Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nezakhiwo

Igatsha Eliphethe lithola igunya lalo eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ingubo ebusayo kuMongameli wase-United States. Lokhu kukhetha kwabasesakhiweni kwangamabomu [1] Bafuna umphathi oyedwa okwaziyo ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu, ngokungafani nemikhandlu eminingi ephawula ohulumeni abathile ngaphansi kweZiphakamiso Zomthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi, iGabhu eliphethe liye lakhula lisuka ekhabetheni elincane leminyango emine (Isifunda, iNdawo, iMpi, ne-Athorney General) libe yithuluzi elibanzi leminyango ye-akhabethe engu-15, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimeleyodwa, nezisebenzi ezingaba izigidi ezine ezihlanganisa nezisebenzi zempi ezisebenza ngokufanayo.

UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni, indima ehlangene egxilisa isithunzi esikhulu nesebenza. UMongameli ongummeli usebenza njengesikhulu esiyinhloko somsizi nomlandeli, kuyilapho iKhabhinethi (ehlanganiswe nonobhala womnyango ngamunye) inikeza isiqondiso sochwepheshe ezindabeni ezisukela kwezolimo kuya kwezezobukadenki. Ngaphandle kwezezikhulu ze-Center, iHhovisi Lezempathiwe likaMongameli (kuhlanganise i-White House Office, i-National Security Council, neHofisi Yokuphathwa Kwezimiso nohlelo) isiza ukumiswa kwezimiso nokumiswa kwemithetho. Inhlangano ngayinye yesifundazwe sisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lemithetho enikezwa yiKhosi egunya likaPrentervent, kodwa ngamandla esiya izikhulu, ngemiyadionta yesikhulu (igrantial , ne-spaignadiod).

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokuphepha Komphakathi

Umsebenzi obonakalayo wezinsuku zonke weSebe eliphethe uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Lomyalo uhlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yobugebengu, ukuvikelwa kwemingcele, nokuvikelwa kwesizwe. UMnyango Wezobulungisa (DOJ) usebenza njengengalo eyinhloko engokomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa ukuqinisekisa imithwalo yemfanelo kuhanjiswa ezinhlanganweni eziningi ezinezithunywa ezikhethekile.

  • IFEDAL Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Ifayina lokwephulwa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nobuphekula, ubugebengu obuyi-inthane, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. I-FBI inikeza futhi ukusekela kokuhlakanipha embusweni nasemthetho wendawo.
  • I-Drug Ercement Administration (DEA): Iphoqelela i-Substances Act Elawulwayo, ihlasela izinhlangano ezishushumbisa izidakamizwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemithi kadokotela.
  • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemongs ne FROSIVES (ATF):[ ibuyisa izibhamu, iziqhumane, nophenyo lwe-arson; futhi ilwa nokushushumbisa okungekho emthethweni utshwala nogwayi.
  • Indawo ye-Homeland Security (DHS): Ibone uku-immigtion kanye ne-Crommentation (ICE), i-CBP yoMgangatho ne-Common Protection (CP), i-Schester Service Service, i-Federal Emetainment Management Agency (FEMA) Agency (FM). DHS yadalwa ngo-2002 ukuze ilungise imisebenzi yokhuseleko lwasekhaya ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11.
  • U.S.R. SERS: Inikeza ukuvikelwa kwenkantolo, ibopha ababaleki, futhi iphatha uhlelo loFakazi lokuvikela.

Inhlangano ngayinye isebenza ngaphansi kweziphathimandla zemithetho kodwa ihlala ingaphansi kwesiqondiso somongameli ngokumiswa kwamanhloko ezinhlangano nokubekwa kweziqondiso zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angayala i-DEA ukuba inciphise ukugcinwa kwensangu ezizweni lapho kungokomthetho khona, ngokuphumelelayo ukugcinwa komthetho okulungisayo ngaphandle kokunqanda umthetho kahulumeni ongaphansi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Nokuphatha

Ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwemithetho, iSebe eliphethe liqondisa izinhlelo eziningi zikahulumeni, kusukela kuSocial Security and Medicadare kuya kumthetho wombuso wokulahla izimali zabafundi nomthetho wendawo ezungezile. I-Office of Management and Baclage (OMB) ihlela ukubulawa kwezimiso ngokuhlola iziqondiso zezinhlangano, ukuhlola ithonya lemali ehlelelwe, nokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwezinto eziza kuqala zikamongameli. Ukushaya umthetho . Inqubo lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zidala khona imithetho ebophekayo engokomthetho. I-Adrefect idinga izinhlangano ezifuna ukusakaza imithetho ehlolwayo, ukucela ukuphendula komphakathi, nokukhipha imithetho yokugcina, ngokuvamile ngokuhlaziya okugcwele izindleko nezinzuzo.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) iguqula izakhiwo ezibanzi ze-createoc Air Act zifake amalungiselelo okukhipha i-octleat ekhethekile ezimbonini zikagesi, kuyilapho uMnyango Wemfundo ufeza izimfuneko zezemfundo zokulandisa kwesikole ngaphansi koMthetho weSifundi Esinempumelelo. Lezenzo zokuqondisa zinamandla omthetho kodwa zingashintshwa noma zishintshwe ngezikhulu ezilandelayo, ziqokomisa indima eyinhloko yeSebe leSebe eliphethe iGatya i-gadstry ekwakheni imiphumela.

Ubuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

UMongameli ukhonza njengesikhulu esiyinhloko somphathi-zwe nomphathi-mikhosi wamabutho ahlomile. NgoMnyango woMbuso, i-Guade Administrate meart izingxoxo zezivumelwano (eziphethwe yiSigele sokuhlobisa), umelela izithakazelo ze-U.S. futhi ulawula ubuhlobo obungokwenhlalo namazwe angaphezu kuka-90. UMkhandlu we-National Security (M.NC) uhlanganisa inkambiso nezindlela zokuzivikela zakwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho uMnyango wezempi wezengamele imisebenzi yezempi emhlabeni wonke. I-Intelligence Community [1] hlanganise ne-CICIA, ne-DIA, ne-DIA .

Ithonya eliphethe izindaba zakwamanye amazwe likhulu: amabutho aye alwa nezindawo ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa ingqungquthela (umz., iLibya ngo-2011, i-Syria ngemva ko-2014), nakuba iSigqi saMandla sidinga ukuqashelwa phakathi namahora angu-48 futhi i-asethi ehlela ukuba kube izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zezikhulu, ezingadingi imvume yeSigele, ziye zaba ithuluzi elivamile lokuqhuba ibhizinisi lezizwe zonke, nakuba zingenakuwudlulisa umthetho wemithetho yezizwe.

Amathuluzi Kamongameli Omthetho Olawulayo

Isiyalo Esiphethe Nombhanda

Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziyiziqondiso zikamongameli ezilawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Bathola igunya labo ngokukhipha izigaba zomthetho nangokunikeza imithetho ye-statonsis. Nakuba kungemthetho ngokwawo, iziyalo eziphetheyo zithwele umthwalo womthetho lapho zikhishwa ngokuqhubekisela phambili imithetho ekhona noma imibuso engokomthetho. Abameli baye basebenzisa ukufinyelela izinqumo ezinkulu: uMongameli Truman desegravite amabutho ahlomile (I-Programme 9981), uMongameli uKennedy wadala i-Peace Corpons (I-Profection Orderce 10924), umongameli Readern wayala ukuba kuhlolwe izisebenzi ezingosi ezingosini zikahulumeni, u-Opensiley Readern Act Accondation for Childhome (DACA) uhlelo lohlelo (im) (imum), uMongameli we-M, umongameli we-Bholimesmeedelame (iaderin) ngosuku lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala).

Iziqondiso eziphethe zibopha ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba ziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo noma nezimiso ezikhona. Izinkantolo zingazenza zibe yize ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, futhi iziKhomishane zingaziqeda ngokumisa umthetho omusha oguqula isisekelo somthetho. Lokhu kwenza iziyalezo zezikhulu zibe namandla kodwa futhi zithambe kakhulu, zingashintshwa ngohlangothi lwepeni olulandelayo.

Ukusayina Izinkulumo

Lapho uKhongolo luthumela isikhwama kuMongameli, uMongameli angase asayine umthetho futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo anikeze isimemezelo sokusayina. Lamazwi ngokuvamile achaza indlela umphathi ahlose ngayo ukuchaza nokumisa umthetho omusha, ngezinye izikhathi eveza amalungiselelo uMongameli abheka njengangagunyaziwe noma ngokuphambene negunya lomphathi. Nakuba abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi bafana ne-quasitomu ngaphandle kwesisekelo somthetho, abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi bayizinqubo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni zokuchaza igunya. Obama basebenzisa izinkulumo zokusayina ukuqinisekisa ukuqonda kwesikhulu, futhi uMongameli Obama waqhubeka nomsebenzi, nakuba kungaphikisangaphikisanga lutho. Ukusayina okunga amandla omthetho, kodwa bangathonya indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo izimfuneko.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli angakhipha noma isiphi isikweletu esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, asivimbeli ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba izikweletu ezimbili ezithatha amagumbi zombili zivotelwe. Lobubukhonya obungakhisi bunikeza iGada eliphethe indima ebucayi ekwakheni umthetho − usongo lwe-vetos ukuphoqelela uKhomishane ukuba kuxoxiswe. Ukungaza imizamo ayivamile futhi ayiphumelelanga: phakathi kuka-1789 no-2023, amongameli wathatha izikweletu ezingaphezu kwezingu 2 500, kanye ne-ousstons. Ukungath'othi okuhlanganisa uMongameli u-Andreal Johnson's's's Act ka-Act ka-Aderist (ult), umongameli we-Ederist 2016, wadutshulwa yiNk.

Igunya Lokunqunyelwa Nokususwa

UMongameli umisa izinkulungwane zezikhulu − kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, amajaji, amanxusa, kanye namanxusa ezinhlangano . Lombuso uvumela umongameli ukuba asebenze nohulumeni nabantu abahlanganyela umbono wabo wezimiso, kanjalo ethonya ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuqala iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Nokho, amandla okususwayo awaphelele. Umbuso ungakha izinhlangano ezizimele (njengeSiqingo se-Federal noma i-SEC) kanye nezizathu zokususa isivikelo sabaphathi bawo, ubeke imingcele yokulawula umongameli. Inkantolo ephakeme yama-202020 i-SLA Law [LC v.Sformental Providecial Bureaurage Office [ i-Primential providentssioners providence providence providencessssmessswoup [ir] izikhulu zegatsha ezithile ezithile ezithile ezithile kodwa isekela izikhulu zikahulumeni eziningi.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala EMthethweni Nokushintsha Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa

Ithonya elinamandla kakhulu iGatya elilawula ukugcinwa komthetho libonakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho umbono womphakathi noma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Umthetho woku-information unikeza isibonelo esiqinile. UKhongolo lusungule izigaba ezinkulu zecala eligwedlwayo, kodwa iSebe Eliphetheyo linquma indlela yokwaba imithombo yamandla. I-Obama yamisa ukususwa kwamuva kwabaxhuzulwa emngceleni nezigebengu ezivalelwe, kuyilapho i-Trump i-applectived ihlanganisa noma imuphi umuntu okhona ngaphandle kwemvume, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umlando wobugebengu. Ukuqondisa kweBiden kwahlehliswa, ukukhishwa kweziqondiso ezigxile ekuvimbeleni kwesizwe, izigebengu ezingathi sína, kanye nezingeniso zamuva ezingeni. Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu izinombolo zokudingiswa kwe-toxiwa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-40 000 ngonyaka ngaphansi kwe-Obama ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuphathi be-Obama ngo-2019, futhi inani elifanayo lincipheke kakhulu kungaphansi kwezingu-100 000 ezingaphansi kwengu-201 000 ngemva kwenkambiso ye-Biden.

Isimiso Sokusetshenziswa Kwezidakamizwa

Izinqumo eziqondiswe abaqondisi besimiso sokulawula ukumiswa kwezidakamizwa zibuye zilolonge ukugcinwa kwezidakamizwa. I-Obama yakhipha i-Cole Meyandrum (203) eyayala ama-Attorney ase-U.S. ukuba angamangaleli abantu abavumelana nemithetho yombuso yensangu. I-Trump yawuguqula lowo msebenzi ngo-2018, inikeza abashushisi bezwe imvume yokufuna ukulandelela amacala ensangu ngisho nasezindaweni lapho kusemthethweni khona. Okwamanje, i-Biden ikhuthaza ukukhipha insangu eShedyuli I ukuba iShechelpy III futhi ikhiphe izintethelelo zecala elivamile likahulumeni. Lokhu kushintsha isimo esingokomthetho sensangu ebekwe ngaphansi kwe-Substas Acts Act, kodwa kuguqula kakhulu indlela izinhlangano zomthetho ezisebenza ngayo emhlabeni.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezinguquko Zamaphoyisa

Izinto eziza kuqala egatsheni eliphethe zithinta futhi ukuphenya amalungelo omphakathi kanye nemithetho egunyaziwe neminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo. I-Obama yamisa uphenyo oluningi lwezinqubo zokulungisa inqubo eminyangweni yamaphoyisa, yaphumela ekuvumeni izinqumo ezidinga izinguquko. Iziphathimandla ze-Trump zakunciphisa ngokushesha lokhu kuphenya. Iziphathimandla zeBiden ziye zavuselela umnyango wobucukubhede bezejwayezi bezejwayezi, zihlola iMinneapolis, Louisville, ne-Pician, phakathi kwezinye.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukuphatha Okungokomthetho Nokuhlulelwa

Naphezu kwemibuso yayo emikhulu, iGatya eliphetheyo lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubusa okungahlangani. ISishaya-mthetho silawula izintambo zezikhwama zemali − ukumiswa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokugcinwa komthetho, kuyafaneleka unyaka ngamunye. ISishaya-Mkhandlu futhi inalo igunya lokuqondisa, iphethe izimemezelo, ikhipha ama-subpoena, futhi ifuna izincwadi ezisemthethweni eziqondiswe izinhlangano ze-aguasensic, nakuba kungavamile ukusetshenziswa, ivumela iNdluwa ukuba ithathe indimeli, uMongameli, nezikhulu zezakhamuzi ‘ ngeSifumbathiso, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme ze-Mithenwa,” ngokuqhuba icala. Umongameli u-Andreandlons, u-Clinton, noDonaldson, noDrun banikwa i-Drun, nakuba kungekho nenye i-Scoulson, eyayiboshwe yisikhulu seSigesagesagesame.

IJaji Lokwahlulela linikeza okunye ukuhlola okubalulekile ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zingashaya izenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho noma zidlule igunya lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukuthunjwa kukaMongameli Truman ngezigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea kwakungekhona ukumiswa (] intsha i-Stown shell & Lamp; Tube Co. v. sayyer[[[FLTLD]]], 1952]). Muva nje, izinkantolo zivimbele izici ze-Prestries Trump (kamuva zivinje i-Trump) ukuvinjelwe kwendlela yokuhamba (ezwa kwefomu ebukezweni elihlanzekile le-Obama (naphansi kwempikiswano ye-Obatmote contment). Ukubukeza kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezenzo zezezezezezezezezezezezezezezemthetho noma isisekelo somthetho womthetho wesisekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sokuhlukanisa ama-Powers siqiniswa yimfuneko yokuba uMongameli aqaphele ukuba imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iSebe eliphetheyo alinakumane lishaye indiva imithetho engathandeki, okumelwe lizibulale noma lifune ukushintsha kwemithetho. Aspectes Clause futhi lihlola amandla kamongameli: izikhulu eziphethe, abahluleli abaphethe, namanxusa kumelwe aqiniswe yiSigele, inike leyo ndima eqondile ekulungiseni umholi wesikhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okunamandla Kwegunya Eliphethe

ISebe eliphethe lihlala esikhungweni sokwenza imithetho nomthetho waseMelika, lisebenzisa amandla okuphoqelela imithetho, ukumisa imithetho, ukuhleleka, futhi libeke izinto eziza kuqala zweni. Kusukela kuMongameli ubhala iziqondiso eziqondisa i-FBI ne-DEA, izinqumo zokuqondisa zithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi − ukunquma ukuthi yimiphi imithetho ephoqelelwe, ukuthi iziphi imithombo eyabelwe kanjani, nokuthi iziphi izinkinga eziphakamayo zivelela kangakanani isizwe. Kodwa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elingenakho elingalawulwa. Umthetho ungahlanganisa, uxhase, uphenyele; lokhu kungathikasana okunamandla, kwakhiwe eMthethweni womthetho, amandla eMthethweni, amandla okusebenza ngokuziphendulela ngokulawula nangokuzilawula.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo emandleni omthetho-mthethweni kamongameli, vakashela i-Accounting House Administrate Office . Ukuze uthole ukucubungula okujulile ngokomthetho kweziyalezo zezikhulu nemingcele yazo, bheka umbiko wenkonzo wokucwaninga we-Congational Research Researcherer doult [[. Ukuqonda izinga lokusebenza le-odromatic projective project, bheka incazelo ye-'i-'e projectivesss' ye-omspopul [[[FLT]:5]]