Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nendaba Ngemithetho Yezimali

Kuzo zonke izinqubo zokukhetha, izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi zingena emikhankasweni yezombangazwe kulo lonke elase-United States. Leyomali ikhokhela izikhangiso, izisebenzi, ukuhamba, ukuvota, nokukhipha imishini. Ngaphandle kwemithetho elawula indlela amadollar akhushulwa futhi asetshenziswa ngayo, isimiso singachayeka ekhohlakalweni, ithonya eliyimfihlo, nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Imithetho yezezimali ikhona ukuze kusungulwe indawo yokudlala ekhanyayo, engakhethi lapho abavoti bebona khona ukuthi ubani okhokhela imali futhi athathe izinqumo eziqondiswe ulwazi.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lezimiso akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, ukunikeza amandla okulandela imali, ukubheka abazohlolwa, nokuqaphela lapho izithakazelo zangaphandle zizama ukuklama isimiso. Lesi sihloko sichaza izici eziyinhloko zomthetho wezezimali, indlela ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezezimali okusebenza ngayo, izinselele ezinkulu ezibhekene nalesi simiso namuhla, nezinyathelo ezingokoqobo ongazithatha ukuze uhlale unolwazi.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwemithetho Yezimali Yomkhankaso

Ukwazi lomlando kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani lesi simiso samanje sibukeka ngendlela esibukeka ngayo kuye kwavela e - United States isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.

Imizamo Yokuqala: UMthetho WeTillman noMthetho Wezenzo Zokonakala KaFederal

Umthetho wokuqala obalulekile kahulumeni wawungu- Act ka-1907 , owawunqabela izinkampani namabhange esizwe ukuba banikele ngokuqondile kuhulumeni. Lokhu kwakuyinzwa embonweni wokuthi ibhizinisi elikhulu lalithenga ukhetho. Ngo-1910 no1911, uMkhandlu wadlula iFederal Exporations Practices Act, eyayifuna ukuba iNd Home ne-Inters zithule ukuba ziveze iminikelo nezindleko. Nokho, ukuphoqesha kwakubuthakathaka, futhi kwandanda izikhala.

Inkathi Yamanzi Nomkhankaso Wokhetho

Umthetho wezezimali wanamuhla waqala ngempela ngemva kwehlazo leWatergate, elambula izimali zomshoshaphansi neminikelo yezinhlangano ezingekho emthethweni. Ngo-1971, iziKhomishane zadlulisa iFederal EFuction Campaign Act (FEKA), eyamisa imingcele yomnikelo kubantu ngabanye kanye namakomiti ezombangazwe (I-PAC) futhi yafuna ukutshelwa ngokwemininingwane. I- 1974 inguquko yadala i-Ediferal Evolution Commission (FLT) [FLT] [FLT] [FFLT:3]] ukuqinisekisa umthetho, yamiswa izimali zokhetho lomphakathi, futhi yakhipha imikhawulo yokusebenzisa imingcele.

Amaningi ala malungiselelo abekelwe inselele enkantolo. Buckley v. Valeo [1997], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imingcele yomnikelo nezimfuneko zokwambula kodwa yashaya imingcele yokusebenzisa imali, icabanga ukuthi ukuchitha imali enkulu enkulumweni yezombangazwe kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesinqumo sibeka iqophelo lesimiso lapho imali esetshenziswayo ingekho imingcele, kuyilapho iminikelo ihlala ikhona.

Umkhankaso Wokushintsha Imali WaseBhartishani Nokuphakama Kwemali Ethambile

Kuwo wonke ama-1990, amaqembu ezombangazwe asebenzisa igebe elaziwa ngokuthi i-oft .[Imisebenzi engenakulinganiswa enikelayo emaqembuni esizwe ngenxa “yokwakha inxenye” ngokuvamile eyasiza uhulumeni ukuba uvale izigwegwe, uKhongolo lwadlula i-Bipartidan Reformation Act [BCRA] ka-200], futhi yaziwaziwa ngokuthi i-Mcciom. BCRA yavimbela izigaba zesizwe ukuba zivume imali ethambileyo futhi zivinjwe yizikhangiso ezivinjelwe yizinhlangano nezinsuntwe eziphethe ukuvolwa.

Izakhamuzi Ezinobunye Nenkathi Ephakeme

Umdlalo washintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2010 i-Citizens United v. FEC. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinhlangano zingasebenzisa imali engapheli emalini yazo ezivamile ezinkonzweni ezizimele, futhi ezinye izixhumano ezingaxhumani nabazo. Lokhu kwaholela ngokuqondile ekudalweni kwe [[FLT:] PACIL [F:] P, ezinganyusa futhi zichithe izintengobo ezingenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampani, futhi zisebenzisa izinyunyana uma zisebenza ngokuzihambela. Ukubusa futhi kwavula umnyango ku-[FLD:] imali [FF:] ngemali engakhonziwa yizinhlangano ezingakwenzi. [FLT]

Izinqumo ezimbili ezilandelayo [1] Manje.org v. FEC kanye Mccheon v. FEC .[[FURTER imingcele yokusebenzisa imali ngokuzimele futhi ikhiphe isilinganiso somnikelo kubantu ngabanye, okusho ukuthi umnini onikelayo oyedwa anganikeza inani elikhulu labazothatha izinkonzo namakomiti njengoba bethanda.

Izingxenye Zemithetho Yezimali Yomkhankaso Namuhla

Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuguqula imibiko yezimali futhi silandele lemali.

Imingcele Yengxenye

Umthetho we-Federal ubeka imingcele eqinile yokuthi kungakanani umuntu anganikela ngokuqondile ku-accom, ekomitini yeqembu, noma ku-PAC. Emjikelezweni wokhetho ka-2025-2026, umuntu angadela u-R3,300 ngokhetho ku-komiti yonyulo (isilinganiso esiyinhloko nokhetho oluvamile). Abantu ngabanye banganikela futhi ngo-R35 000 ngonyaka e-PAC futhi u-41,300 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe. Lemingcele incishintshwa ukuze kunciphe ukwehla kokubaluleka njalo eminyakeni emibili.

Isilinganiso: lemikhawulo isebenza kuphela [ imali enzima [] [1] Iminikelo ehamba ngqo kubazo noma kumakomiti futhi engaphansi kwayo yonke imithetho kahulumeni. Izindleko ezizimele azilinganiselwe, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba amapeC kanye namaqembu emali amnyama kunyuse futhi kusebenzise izilinganiso ezinkulu.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo

Ukubona ngaphaya kwangaphandle kuwumgomo oyinhloko womthetho wezezimali wezezimali. Ama-Candida, amaqembu, nama-PACs kumelwe abhale njalo imibiko ne-FEC enikeza umniniyo ngamunye imali engaphezu kuka-R1, ngonyaka wekhalenda. Lemibiko isobala futhi ikhona kuyi-intanethi. Nokho, izimfuneko zokudalulwa kwamaqembu azimeleyo angobuthakathaka. Ama-PAC kumele adalule abanikeli bawo, kodwa izinhlangano ezingafaki inzuzo ezifana no-501(c)(4) “inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezezombangazwe akudingenzeki ukuba zembule imithombo yazo yezimali, adale umsakazo wemali engekho mkhankambisweni yenzuzo enjenge-501].

Imithombo Ezimele Nezincwadi Eziphambili

Noma yiliphi iqembu elichitha imali ezikhangisweni noma kwezinye izixhumana ezisekela ngokuqondile noma ezimelene nombhalisane (*), kodwa alihambisani nalowo mfundi − zenza izindleko ezizimele. I-PACS iwuhlobo oluthile lwekomiti yezombangazwe engase iphakamise imali engenamkhawulo yezindleko ezizimele. Inqatshelwe ngokomthetho ekunikeleni ngokuqondile kwabazocela noma ekulweleni imikhankaso. Ngokwenqubo, ama-PAC amaningi anamandla asetshenziswa abantu bangaphambili noma abahlangene nomfundi, futhi ngokuvamile kunzima ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokubambisana.

Imali Ethambile

Umehluko phakathi kwemali enzima nemali ethambile uhlala ubalulekile. Imali enzima ikhushulwa futhi isetshenziswe ngaphansi kwemingcele kahulumeni futhi yembulwe ngokugcwele. Ukususa imali [ kwavinjelwa ngokuphumelelayo kumaphathi kahulumeni ka-BCRA, kodwa amaqembu azimele namaqembu azimele angaphakamisa imali ethambile yezwe ne-ocation, okungabangela imidlalo kahulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphakama kwe-PACCCP kanye namakomiti okuzihluphayo [FLT:]] adala izindlela ezintsha zokuziphilisa ukuze ahlangane nemali ethambileyo.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Okufanele Zikuqaphele

Ngisho noma kunemithetho ezincwadini, izikhala nezindawo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ihamba kahle kuvumela ukuba kudlulele kulesi simiso ngaphandle kokubona kahle. Nazi izindawo eziyinhloko okufanele wonke umvoti aqaphele.

Imali emnyama kanye nezinhlangano ezingu-501(c)(4)

Imali emnyama ibhekisela ekusebenziseni okungokombangazwe ngamaqembu angabizi inzuzo. Ngaphansi kwe-Internst Revenue Code, 501 (c) (4) izinhlangano kufanele zisebenzise ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yenhlalakahle yezenhlalo futhi zingahlanganyela kuphela emsebenzini olinganiselwe wezombangazwe. Kodwa i-IRS ayivamile ukuphoqelela lo mngcele, futhi amaqembu afana ne-Crosstrards GPS kanye ne-USA achithe amakhulu ezigidi zamarandi ezokukhangisa ngaphandle kokwembula abaxhasi bayo. Ngokwe-

Ithonya Lakwamanye Amazwe Neminikelo

Kungekho emthethweni ukuba izizwe zakwamanye amazwe zinikele kunoma yiluphi ukhetho lwase-U.S.(-federal, State, noma indawo. Zingasebenzisa futhi imali ukuthonya okhetho, kuhlanganise nezindleko ezizimele. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho kuyayinselele. Izinhlangano zamazwe angaphandle zase-U.S. zingakha ama-PAC, futhi izizwe zangaphandle zinganikela kumaPACIS amakhulu ngezinkampani zamashekeshela noma ngenzuzo uma isiqalo sifihlwa. Amahlazo amuva ahilela iminikelo evela kwamanye amazwe aye aqokomisa isidingo sokuvikelwa kakhulu.

Ukumisa Imithetho Yokumisa

Izindleko zokuzimela kumelwe zenziwe ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa nomvo noma umkhankaso. I-FEC iye yakhipha imithetho yokusebenza kwezimiso zomphakathi eningiliziwe, kodwa ngokuvamile igxekwa njengencane kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu owayesebenza emkhankasweni wezemisebenzi angalinda isikhashana abese esebenzisa i-PAC enkulu eyaziyo icebo lomkhankaso. Imigodi enjengalemifantu efiphaza umugqa phakathi kokuzimela nokusebenzisa imali ngokubambisana.

Imishini Ye - Internet Nemali Esetshenziswa Ngemishini

Imithetho yezezimali yabhalwa ngaphambi kwenkathi ye-Internet, futhi ukukhangisa ngemishini kuyindawo ebanzi ewubumpunga. Lapho izikhangiso ezingokwesiko, iTV, kanye nomsakazo okumelwe zihlanganise izikhangiso ezicacile noma ezimelene nomfundi (njengesithi “Izikhangiso zemali...”), i-indawo yomphakathi ekhangisa nge-inthambi yama-inthambi yama-micropul-kakhulu, ivame ukuwa ezimisweni eziwumthetho. [FLT:] [i] imibiko ye-Brennantan Center ithole ukuthi izikhangiso eziningi ze-diodayo ziswele i-dislayindium nokwaziswa, okwenza kube nzima ukwazi ukuthi ubani okhokhelwa imiyalezo abayibonayo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingayihlela Ngayo Imali Esetshenziswa Emkhankasweni

Awudingi ukuba ummeli noma umgcini - zincwadi ukuze ulandele le mali.

IKhomishane Yokukhetha YamaFederal (FEC)

Iwebhusayithi ye-FEC (fec.gov) inikeza izinhlelo eziseshayo zemibiko yezimali kahulumeni, i-PAC, namakomiti eqembu. Ungabheka ukuthi ubani onikele ku-abhayisense othile, ukuthi ikomiti ikhuphuke kangakanani, nokuthi imali yavelaphi. I-data ayiluhlaza futhi ingaxabana, kodwa iwumthombo ongokomthetho.

Ama - apenset

Isetshenziswa yi-Opartisan Center for Responsive Politics (manje eyingxenye ye-OpenSecrets), ivula izinyunyana. org ihlela i-FEC kumalungu onke e-Fortical Congress, wonke umlandeli womongameli, nezinkulungwane zamaqembu ezombangazwe. Ihlela iminikelo yezezezezezezebhizinisi, i-PACs, imali emnyama, kanye nokuxhumana. “Ukulandela kwabo ithuluzi lemali” kubaluleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukubona isithombe esikhulu.

Imibuso Nemithombo Yezincwadi Zendawo

Imithetho yezezimali yomkhankaso iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe. Izifunda eziningi zinezindawo zazo zokudalula nezindawo zokuxhumana ze-inthanethi. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures (NCSL)[[FL:1] inikeza iziqondiso zikahulumeni ngesifundazwe emikhawulweni yeminikelo, izimfuneko zokuthulula ulwazi, kanye nezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Izinselele Nemizamo Yezinguquko Yamanje

Nakuba kunezici ezingokomthetho, ochwepheshe abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi azinele. Nazi izimpikiswano ezinkulu nezinguquko ezihlongozwayo.

Ubuthakathaka Obuphoqelelwayo

I-FEC yakhiwa amakhomishane ayisithupha − amathathu asuka eqenjini ngalinye − futhi okungenani amavoti amane adingeka ukuze kuqashelwe ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa. Lendlela ivame ukuholela ekuboshweni kwe-grock, ikhomishane eboshweni eqenjini ukuba ihlole ukuthi iphulwa yini. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuphamba okuningi akujeziswanga, futhi inxusa libonwa kabanzi njengengenazinyo. Umbiko ovela ku-2021 we-Project On Government Oversatight wathola ukuthi i-FEC yafa iboshwe inqwaba yezindaba zokugcinwa kwemithetho, ivumela ukumiswa okungekho emthethweni nemali emnyama ukuba kuqhubeke kungagwenywa.

Isinyathelo Sokukhungatheka

Esinye seziphakamiso zenguquko ezivelele kakhulu yi- DISCLOSE Act [Umbuso uqiniswa ngokukhanyisa Ukukhanya Endaweni). Lokhu kungadinga zonke izinhlangano ezisebenzisa uR9 000 noma ngaphezulu ezikhangisweni ezihlobene nokhetho ukuze ziveze abanikeli bazo abaphezulu. Iye yavezwa kaningi eKhonsele kodwa yahluleka ukudlula. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ingenqanda imali emnyama; abaphikisi bathi ingathi iphula amalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala seSichithi futhi inqande ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Imizamo Yokuchithwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Abagxeki bezakhamuzi i-Community United baye bagqugquzela ukushintshwa kwesivumelwano somthetho-sisekelo ukuze sigumbuqele lesi sinqumo. Ukuhunyushwa okuvamile kungavumela uMkhandlu nemibuso ukuba ibeke imingcele enengqondo eminikelweni yomkhankaso nasemalini. Nokho, ukuncishiswa koMthetho-sisekelo kudinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini nokuhlanzwa ngemigoqo emithathu yesifundazwe esiphakeme kakhulu esingakahlanganwanga.

Iziphetho Zokuhlelwa Kwezinyathelo Zikahulumeni

Nakuba amasitebhisi okuguqula izakhiwo zikahulumeni, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho yawo siqu yezezimali. Amanye amazwe, njenge California ne New York, anezimfuneko eziqinile zokuthola imvume nezimiso zezimali zomphakathi. Amanye, njengo-Arizona noMaine, anikeza imali ehambelanayo kubantu abanikela ngemali encane. Ngokungafani, amanye amazwe aye akhulula imingcele yokusebenzisa imali yawo ngokwawo. Izakhamuzi zingabheka ezinguqulweni zezinga eliphezulu njengezindawo zokuhlola izimali zomphakathi.

Isiphetho: Indima Yesakhamuzi Ekulandiseni

Izimiso zezimali zomkhankaso azimi ndawonye − zilolongwa yizinqumo zenkantolo, imithetho, kanye nokucindezela komphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho uthini, ukuphumelela kwayo ekugcineni kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini eziboshelweyo ezifuna ukuba sobala futhi zigcine abazobhapathizwa kanye nabaqondisi bemithetho belandisa.

Ungaqala ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ashiwo ngenhla ukuze ucwaninge ngemali elandela abazohlolwa kanye nezinyathelo zokuvota endaweni yakini. Uma ubona isikhangiso, buza: ubani owasikhokhela? Lapho ozocela ukukhokhelwa ekhuluma ngendaba ethile, hlola uhlu lomniniyo. Futhi lapho uvota, cabangela ukuthi imithombo yezimali yomfundi ivumelana yini nezinto ezishiwo.

Ukuqonda imithetho yezimali enikezwa imithetho yezezimali kukunika amandla okubona ukuthi ulawulwa yini futhi wenze izinqumo ezisekelwe kokungaphezu nje kokuzwa umsindo.