Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo: Indlela Umthetho Olondoloza Ngayo Inkululeko Yakho Yomuntu Siqu

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788 futhi walungiswa izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa, umi njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe. Ungaphezulu kwemithetho yokubusa; uyisakhiwo samabomu esiklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekungeneni amandla kahulumeni. Kubafundisi nabafundi, beqonda indlela lencwadi evikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu ekuqondeni idemokrasi ngokwayo. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kuchaza imininingwane eqondile yezivikelo, umongo ongokomlando owawaklama, kanye nezincazelo ezivumelanayo ezibenza bafanele.

Isisekelo Sokuzivikela: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala uqanjwa, izihambeli nezakhamuzi eziningi zesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha kahulumeni wawungalingisa ubushiqela bombuso waseBrithani. Ukuze uxazulule lezizinkathazo, iSishaya - mthetho sokuqala sahlongoza uchungechunge lwezinguquko, oluyishumi kuzo lwagunyazwa ngo-1791. Ngokuhlanganisa, lezi zaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights. Babala ngokucacile inkululeko eyisisekelo yokuthi uhulumeni ngeke ungene.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Idwala Lenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sihlanganisa izikhundla ezinhlanu ezahlukene kodwa ezihlangene: inkolo, inkulumo, ukucosha, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho, kuyilapho i-Free Expressice Claus ivikela ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwabo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa okungaphezu kwamazwi nje kwezenzo ezingokomfanekiso, ukubhikisha kwezombangazwe, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zokukhuluma kwezentengiselwano, nakuba inemingcele enjengesihlamba nokukhuthaza ubudlova. I-Free Expressicer isebenza njengesekisi lokuhlola amandla, ivumela abacompuza ukuba babike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuzilawula. Ekugcineni, amalungelo okuhlanganisa ngokuthula nokunxusa kukahulumeni ukuveza izikhalo, nakuba ineminyeza enikeza izinhlangano zezentengo eqondile izinhlelondweni zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: “I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha iziXhobo, ngeke ligxambuzwe.” Ukuchazwa kwayo kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu. Kuyi-digality of Columbia v. [iNkantolo] [iNkantolo] [2008], iqinisekisa ukuthi ukunqatshelwa kwecala kuvikela ilungelo lomuntu ukuba nebhamu ngokwesiko, njengaleyo ye-effenses ngaphakathi ekhaya, engahlanganiswe nenkonzo eqoqwe. Lesinqumo asizange sinikeze ilungelo elingenamkhawulo; iNkantolo yavuma ukuthi isikhathi eside ivimbela ukuhlobiwa kwezikhali ngemijovolo noma ngemithetho eyingozi, ihlala iqinile, iphethe izibhamu, izikhali ezimpoqolo eziqinile.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Isivikelo Ekuthatheni Izigaba

Nakuba kungavamile ukubekwa, iSichibiyelo sesithathu seSithathu seSichithi sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlalise amasosha ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Kwakuwukusabela okuqondile emikhubeni yaseBrithani phakathi nenkathi yamakoloni. Lokhu kulungisa kugcizelela isimiso sokuthi ikhaya lomuntu liyindawo engcwele ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuba Wedwa Nokulondeka

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqubukeni. Kudinga ukuba ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele, esisekelwa ngesifungo noma isivumelwano, futhi kuchazwe indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi iphathwe abantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa lokhu kulungisa ebuchwepheshini obushaye, njengokuthungatha, ukulandelela, nokuqoqa ukwaziswa. Icala elibonisa indawo eyimfihlo lifana ne- Katz. United States (1967) yaqinisekisa ukuthi iSiphendumiso sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo, nokuthi ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo kukhona emongweni eminingi.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibucayi. IGrand Jury Clausle iqinisekisa ukuthi ubugebengu obukhulu bukahulumeni budinga ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho yijaji elikhulu. I-Bible Jeopardey Clause ivimbela umuntu ukuba avinjelwe kabili icala elifanayo. Ukuzishaya ngenkani u-Clausle unikeza abantu ilungelo lokuthula futhi angaphoqelelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi ngokumelene nabo. I-STED Procession Claus enqabela uhulumeni ukuba uncike noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho. Ekugcineni, ukuthatha u-Claus kudinga ukuba uhulumeni unikeze imbuyiselo uma nje kuthatha indawo yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe emphakathini.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Amalungelo Angokomthetho

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi okwenziwa yijaji elingakhethi esifundeni lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona. Futhi sinikeza omangalelwa ilungelo lokutshelwa ngemvelo nembangela yamacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, ukuthola umusa wabo, nokuba noMnyango Weseluleko ukuze bavikele. Ilungelo lokwahlulela landiswa ngokuphawulekayo Gideon v. Wainright[ [1963], okuthi kudingeka ukuba kunikezwe abameli abamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukubanika.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSember silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo enkantolo yomphakathi lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Siqinisekisa futhi ukuthi amaqiniso anqunywa ijaji akanakuphinde ahlolwe kunoma iyiphi inkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela ibheyili eqile, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinesihluku nesingavamile. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa lesi sigqebhezana ekubekeni inselele imikhuba enjengokubulala abantu abakhubazekile, ukubulala izingane, nokubeka ukuphila ngaphandle kokukhipha isigwebo emacala angekhona okungalawuleki awenziwa yizingane. Isijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile siyindinganiso eshintshayo eveza izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Izinqumo Zesi - 12 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo AseResidal and Federalism

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukulahla abanye abantu. Lokhu kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi iSimemezelo samalungelo abantu asigcwali; abantu ngabanye banamalungelo engeziwe angabhalwanga ngokuqondile. ISivumelwano seSichibiyelo seshumi asinikezwanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma sinqatshelwe yiso eUnited States, elandelanayo, noma kubantu.

Inkululeko Yomuntu Siqu Eyisihluthulelo Evikelwe Umthetho - sisekelo

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo acacile eSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu, uMthetho - sisekelo uvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu ebanzi ngokubhala umbhalo wayo nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokuziphatha Okubonisa Inhlonipho

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela amagama akhulunywayo kodwa futhi sivikela nemisebenzi elotshiwe, ukudweba, izenzo ezingokomfanekiso (njengokushiswa kwefulege noma ukufakwa amangalo), futhi ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zomkhankaso osetshenziswayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuveza inkululeko kubalulekile ekuzilawuleni, ekufuneni iqiniso, nasekufuneni ukuzibusa komuntu siqu. Nokho, izigaba ezithile zenkulumo zenzakale njengokukhuthaza, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, nokulwa amagama angcolile, kanye nokungavikeli. Umngcele ophakathi kwesivikelo nenkulumo esetshenziswa kuyi-webhusayithi uyaqhubeka ucwengwa nge-te, njengemithombo yezokuxhumana nenhlazo nenhlazo.

Inkululeko Yenkolo: OClaus Ababili

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala seSiphendulo u-Claus siye sadala uphendlo olubanzi. U-Dimension Claus wenqabela uhulumeni ekuvumeleni noma ekukhetheni inkolo. Lemon v. KuKurtzman[ (1971], iNkantolo yakha uvivinyo lwengxenye emithathu (uvavanyo lweLemon) ukuze ihlole ukuthi umthetho uwephula lomthetho. Inkantolo ivikela abantu ukuba basebenzise inkolo yabo, kodwa akuyona yonke inqubo engokwenkolo evikelayo ukuba isebenzise imithetho esebenzayo. [[FLT.FLT:2]] I-Employmentation Division. [1] Smith [1990], iNkanto ephethe imithetho engathi i-odromalcence i-Octivessstion (igconvective) yalected Religiontion) yalection Refecter Refecter Refectivestion (ection) yalouption.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nakuba igama elithi “iSichibiyelo” lingaveli eMthethweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo liboniswa iziqinisekiso ze-Orist, yesithathu, yesine, yesihlanu, ye-Nhlanu, neyeshumi elinesine. Lelilungelo liye laba yinhloko ekunqumeni ukuvimbela inzalo ([] i-Connecticut[, 1965]), ukukhipha isisu (Roe v. [[FLT] Roev], ne-Genetic , 1973, kanye nezinqumo ezilandelayo), kanye ne-etheneyo ([FLT].[FLT].[FLD: 5, 2003], imingcele yecala lomuntu siqu lomphakathi womkhaya, futhi ne-kweso ngokomthetho womshado womuntu siqu, nowengane.[FLT]

Inqubo Efanele: Iprocedual ne - “ficut ”

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu iSinyathelo sika-Claus sisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sinwetshwa ezifundazweni. Inqubo efanelekile kahulumeni idinga ukuba izenzo ezithinta ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla zenziwe ngesaziso esilungile nangezwi elinengqondo. Inqubo efunekayo engaphansi ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni, ngisho noma kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanelekile. Lemfundiso iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvikela ilungelo lokushada, ukuba nabantwana, ukwenza izinqumo zokwelapha, nokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwezingane.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ngaphansi KoMthetho

ISichibiyelo se 14 seSiphendulo Esilinganayo sika-Exchange Claus senqabela ukuphika noma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Lesi sigqebhezana siye saba isisekelo semithetho yamalungelo esizwe ephawula imingcele, kuhlanganise Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], eyaqeda ukuhlukanisa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, bergefell v. Hodges[ (2015], egunyazisa umshado ofanayo wezelele.). Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola kuye ngohlelo (ubuhlanga, ubulili, nobulili) nakwesokudla kwesokudla.

Amacala Abalulekile Enkantolo Ephakeme Athonya Inkululeko Yomuntu Siqu

Izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyisisekelo ziye zathonya izinga nencazelo yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngezansi kunamacala abalulekile angaphezulu kwalawo ahlelwe esihlokweni sokuqala.

  • Mapp v.O. (1961): Wasebenzisa umthetho wokukhishwa kwezwe, wadinga ukuba ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni nokuquleka kukhishwe ekuqulweni kwecala.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): wamisa ilungelo lokweluleka abamangalelwa abangemthetho ezinkantolo zobugebengu.
  • [[NT.0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Ukugcinwa komthetho okufunekayo ukutshela abasolwayo ngelungelo labo lokuthula nokuba nommeli abe khona phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo.
  • New York Times Co. v. United States (1971]: Walahlwa ngaphambi kokuba uvimbele ukunyatheliswa kwePentagon Papers, eqinisekisa ukuqashelwa okunamandla ngokumelene nokucusumbulwa kukahulumeni.
  • United States v. Nixon [19974]): Ilungelo lesikhulu esilinganiselwe, inqume ukuthi umongameli akanakubugodla ubufakazi ekuhloleni ubugebengu.
  • Texas v. Johnson (1998): Kuqiniselwe ukuthi ukushisa ifulege laseMelika njengendlela yokubhikisha kuvikelwe inkulumo engokomfanekiso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.
  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003): Ukugxumeka umthetho waseTexas owephula umthetho owenqabela ubulili obufanayo obubodwa, uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba wedwa.
  • I-CItamings United v. FEC (2010): ibusa ukuthi ukuxhasa kwenkampani ukusakazwa kwezindaba ezizimele zezombangazwe kukhetho olufunwayo ngeke kulinganiselwe, ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala sezimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile.

Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Ozivumelanisa Ngayo Noshintsho

Ukukhuthazela koMthetho-sisekelo kuxhomeke ekuzivumelani kwawo. Inqubo yokulungisa ivumela izinguquko ezingokomthetho, kuyilapho incazelo yokwahlulela ivumela ukujwayela izinto eziphilayo ezimweni ezintsha.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sichaza izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa izinqumo: ngamavoti amabili-sithathu kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu noma ngomhlangano obizwa ngama-3-3 ama-padrent ombuso. I-Ratiation idinga ukuvunyelwa ngezigaba ezintathu kwezine zezwe (kusukela ngezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano yesifunda). Le nqubo enzima iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezisekelwa kabanzi ziba ingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo. Inguquko yokuqala yeshumi (iSimiso Samalungelo) yavunyelwa ngo1791; iSiphendulo samuva kakhulu, iSiphakamiso samashumi amabili nambili (esikhokhwakhwa sesivumelwano somthetho) sanda) sagunyazwa ngo-1992.

Ukuchaza Nobuqili

Inkantolo ephakeme ihlola, amandla okumisa imithetho engekho ngokwezimiso, eqale yamiswa ku Marbury v. Madison [183]. Ngokuhlolwa kwecala ngekhanda, iNkantolo ichaza ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo ngokukhanya kwezindinganiso zamanje nezimo. Isibonelo, iSiphendu sesine sokunqabela kokuphenya okungacabangeli kwachazwa ukusebenzisa i-GPS (]] United States v. Jones, 2012) ne-cell-otacerdate mending. Isigwebo esifana ne-CPUPUM, i-E - orgactive.[FLT], i-coultet.[FLD [5], ngokufana no-1918], ijeza ijeza ijeliso elingavamile, igwebo, igwebo, igwebo, njengoba kuchazwa i-eleti yeze i-gest yomthetho, futhi i-ekhostruleti, isho umbiko, i-

Isenzo Senhlangano Nesimiso

Ngalé kokulungisa nezinkantolo, iKhongolo negatsha eliphethe nakho kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu siqu. ISishaya-mthetho singanikeza imithetho enwetshisa isivikelo, njengoMthetho Welungelo Womphakathi ka-1964, i-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, kanye namaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka ka-1990. Igatsha eliphethe liqinisa lemithetho futhi lingakhipha iziyalezo eziphethe ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ohulumeni bamazwe, ngemithetho nemithetho yabo siqu, ngokuvamile banikeza ezinye isivikelo ngaphezu komthetho kahulumeni.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zabafundi Nothisha

Ukuqonda inkululeko yomthetho-mthetho akuyona nje imfundo. Kubafundi, lamalungelo alinganisela ikhono lezikhulu zesikole lokuhlola amalocket, amaphephandaba abafundi abahlolayo, noma ukujezisa inkulumo. Icala lengqophamlando .Tins Independent Community School District [[[FLL:]] [1969] asungula ukuthi abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omthetho-mthetho wokufuna inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole. Kodwa, izikole zingabekela imingcele yenkulumo ebangela ukuphazamisa izinto ezibonakalayo. Abafundi bajabulela isivikelo somthetho wemfundo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yezemfundo, nakuba imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe ifaka imingcele. Ukuzinyenyezela kakhulu ukuthi lenkululeko isebenza kanjani ezingenisweni zemfundo, [FLD [F] [FFF]

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Komthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka uyithuluzi eliphilayo, ulondoloza inkululeko yomuntu siqu ngokungakhathali ekuhlukaniseni okushintshashintshayo kwemibuso yezombangazwe. Ukuhlukanisa kwawo ngokucophelela, ukuhlukanisa amalungelo, nezinqubo zokushintsha kuye kwavumela i-United States ukuba ikwazi ukuguqula inkathi igcine izindinganiso eziyinhloko zenkululeko nobulungisa. Ngothisha nabafundi, abahlanganyela noMthetho-sisekelo kuyisibopho somphakathi. Ngokuqonda iBhili lamalungelo omthetho, imibuso engokomthetho, nezinqubo zokuzivumelanisa, izakhamuzi zingazisa kangcono futhi zivikele inkululeko yazo. Njengoba isizwe sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha zenkululeko, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ubuphekulalela, nokwakheka kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho wezwe kuyaqhubeka nokuvivinywa futhi kuqinisekisiwe futhi, ngokuqinisekile. Abagcini bale nkululeko enikezwa yinkululeko enikezwa yinkululeko.