ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, sagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSiphakamiso samalungelo abantu, singesinye sesivikelo esinamandla kakhulu nesihlala njalo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni. Ulimi lwaso lulula ngokukhohlisa: “ISiphakamiso asiyikwenza umthetho... sivale inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokunyathelisa; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba ulungise izikhalo.” Nokho lamazwi ambalwa aye aguqula idemokhrasi laseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, enikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho sanoma yini engavumelani kwezombangazwe ukuba kwenziwe ngenjongo. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ovikela ngayo inkululeko yakho yokukhuluma nokukhuluma ngokuthula, akubalulekile ngayo kuphela ekukhulumeni kodwa nasekuxoxiseni izikhalo eziyinkimbinkimbi emphakathini wanamuhla.

Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi irepublic esebenzayo idinga impikiswano eqinile. Babezibonele mathupha izingozi zokucusumbula nenkulumo kahulumeni ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. Ngokuzinzisa isivikelo sokukhuluma bangene emthethweni oyisisekelo wezwe, baqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingagxeka abaholi bazo, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zihlanganyele ekuzivikeleni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinga leSiphenduko Sokuqala, ukulinganiselwa kwazo, indima yezehluleli ekuzichazeni, nendlela lezizimiso ezisebenza ngayo ezweni lanamuhla.

Lokho ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Esikuvikelayo Ngempela

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela uhulumeni ($federal, umbuso, nasendaweni) ukudlulisa imithetho ecindezela ukukhuluma. Sisebenza kuwo wonke amagatsha kahulumeni futhi sidlulela ngalé kwesenzo esingokoqobo sokukhuluma. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi “intengo” ihlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhlukahlukene okungachazeki, kuhlanganise nokubhala, umculo, umculo, ukudansa, ukukhetha izingubo, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso ezinjengokushisa ifulege, ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zokuthula. Ukulungisa akusona isiqinisekiso esiphelele, kodwa kwakha ukugxazululwa okunamandla ngokumelene nokungenela kukahulumeni.

Ukuvikela Izinhlobo Zenkulumo

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba eziningana zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esiphakeme kakhulu:

  • Inkulumo eyisigungu: Lena isisekelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Ihlanganisa izingxoxo ngabazokwenziwa, izinqubo, ukhetho, nezenzo zikahulumeni. Inkulumo yezombangazwe inikezwa isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu ngoba ibalulekile kuhulumeni wentando yeningi. Ngisho nezinkulumo ezingamanga ngezibalo zomphakathi ziyavikelwa ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe “ngobubi obungokwezenzo.”
  • Inkulumo epholile: Ukuziphatha okudlulisela umyalezo ngokuvamile kuphathwa njengenkulumo. Izibonelo ze-iconic zihlanganisa ukufaka isibambo esimnyama sengalo ukubhikisha impi ( quiker v. Des Moines), ukushisa ifulegi laseMelika ([] TEXs v. Johnson], noma ukuguqa phakathi ne-imfiliti yesizwe. Uhulumeni awunakuvimbela ukuziphatha okunjalo ngoba iphikisana nomyalezo.
  • Inkulumo eyisici sekhono neyobuciko: AmaNovel, amafilimu, imidwebo, umculo, nezinye imisebenzi zokudala zivikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nakuba ihlazo elingavikelwanga, izinkantolo ziye zamisa ibhaxa eliphezulu lokubiza into eyichilo, ifuna ukuba umsebenzi ungabi nalwazi olunzulu, ubuciko, ubuciko, noma ukubaluleka kwezesayensi.
  • Inkulumo eyisikhangiso: nokunye ukuxhumana kwezentengiselwano kuthola isivikelo, kodwa kuncane kakhulu kunenkulumo yezombangazwe noma yobuciko. Uhulumeni angalawula ukukhangisa kwamanga noma okudukisayo futhi angamisa imithetho emisebenzini ethile yezentengiselwano, njengokukhangisa ngogwayi.
  • Ukukhuluma ezindabeni zomphakathi:[ Lomkhakha] uhlanganisa inkulumo ehlobene nezindaba ezithakazelisayo zomphakathi, njengempilo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, noma ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Izinkantolo zivame ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu enkulumweni enjalo, ngisho nalapho impikiswano noma icasula.

Ukulinganiselwa: Lapho Inkulumo Ingavikelwe

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaziqaphela ngokucophelela izigaba zenkulumo ezingezona isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi zibangela ukulimala okungakhungatheki okudlula ukubaluleka kwalenkulumo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukana kubalulekile kunoma ubani osebenzisa amalungelo akhe ngendlela ethembekile.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Inkulumo eqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekukhiqizeni umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni oseduze futhi cishe ingenza kanjalo ayivikelwe. Lendinganiso ivela ebhokisini lesibonakaliso sezwe Brandenburg v.Ohio [[1969]], eyathatha indawo yengozi endala“ esobala nekhona” yovivinyo. Uhulumeni ngeke akwazi ukujezisa ukuhlasela okungaqondakali kobudlova noma ukwephula umthetho; kumelwe ibonise ukuthi isikhulumi sasihlose ukuvusa isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi kungenzeka.

Ububi

I-obscene yokwaziswa ayivikelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme imiller v. California (1973) yasungula ukuhlolwa okungathwini: (a) ukuthi umuntu ovamile, usebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wamanje, uyothola ukuthi umsebenzi ukhanga isithakazelo esiphezulu; (b) ukuthi uveza ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ehlazisayo; futhi (c) ukuthi ungenalwazi olubalulekile, ubuciko, ubuciko, noma inzuzo engokwesayensi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ukuhlambalaza kube nzima ukufakazela, ngoba izinto eziyigugu zivikelekile.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lomuntu zingaholela ekubekeni icala lomphakathi. Nokho, iSichibiyelo sokuqala silinganisela izenzo zokuhlambalaza, ikakhulukazi uma kuhileleke izibalo zomphakathi. Ngaphansi New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]], inani lomphakathi kumelwe libonise ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza “isimo esibi esingokoqobo” jwayekile, ukwazi ukuthi inkulumo yayiyinkohliso noma ayinakwanga ngeqiniso layo. Abantu ngabanye badinga ukunganaki kuphela.

Amazwi Alwayo Nosongo Lwangempela

Inkulumo evusa ngokuqondile ubudlova obusheshayo noma ukuhlukana kwezokuthula ichazwa ngokuthi “amazwi alwayo” futhi ayivikelekile. Ngokufanayo, “izinsongo zangempela”"""", zisho ukuthi umuntu onengqondo angakuchaza njengokubonakaliswa okungathi sína kwenhloso yokushaya ubudlova, / akavikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi isikhulumi kumelwe sizimisele ukwesabisa noma ukubangela ukwesaba; ihaba noma ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe kuvikelwa kabanzi.

Ukuhloniphisa Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asiyivikeli inkulumo eyingxenye yesenzo sobugebengu, njengokuthembisa ukufumbathisa, uzungu lokukhipha ubugebengu, noma ukucela ukuvinjelwa okungekho emthethweni.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezichaza Ngayo Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Ephakeme

ISiphakamiso soMthetho - sisekelo sifushane, ngakho incazelo yangempela yenkululeko yokukhuluma iye yasungulwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka encazelo yokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhipha amakhulu emibono ecacisa lokho iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esikwenzayo nesingakuhlanganisi. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuncintisaneni nezithakazelo zomphakathi ezinjengokulondeka, idumela, nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Isisekelo Sakuqala

Scheck v. United States (1919), uMahluleli u-Orvell Holmes wasungula “ingozi esobala nekhona”, echaza ukuthi ngisho nenkulumo evikeleke kakhulu ingancishiswa uma idala ithuna nosongo olusheshayo. Icala lihilela amapheshana akhuthaza ukumelana nokubuthwa empini phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. INkantolo yasekela ukuqiniseka, kodwa kamuva ukuhlolwa kwaphumela endinganisweni yenkulumo engcono kakhulu ye-Brandenburg v. Ohio

Inkathi Yanamuhla Yesivikelo Esikhulu

Amacala amaningana phakathi kuka - 3535centur andisa ngokuphawulekayo izivikelo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile:

  • New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): INkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukukhishwa kwezinkulumo zamanga zezikhulu zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba zenziwe ngenzondo yangempela. Lesi sinqumo sasibalulekile kumzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, sivumela amaphephandaba ukuba ahlanganise ukuphikisa nokugxeka izikhulu ezisekela ukubusa ngaphandle kokwesaba izisu zempucuthe ezibhubhisayo.
  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969]]: INkantolo yathi abafundi “abawachithi amalungelo abo angokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.” Icala lalihilela abafundi abafake izibambo ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam. Isinqumo samisa ukuthi izikhulu zesikole kumelwe zibe nesizathu esingokomthetho sokujezisa inkulumo engayiphazamiseli isikole.
  • Brandenburg v.O. [1969]: INkantolo yahlehlisa ukuqiniseka komholi weKu Klux Klan ngokwenza izinkulumo ezicasulayo. Uvivinyo olusha lwadinga ubufakazi bokuthi inkulumo “iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekuvezeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi kungenzeka ishukumise noma iveze isenzo esinjalo.” Lendinganiso ilinganisela kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni lokujezisa inzondo noma ubuciko obunenzondo.
  • I-Citaisens United v. Federal Envotion Commission (2010): Esinqumweni esiyimpikiswano, iNkantolo yathi ukuxhasa kwezinhlangano zezindaba ezizimele zezombangazwe akunakulinganiselwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isinqumo sadlulisela izivikelo zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ezinkampanini nasemishaneni, sivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe uma nje kungahlangani nabazokuhlela.

Izinkinga Ezivusa Ingqondo: Ukukhuluma Enkathini Eshaya Izinombolo

I-Internet inenkululeko enkulu yokukhuluma ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili, kodwa iye yaphakamisa nemibuzo emisha yomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sisebenza enkulumweni ye-inthanethi (uhulumeni akanakuhlola iposi noma i-tweet ngendlela engahlola ngayo iphephandaba), amapulatifomu azimele njenge Facebook, Twitter, futhi i-YouTube awanakho okuboshelwa yiSichibiyelo sokuqala. Angasenezinto ezilinganiselwe uma ebona zifaneleka, zizithoba kuphela ezivumelwaneni zabo siqu zenkonzo futhi cishe nemithetho enjengeSigabeni se-Decpect Act, evikela amapulatifomu ezindaweni ezibangeni labasebenzisi. Izinkantolo zisasebenza ngezindaba njengalapho izinkampani zezezenhlalo zikhamela “izezezezenkulumo ephakathi” futhi zisebenzise kanjani imithetho engokwesiko yokuhlamba impova.

Enye indawo engaxazululwanga umthetho wokungavumelani nokwaziswa kanye nokungenela kwezizwe kokhetho. Nakuba uhulumeni engase abe nesithakazelo esinamandla ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho, noma yimuphi umthetho onqanda ukukhuluma kumelwe ulungiswe kancane futhi ugweme ukubeka imibono ethile eqondile. Ukucindezela phakathi kokulwisana nokwaziswa okungamanga nokugcina impikiswano eqinile kusenye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu zenkululeko yokukhetha.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma Emkhakheni Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma asiyona nje indlela engokomthetho yokusebenza; kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo esisekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zingakhuluma ngokukhululekile, zingadalula ukonakala, zisekele izinguquko, futhi zibeke izikhulu icala. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi imibuso yobushiqela iyakukuvimbela ukungavumelani njalo, kuyilapho idemokrasi iphumelela kakhulu empikiswaneni esobala.

Ukusebenzelana Nesigcawu Sezentengiselwano

Ukuthethelelwa okuvamile kwenkululeko yokukhuluma “isingathekiso semibono”, esithandwa nguMahluleli Holmes ekuphikisaneni kwakhe uAbramas v. United States [1919]. Lenkolelo isho ukuthi iqiniso lingavela cishe ekungqubuzaneni kwemibono ephikisanayo kunokusuka kuhulumeni osukiwe. Ngisho nenkulumo ephambene noma ecasulayo kufanele ibekezelelwe ngoba ingaxazululwa ngenkulumo eningi, hhayi ngenhlaziselo. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukuhlukahlukahluka kolwazi futhi sivimbele isimo ekubeni umphikisi weqiniso.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo Emphakathini

Yonke inhlangano enkulu yezenhlalo emlandweni waseMelika − kusukela ekunqanyulweni kwenkululeko yabesifazane nasekuncipheni amalungelo omphakathi kanye nokulingana kwemishado − iye yathembela eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala sokuhlela, ukunxenxa, nokubekela inselele isikhundla esikhona. Ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokubhikisha, ukushicilela, nokunxusa, abashisekeli bentethelelo yomphakathi abadinga ushintsho oluhlala njalo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma inika amaqembu abekwe ngaphansi kwecala amandla nokufuna ukuqaphela amalungelo abo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuzenzakalela Komuntu Siqu

Ukuziveza ngokukhululekile futhi kusemqoka kumuntu ngamunye ozitikayo. Ikhono lokukhuluma ingqondo yakhe, ukudala ubuciko, ukukhulekela, noma ukumane ugcine futhi uveze izinkolelo ezingaqondakali kubalulekile empumelelweni yomuntu. UMthetho-sisekelo awuvikeli nje kuphela okuqukethwe yinkulumo kodwa futhi nelungelo lokukhetha ukungakhulumi njengesibonelo, ilungelo lokunqaba ukusho iSigqizo se-Allegiance noma ukubonisa isiqu esimiswe uhulumeni.

Amacebiso Awusizo Okusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okukhuluma

Ukuqonda isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wakho kungakusiza ukuba ukhulume ngokuqiniseka kuyilapho ugwema izingibe. Nawa amaphuzu ayinhloko okukhunjulwa:

  • Amalungelo akho okukhuluma anamandla kakhulu uma usezikhundleni zomphakathi, njengezindawo zomgwaqo, amapaki, nama-orbum. Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele enengqondo “ngesikhathi, indawo, nangendlela”. Ngokwesibonelo, ufuna imvume yokubhikisha okukhulu (kodwa ngeke uvimbele ukukhuluma ngokusekelwe embonweni wayo.)
  • ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asikuniki ilungelo lokukhuluma emphakathini endaweni engasese (njengesitolo noma ukudla okunetheku) uma umniniyo efuna ukukunikeza.
  • Uma uyisisebenzi somphakathi, inkulumo yakho ezindabeni zomphakathi ingase ivikeleke, kodwa kuphela uma ukhuluma njengesakhamuzi, hhayi njengengxenye yemisebenzi yakho yomsebenzi.
  • Uma ungumfundi esikoleni somphakathi, amalungelo akho okukhuluma avulekile kodwa angenamingcele. Izikole zingavimbela inkulumo engcolile, zikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni, noma ziphazamise kakhulu indawo yokufunda. Izingubo eziphethe isigijimi sezombangazwe ngokuvamile zivikelwe.
  • Ngokuvamile inkulumo yenzondo ivikelwa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ingene ohlwini olungalondekile olunjengesisusa noma izinsongo zangempela.

Isiphetho

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma nesokukhuluma siyisivikelo esibalulekile sentando yeningi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kusukela esikhathini sokusungulwa kwenkathi yezimiso kuya enkathini yezimiso, izinkantolo ziye zasebenza ukuchaza imingcele yalelilungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi lihlala linamandla kuyilapho livuma ukuthi lihlukile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinselele zezenhlalo zivela, isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala njalo: uhulumeni ngeke amane avimbele ukukhuluma okungathandeki. Ukuqonda imingcele namathuba amalungelo akho okuQondanisa iSichibiyelo kuni kuninika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi, ukusekela ushintsho, nokuhlonipha inkululeko efanayo yabanye. Esikhathini sezingxoxo ezihlukene nezinqumo zenkululeko, ukuzimisela komthetho womthetho ukuveza inkulumo ekhululekile kulokhu kusebalulekile.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, vakashela iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sobuzwe sobuzwe , hlola imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ezimweni eziyinhloko njenge [ New York Times v. Sullivan, bese uhlola imithombo yenkululeko yokukhuluma [