezombangazwe.

Ukuqhathanisa: Ama - kit Treasure-Off

Ukukhetha isimiso sokukhetha kuhilela ukulinganisela izindinganiso eziningana ezincintisanayo:

  • [ Iprojekthi yokwehlukanisa i-vs. Ukulunga: PR iveza imiphumela elinganayo kodwa ngokuvamile iholela kumaqembu; i-FPTP ivame ukuveza inxenye eyodwa kodwa ngezindleko zokulunga.
  • Ukuzifihla. Ukuveza izimpawu: FP kulula ukubala kodwa kuvimbele indlela yokuvota; i-RCV nokuvota kunikeza ukukhetha okuhlukile kodwa kudinga okwengeziwe kubavoti nabaphathi.
  • Indawo ezungezile i-vs. National Cohesion: Izigodi ezingahlangani (FPTP, RCV) zinikeza abavoti ubuso bendawo, kuyilapho uhlu lwezigaba PR lungadambisa lokhu kuhlangana kodwa lumelela kangcono ukuhlukahluka kwezombangazwe zesizwe.
  • Ijubane vs. Inkululeko: Izimiso ezibukhali ezimbili ezibambezele ijubane lokugcina, okungaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi uma ukubala kuthatha isikhathi eside noma kuncintiswane.

Inkulumo - mpikiswano yokuguqula izakhi zofuzo kumelwe ihlole ubufakazi obusekelwe ebufakazini, imingcele engokomthetho, nokuqonda umphakathi.

Isiphetho: Indlela Yokuzikhethela Ngolwazi

Ukuphumelela kwendlela yokukhetha akunakubhekwa kuphela ngezakhi zayo ezicatshangelwayo. Imiphumela yangempela yomhlaba ixhomeke ekusetshenzisweni, ekuvotiseni, nasezicini ezibanzi ezifana nemali yomkhankaso, inkululeko yezokuxhumana, nokuqondisa okuzimele. Abaqondisi abaqonda izimpawu zomthetho nomonakalo wesimiso ngasinye bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela izinguquko ezivumelana nezindinganiso zabo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, ukucwaninga okuvela equaliweni yeNguquko , [[FLT:], [FLT]] i-ECE QUELLL Knowlethi yolwazi [[, kanye nemithombo [ Fairvote] , enikeza ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwezimiso ezikhethiweyo emhlabeni wonke. Ekugcineni, idemokhrasi iyachuma uma izakhamuzi zingahileli kuphela nabavoti kodwa nangemithetho efanayo elawula indlela amavoti ethu afana ngayo namazwi kuhulumeni.