Ithuluzi Elingokomthetho Lomthetho Wesayensi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwegatsha lemithetho nebhizinisi lezesayensi buyehlukahluka futhi ngokuvamile abunakwa.

Abameli bangathonya isayensi ngezindlela eziningana ezihlukene: ukunikeza izimali ngokuqondile, ukugunyaza umthetho odala noma ogunyaza izinhlelo zokucwaninga, ukuzwa okuza kuqala ezisemkhakheni wezinhlangano, nezimiso zemithetho ezimisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha neziphephile. Ithuluzi ngalinye linemiphumela eyingqayizivele yokuthi isayensi iqhutshwa kanjani futhi yiziphi izinto ezitholwayo ekugcineni zifinyelela umphakathi.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Yokuyihlela Nokuyihlela

Ithonya eliqondile kakhulu lingenqubo yonyaka yokuhlola. UKhongolose unquma izimali zezinhlangano zesayensi ezinkulu njengeNational Institutes of Health (NIH), iNational Science Foundation (NSF), iDepartment of Energy Office of Science, ne NASA. Lezi zimali zihlela kahle uphahla lwemisebenzi yokucwaninga cishe kuzo zonke iziyalo ezingokwesayensi. Ukwanda kwezimali ezikhona okungokwesikhathi esinjenge-National Institutes of Health (NIH), i-National Science Foundation (NS), i-Dwetagement of Energy Office of Science, ne-NASASA. Lokhu kuhlela kahle ukuhlelwa kwemali kuhlela imisebenzi yokucwaninga cishe kuzo zonke iziyalezo zesayensi. Ukwanda kwezesayensi kungasheshisa intuthuko ekwela ekwelaphethuleni umdlavuza noma emoye-meyokusimweni, kuyilapho ukusikwa kungavimbela imigqa yokuphenya iminyaka eminingi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-21st Century Cures Act, eyadlula ngo-2016, yanikeza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,8 ekuxhaseni okusha kwe-NIH, kuhlanganise ne-Precision Medicinitiative Initiative ne-BRAIN. Ngokuphambene, i-sester elandela uMthetho wokuLawula iHlambhuli ka-2011 owabekwa phakathi kwebhodi elinciphisa i-NSF enikeza amazinga emali ephansi angokomlando ( inqubo yemali yeqophelo lwemithetho yemali []).

Ukugunyaza Imithetho

Ngaphandle kwamazinga alula okuxhasa ngemali, i-Congress ingasebenzisa igunya lomthetho ukuze iqale izinhlelo ezintsha zokucwaninga noma izinhlangano. I-American COMPETES Act, yaqala yadluliswa ngo- 2007 futhi yagunyazwa ka-2007, yandisa indima ye-NSF emfundweni yesayensi futhi yasungula i-Enerst Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Lo mthetho uhlanganisa iziqondiso eziqondile ezibonisa indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo — ngokwesibonelo, idinga ukugxila ekucwaningeni ngesayensi noma emiphakathini ethile engaphansi kwe-endisiwe.

Ugunyaza izikweleti futhi kwabekwa imithetho yokubukeza ontanga, ukuhlanganisa imininingwane, nezingxabano zesithakazelo. Lapho uKhomishane ebhala i Foundations for Evidence-Based Policybing Act ka-2018, wayala ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nalezo ezixhasa isayensi, zithathe izindinganiso zokwaziswa eziqinile nezindlela zokuhlola. Lokhu kunemiphumela eguquguqukayo endleleni abacwaningi abaklama futhi babike ngayo imiphumela.

Ukugada Nokuzwa

Amakomiti aqondisa i-Congregational aphatha izindaba ezingashintsha kakhulu izinto eziza kuqala ezingokwesayensi. Uma ikomiti ibiza abaqondisi bezinhlangano noma iholela ososayensi ukuba bafakazele, kuvame ukushintshwa ukunaka kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa ngenkinga ye-opioid kwaholela ekwandiseni ukuxhaswa kwezimali zokucwaninga ngezinhlungu kanye nokuluthwa yimizwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuzwa okuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaphoqelela izinhlangano ezinjengo-NOA kanye noMnyango Wezimo zezemvelo ukuba zivikele ukucwaninga kwazo kwezombangazwe — noma ukuba ziwayise ekusabeleni ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Oversight can also uncover mismanagement or scientific misconduct, leading to reforms. The National Academy of Sciences was restructured in part because of congressional hearings on conflict-of-interest scandals. Good oversight helps maintain public trust, but when driven by partisan motives, it can chill legitimate research.

Ukuhlola Ithonya Elingokomthetho Kwesayensi

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zicacisa indlela izinqumo zomthetho eziye zathonya ngayo inqubo yesayensi yaseMelika.

Inqubo Yomuntu Yokuzala Isikhumba

Lomzamo omkhulu wezizwe waqalwa yiSishaya - mthetho ngo-1990 lapho ubiza i-Creates yezeMinistry ne-NIH iminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 15 (R2,44,5 000) kuMnyango WezeMisi neNIH. Abenzi bomthetho bahlanganisa izimali nezenzakalo ezithile ezikhethekile, beqinisekisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuqamba buthuthuke ngokushesha. Impumelelo yalo mkhankaso yabonisa indlela isibopho esiqhubekayo sesayensi eyisisekelo esingaveza ngayo imiphumela eshintshayo — futhi savula umnyango wokushintsha kwenqubo yanamuhla yezokwelapha.

Isenzo SeBayh-Dole

Mhlawumbe akukho ngxenye yomthetho eye yenza okwengeziwe ekudluliseleni i-technology yaseyunivesithi ewumsebenzi wezentengiselwano kune-Bayh-Dole Act ka-1980. Ngaphambi kokuba lo mthetho, imiklamo esungulwe ngokuxhaswe nguhulumeni, futhi embalwa yathengiselwa. UBayh-Dole uvumele amayunivesithi namabhizinisi amancane ukuba agcine amalungelo asemthethweni kanye nemvume yokugunyaza izinkampani. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yokuqalisa nemikhiqizo — kusukela ku-Googloogle’s seshold algold alm ye-COVIID-19 ye-techology ([[[FLT:]]GAO umbiko wezifundo zemfundo yamapulangwemu.[FLT]]] ku-Dole umbiko wemithethombo wezentengiselwano yeze-BYU. ]]).

Ukusekela Ukuntengantenga “Nomhosha Wokufa”

Akuwona wonke amathonya omthetho alungile. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, amandla okuthenga kwemali ka-NIH aye ehla, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuxhaswa kwemali eyisicaba kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali. Lokhu kuye kwadala “umkhakha wokufa” lapho ukuvubukulwa kwezithembiso zokucwaninga okuyisisekelo kungenakuqinisekisa khona izimali ezengeziwe ezidingekayo ukuze zingene ekuhlolweni kwezesayensi. Abenzi bomthetho baye bazama ukuvala leligebe elikhona ngezinhlelo ezifana neNIH’s Small Business Innovation (SSBIR), kodwa zonke izimali zihlala zikhona ukukhathazeka okuqhubekayo. AAAS R&D Baclibration and Polictical Program[FLD:1]

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zesayensi Nemithetho Eqinile

Kukhona ukungezwani okungapheli phakathi kwesifiso sesayensi sokuzibusa nesidingo esingokomthetho somphathi wesishayamthetho sokuqinisekisa ukulandisa nokuvumelana nemigomo yesizwe. Abanye abamisi-mthetho bakhathazeka ngokuthi ososayensi baphishekela imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa ehlukile ezidingweni zomphakathi; abanye bakhathazeka ngokuthi ukungenela kwezombangazwe kungahlehlisa ubuqotho obungokwesayensi.

Izimpawu Zezindlebe Nezimali Eziqondiswe

Elinye ithuluzi eliphikisanayo yi-communional Sicration, eqondisa ukuxhaswa kwemali esikhungweni esithile noma emsebenzini, ngokuvamile esifundeni somenzi womthetho. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi izimpawu zingasekela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho kwesifunda kanye nezindlela zokucwaninga zendawo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi badlula isimiso sokuhlola ontanga, okuholela ekuncipheni kwesayensi futhi kubangele ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu. Njengoba ukuvinjelwa kwezikhombisi ngo-2021, le mpikiswano iyaqhubeka.

Isihluthulelo siwukulinganisela. Uma kwenziwa ngokukhanyayo nangokulinganiselwe, ukusekela imali kungasiza ekusizeni amabhuloho ezindawo ezingokwempilo njengasemaphandleni. Kodwa uma kuba imoto yezempi yenyama yengulube, kululaza lonke ibhizinisi.

Ukumiswa Kwezindaba Zokucwaninga Zezombangazwe

Izinhlangano zesayensi azivikelekile ezicini zezombangazwe. I-Congress ingahlanganisa “abashayeli” nezindleko zokugunyaza ukuxhaswa kwemali kwezinhlobo ezithile zokucwaninga — ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga ngobudlova bezibhamu, ukuhlola kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, noma ukushintsha isimo sezulu. Kusukela ngo-1996 kuya ku-202020, iCentre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yavinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo ekutholeni ukucwaninga okungachazwa njengokusekela ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, okuholela embonweni ngezindlela zokuvimbela eziphumelelayo.

Imingcele enjalo ihlanekezela ibhizinisi lesayensi ngoba igwema umsebenzi onzima wokwakha ukuvumelana ngezihloko ezibucayi. Indlela engcono iwukukhuthaza izifundo eziqinile, ezizimele kuyilapho ivumela imiphakathi engochwepheshe ukuba ibeke izinhlelo zokucwaninga (] umbiko wezifundo zesizwe ngenkululeko yezesayensi )].

Indlela Abaphathi Bemithetho Abangayisekela Ngayo Intuthuko Yesayensi

Kunezenzo eziningana ezakhayo abasunguli bomthetho abangazenza ngalé kokubhala nje amasheke amakhulu.

  • Yandiswa futhi yamisa i-R&D izimali zikahulumeni ze-: Ukuhlelwa kweminingi yeminyaka nokuthembela ezindlekweni zezindawo ezithile (umzz., amandla ahlanzekile, ukuphehla ubhadane) kunciphisa ukungaqiniseki. I-Defense Exploring Research Projects Agency (DARPA) yesibonelo sama-messauni ohlelo onyaka we-569) iye yaphumelela kodwa ayivamile ukufuzwa ngenxa yemithetho yokuhlela.
  • Yandisa iphayiphi yezisebenzi: Izindleko ze-Bpartisan njenge-Melika COMPETES Act yokufundisa ngokuxhasa isikhwama, izikhokhelo zamaqembu angeniswanga kahle, nezinhlelo zokufunda nokubala. Izisebenzi ezihlukahlukene ziqinisa ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi.
  • Ipromote evulekile isayensi kanye nokwaziswa okwabelana: Abaqondisi bangagunyaza ukuvulwa kwemithetho yokunyathelisa nezindinganiso zolwazi ezifundeka ngomshini zokucwaninga okuxhaswe uhulumeni. I-OSTP “Nelson Meemory” (2022) edinga ukufinyelela komphakathi ngokushesha kuyi-octrogue, kodwa ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwengqungquthela kuyadingeka ukuxhasa isisekelo sesisekelo.
  • Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomuntu siqu: Imisebenzi efana ne Bio Medical Edvance Research and Development Authority (BARDA) neManfacting USA ikhona ngenxa yokuthi i-Congress yabadala. Lezi zimo ze-de-risk ziphuhliswa ngokushesha futhi zisheshisa ukuhwebelana.
  • Ukusebenzisa izindikimba ezingokwesayensi ezifundisayo: Izindlela zobuciko ezinjenge-Council of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) ne-Congregational Research Service (CRS) inikeza amakhono okungakhethi. Abenzi bomthetho abancika kulemithombo benza izinqumo ezingcono ezingokwesayensi.

Ukwakha Izimali Zesayensi

Isayensi isekela i-bipartisan engokomlando, kodwa lokho akusazenzekeli. I- “CHIPS neScience Act” ngo-2022 yadlula ngamavoti abalulekile avela kuwo womabili, kuhlanganise nokwanda okukhulu kwe-NSF, i-DOE, kanye nokucwaninga okungabalulekile kwezesayensi. Isihluthulelo sasihlanganisa ukuncintisana komncintiswano wesizwe nokulondeka kwezomnotho kunezindinganiso zokucwaninga ezicatshangelwayo. Uma isayensi ingahlanganiswa nemisebenzi kanye nokuzivikela kwesizwe, izuza izinyawo zezombangazwe eziqinile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imibono noma ukuqashwa ngokweqile kungahlukanisa abantu abangase babe abahlangene. Amasu angcono kakhulu esayensi agcizelela imiphumela ehlanganyelwe: impilo engcono, amandla ahlanzekile, nesizwe esilondekile.

Ukuqondisa Okunganqamuki Nokushintsha Kwezindlela Zokuxhumana

Njengoba isayensi ishesha ifinyelela emingceleni enjengeyokuhlela izakhi zofuzo (CRISPR), ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nezimiso ezizimele, isishaya - mthetho kumelwe ngesikhathi esifanayo senze umphakathi ukwazi ukusungula izinto ezintsha futhi uvikele umphakathi emiphumeleni engahlosiwe.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Zomuntu

U-2018 ukuzalwa kwamawele ahlelwe ngokwezakhi zofuzo eChina kwabangela intukuthelo futhi kwavuselelwa imfuneko yokuvinjelwa kwemithetho. E-U.S., i-Congress iye yabheka izikweletu zokuvimbela ukuhlelwa kwegciwane lomuntu ngaphandle kokuphepha nokubukeza okucacile. I-FDA yamanje — igunya lokulawula ukwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo, iziqondiso ze-NIH zokucwaninga ngobuchwepheshe bokuzala — akwanele ukuthuthukisa intuthuko esheshayo. Umbuso obanzi ocabangela kokubili inkululeko engokwesayensi nesithunzi somuntu udinga ngokushesha.

Ubuhlakani Obuklanywe

I-AI inikeza inselele eyingqayizivele ngoba izinhlelo zayo zinikeza cishe yonke ingxenye. Act yokulandisa kanye ne-NSIST FIS Ulawulo lobukhomfa yokwehlisa ingozi i-Frameom iyimizamo yakudala, kodwa uMkhandlu kumelwe uqhubeke ulungisa imithetho yokusingatha ubandlululo, imfihlo, nokuthatha indawo yomsebenzi. Imithetho ehlangene nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kanye nomqondisi wesambubhisi ingalawula imithetho ekhuthaza ukusungulwa kwemithetho ekhona lapho ukulondoloza ukwethemba umphakathi.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe: Lokho Eminye Imithetho Ekwenzayo

Ukuhlola indlela amanye amazwe asingatha ngayo isimiso sesayensi kunganikeza izindlela ezingcono zokushaya umthetho.

I - European Union

Amazwe angamalungu e-EU ahlela ukucwaninga nge-Firiyon Europe, uhlelo lweminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-793,5 olugcizelela “izithunywa zevangeli” imigomo enjengokungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuvinjelwa komdlavuza. Ukuhlanganyela izishaya-mthetho zamazwe ngokuvamile kusekela imizamo yokubambisana, futhi iPhalamende le-EU lithonya ngokugunyaza nokuqondisa kwe-European Research Council.

i-China

I-National People’s Congress yaseChina ivumela ukuxhaswa okukhulu kwezimali zezwe ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe obuphambili njenge-Al, i-quantam computing, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-gesi okuncane. Kodwa inqubo yomthetho ayibonakali futhi ayibonakali kakhulu. Isibonelo sesiShayina sibonisa ukuthi imali exhasa izimali eziphezulu ingafinyelela ukuthunyelwa ngokushesha, kodwa ingavimbela ukuphenywa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-alumines.

EJalimane

Imali yeBundestag yaseJalimane izinhlangano zeMax Planck neHelmholtz ezisezinqingweni zezindawo inikeza imvume enikeza ukuqina kweminyaka eminingi, ikhulula abacwaningi emijikelezweni yokuhlela imali yaminyaka yonke. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukucwaninga okuyisisekelo kweJalimane kwembulunga yonke encintisanayo.

Ukuqhathanisa kwezizwe zonke kuqokomisa ukuthi asikho isimiso esisodwa esiphelele, kodwa imikhuba engcono kakhulu yokushaya umthetho ihlanganisa ukusekela imali okuqinile, ukubukeza kontanga okuzimele, nemigomo ecacile yezenhlalo.

Ukutuswa Kososayensi Nabaxhumanisi Bokucwaninga

Uma ungusosayensi noma umsekeli wokucwaninga, awuwona ongenamandla kulesi simiso.

  • Inkulumo ephambili noma umbukiso wezokucwaninga wabenzi bomthetho : Ukuchayeka komuntu siqu ezikhungweni zokucwaninga kungaba okuthonya kakhulu kunosuku olugcwele. Amalungu oMkhandlu aye avakashela igumbi lokuhlola asengozini kakhulu yokusekela imali.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ngolimi lwenqubo-leveva : Gwema ukuvala; hlela umsebenzi wakho ngokwemisebenzi, impilo, ukulondeka, noma ukukhula kwezomnotho. Ukufingqa okucacile kwephepha elilodwa kwendlela ukucwaninga kwakho okuzuzisa ngayo isifunda noma umbuso kulingana nedekhi lama-slide ayinkulungwane.
  • Ihlobana nezinhlangano ezingochwepheshe: Amaqembu anjenge-American Association for the Advance of Science (AAAAS) alondoloza izinhlelo ze-accoration enamandla futhi anganikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwenqubo yesayensi. Science & Technoloji Policy Adpointpointment shacpoints[[ ifaka ososayensi ngokuqondile emahhovisi nasemikhakheni.
  • Paricipate ezindlebeni nasemazwini izikhathi zokuphawula[: Amanxusa angokomoya kudingeka anyathelise imithetho ehlongozwayo yokuphendula komphakathi. Ngokunikeza izimpendulo ezicatshangelwe kahle, ososayensi bangahlela imithetho ethinta amasimu abo. Wonke amazwi ayafundwa futhi ahlolwe.

Ukubaluleka Kwesayensi YaseBipartisan

Kuyindlu neSigele sase-U.S., kunezimpompo ezigxile kuyisayensi, ethuthukisiwe, nase kuhlolwani kwezokwelapha. Lamaqembu ahlela uhambo olufushane nohambo oluthatha amaqiniso. Ososayensi kufanele bazame ukunikeza lemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe. Ngisho nobuhlobo obubodwa nomphathi wesayensi ophethe isayensi bungaba nemiphumela engcono lapho kuvela izimpi zemali.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lomthetho linethonya elikhulu ngokuqondisa, ijubane, ngisho nokuba khona kokucwaninga kwezesayensi. Ngokuqonda izinhlelo, ukugunyaza, ukuqondisa, nomthetho, abakhi bomthetho bangasheshisa impumelelo noma bawafake ngaphandle kokuqonda. Impilo yenkampani yokucwaninga ayixhomekile nje kuphela ekusekeleni abalawuli kodwa futhi nasemgoqweni omuhle: isayensi eqinile ethuthukisa izinhlelo zezimiso. Ngokuqonda izinhlelo ezichazwe kulesihloko — kusukela ezimijikelezweni zemali ukuya ekuqhathaniseni amazwe onke — abacwaningi bangaba abasekeli abangcono kakhulu, futhi abakha imishini yokucwaninga ingakwazi ukubheka phambili izimiso zesayensi. Ukuphela kwayo umgomo omuhle: ukuthuthukisa isayensi eqinile, ebangela ukuxazulula izinselele ezinkulu zemithetho ezikhathalela kakhulu.

Kulabo abafuna ukuhlola okujule kakhulu, I-Conreg.gov imithombo yendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo[ ne Governament Accomplication Office imibiko ye-R&D inikeza amaphuzu okuqalisa anegunya.