Ukwahlukana kwemibuso kungumqondo oyisisekelo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla, okubumba ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo. Ekujuleni kwalo, lesi simiso sihlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ibe ngamagatsha ahlukene [1] [ i-legispatidi[, ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici ekutholeni igunya elingalawulwayo. Ngoba isakhiwo asisona nje isici semfundo semfundo yezemfundo; sithonya ngokuqondile indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, ephoqesekekile, nehunyushwa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi isiphi isilinganiso sezakhamuzi [[FLT] [[FLT] [FLT] [[FLT:] [FLT] [5]] [i] [i] [isithi] [isithilizo] [isizathu sokuvikela amalungelo angempela okuhlangene, ukuhlanganisa izinselele, ukuhlanganisa izinselele kanye nezinselele ezikhona ngesikhathi esikhona.

Imvelaphi Nezimiso Zokwehlukana Kwamandla

Umqondo wanamuhla wokwahlukana kwemibuso uhlobene kakhulu nesazi sefilosofi sezombangazwe saseFrance uMentesquieu, owawuchaza emsebenzini wakhe we-1748] . Nokho, izimpande zawo zibuyela emuva eGrisi yasendulo nase Roma, lapho izimiso zikahulumeni ezixubeneyo zazizama khona ukulinganisela i-monarchy, i-cutypostic, nezakhi zedemokramenti. UMontequieu waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ingavikelwa kuphela lapho kubekwa umthetho, isikhulu, namandla okwahlulela asetshenziswa izindikimba ezihlukene. Lomqondo wawuthonya kakhulu izimo ze-progentesston ze-U. ngo1777, owawe wahlukanisa isimiso sombuso wombuso wezwe, owahlukanisa imibuso eBrithani.

Isimiso esiyinhloko sicacile: alikho igatsha okufanele likwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yelinye ngaphandle kobubonisi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho isigebengu sibhala imithetho, isikhulu siyisebenzisa, futhi ijaji lichaza ubukho bomthetho ngokomthetho waso. Lokhu kubekwa kwesakhiwo kwakha isimiso se nokulinganisela , lapho igatsha ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela noma ukubukeza izenzo zabanye. Kubantu, lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungelo abo avikelwa ngezingqimba eziningi zobungameli, kunciphisa izingozi zesenzo sohulumeni esiwubandlululo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Achazwa

  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Ngokuvamile ipalamende, ingqungquthela, noma ingqungquthela ekhethwe abantu. Inomthwalo wokuhlela, ukuphikisana, nokushaya imithetho. Ezimisweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho silawula uhlelo lwemali futhi sinegunya phezu kwesikhulu.
  • Igatsha eliphethe: eliholwa umongameli, undunankulu, noma inkosi, leligatsha liphoqelela futhi liqondisa imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Lihlanganisa iminyango kahulumeni, izinhlangano, nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezibusa usuku nosuku.
  • [[QUT: 0] Igatsha lobuJudicial: Elakhiwe izinkantolo namajaji, leligatsha lichaza imithetho futhi lixazulule izingxabano, kuhlanganise nezingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni. Ngokuvamile linamandla okuhlola ukubulala imithetho ephula umthetho.

Nakuba lamagatsha ehlukene, ancikene. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi angagunyaza umthetho weveto, isishaya-mthetho singazimisa izikhulu eziphethe, futhi ijaji lingabusa ukuthi izenzo zezikhulu azivumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kwenza isimiso sibe namandla futhi sikwazi ukubhekana nezinselele ezintsha.

Okwenza Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Kubantu Abahlala Ezakhamuzini

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona imfundiso ewumthetho; kunemiphumela engokoqobo nevamile kubantu ngabanye.

Isivikelo Ekusebenziseni Kabi Amandla

Umlando ugcwele izibonelo zohulumeni abanamandla aphakeme egatsheni elilodwa noma kumbusi, okuholela ekucindezeleni, ukonakala, nasekwabeni igunya. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya, ukwehlukana kwemibuso kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba aphoqe intando yakhe ngaphandle kokumelana. Kubantu, lokhu kuveza amathuba amaningi okubekela inselele. Uma imizamo yezikhulu yokunciphisa inkululeko yomphakathi, izakhamuzi zinganxusa isishaya - mthetho ukuba sidlulise imithetho evikelayo noma sifune izikhundla ezinkantolo. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla kuyisivikelo esiwusizo ekumelaneni kwe-phostricio.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Amasesha nokulinganisela yizindlela ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba ligade futhi licindezele elinye. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • [[[Umthetho:0] I-Legislature ihlola umphathi:[ ngokwenqaba ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa, izinhlelo eziqedayo, noma ukuqala uphenyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ihlola isishaya-mthetho: ngokukhipha izikweletu noma ukubiza iziqephu ezikhethekile.
  • I-skerory commons: ngokumisa imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingekho ngokomthetho.

Kuzakhamuzi, lokhu kuhlola kusho ukuthi awukho umthetho ongamiswa noma ophoqelelwa ngaphandle kokuhlola izingqimba eziningi. Umthetho ohlasela ngokungafanele iqembu elincane ungashaywa izinkantolo, noma umyalo wesikhulu owedlula igunya ungase uvinjelwe yisishayamthetho. Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okubusa ngokuxhamazela noma ngokulawula.

Ukuhlanganyela Okukhuthazayo Kweqembu Nokulandisa

Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi umbuso kahulumeni uhlukene, zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nesimiso. Ziyazi ukuthi ubani okufanele athintane naye ngenkinga: ummisi-mthetho ozomisa umthetho omusha, inhlangano yezobuphathi ukuze iphoqelele imithetho ekhona, noma inkantolo yokubekela inselele isenzo esingalungile. Lokhu kucacisa kukhuthaza ukulandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inhlangano kahulumeni yenqaba ukukhipha amarekhodi omphakathi, izakhamuzi zingakhokha ukuze zingene, zithembele enkantolo ukuze ziqinisekise imithetho yokubona ngokukhululekile. Ngokufanayo, ukuvota kokhetho lwemithetho kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zishintshe isiqondiso sokwenza umthetho, kuyilapho ukuvota kokhetho lwezikhulu kuzenza zikwazi ukuthonya izinto eziza kuqala.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kukhuthaza umphakathi okhululekile wezindaba nomphakathi ukuba usebenze njengezinja eziqaphile. Izintatheli zingabika ngezenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela, zazi ukuthi izinkantolo zivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuthi izishayamthetho zingayilawula. Lendawo yokuqondisa ibalulekile ekulawuleni idemokrasi enempilo.

Indlela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Okukuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Ithonya lalesimiso ngokuvamile alibonakali kuze kube yilapho kuphakama ingxabano, kodwa lithonya ukusebenzelana okuvamile nohulumeni.

Ukuvikelwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwabathengi

Uma uthenga umkhiqizo, uthembela ohlwini lwemithetho (ewulwayo), ephoqelelwa yizinhlangano (ezihluphayo), futhi ichazwa izinkantolo (zezezenkantolo). Ngokwesibonelo, i-Food and Drug Administration yase-U.S. (ehlukanisayo) i-Fod ne-Drug Administration (evikelayo) i-aregist) iphoqelela ukuba izindinganiso zokuphepha ezibekwe yi-Congress (egassivement), i-octive), uma lenhlangano ihluleka ukwenza, amaqembu esithakazelo somphakathi angafaka icala enkantolo (inkantolo yezempi) ukuze abophe imvume yokuphoqelelwa. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amabhizinisi abhekenezeluleko, abathengi abangekho emthethweni, abangcolileyo nabangamangali bethengisa amanga.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nenqubo Efanele

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubucayi. Isishaya-mthetho sichaza ubugebengu nesijeziso, umphathi (izikhulu, abashushisi) uphenya futhi amacala, futhi ijaji liqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwamacala okungenacala. Isakhamuzi esingabekela inselele ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni noma ukuvuma izono ngokuphoqelelwe enkantolo, sifuna ukuba ijaji lihlole ukuziphatha kwesikhulu. Ngaphandle kwalenhlangano, igatsha elilodwa lingamangalela futhi lahlulele, kuholele ekuvalweni okungenacala. Icala lobugebengu nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga kuyimiphumela eqondile yalesimiso.

Ukukhangisa Nokukhetha

Ukuqondisa ukuvota kuhilela wonke amagatsha amathathu. Izinqumo zemithetho zimisa imithetho yokuvota, iziphathi-makhulu (jengesibonelo, ababusi bezwe noma onobhala bezwe) bengamele izindawo zokuhlola nokufaka iziqinisekiso, futhi izinkantolo zixazulule izimpikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID, i-gerrymanindering, noma izibalo zokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020 U.S., ukumangalelwa okuningi kwabekwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko zokuvota okwenziwa yizi izishayamthetho nezikhulu zezikhulu. Inkantolo yasebenza njengomsizi wokugcina, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho luyaqhubeka ngokwezindinganiso zomthetho. Izakhamuzi zizuza ekwazini ukuthi akukho komiti eyodwa yokhetho olungenziwa ngokukhetha okunye.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Umklamo nokuqondisa izinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicare, iMedicaid, noma umshuwalense wezenhlalo uhlanganisa wonke amagatsha. Izimali ezifanele futhi imise iziqondiso; izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenzisa izinzuzo nezinhlelo; izimpikiswano ezifushanisiweyo zokungavunyelwana kwezinhlelo. Izakhamuzi zithembele ezimisweni ezinjalo, ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kunikeza indlela yokudlulisa izinqumo ezimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, isiguli esila inqubo yezokwelapha singabeka icala lokuthi inqubo ichaza umthetho ngokungeyiyo, iphoqelele ukuba izinkantolo zichaze inhloso ye-accomputer.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kuyasebenza

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso okusebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani kubalulekile:

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Kulelicala eliyingqophamlando lase-U.S. igatsha lokwahlulela lasebenzisa amandla alo okuhlola ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi "imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo", isekelwe ngesinqumo sangaphambili ( Presev. Ferguson) futhi yaphoqelelwa yimithetho kahulumeni nezikhulu, yaphula iSivikeli sika Claus seSinyuselo se-145. Lesinqumo sabonisa indima yejaji njenge-cheke kuzo zombili izivumelwano zomthetho wemithetho yemithetho yezemthetho.

I - Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

I-Watergate yembula indlela ukuphathwa kwemithetho okungahlola ngayo ukuphaphanyiswa kwezikhulu. Ngemva kokuphulwa endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee, i-Congress yathola ukuqulwa kwecala elaveza ubufakazi bokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, kuhlanganise nokugqunywa isifuba nokugadwa ngokungekho emthethweni yi-Sikhundla se-Nixon. I House Judicary Committee ivotela uMongameli ophethe uNixon, okwaholela ekuyekeni kwakhe. Lokhu kugcizelela ukubaluleka komsebenzi wegatsha lezekelo lokuhlola nokungagunyazi ngemithetho ephethe izikhulu.

I - Independent Act (1978-1999)

I-Puter Watergate, i-Congress yamisa umthetho owenzela iseluleko esizimele sokuhlola izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi egatsheni eliphethe. Lo mthetho wavumela umshushisi okhethekile ukuba asebenze ngaphandle komyalo wesikhulu, aqinisekise ukuphenya ngokungakhethi kwezikhulu eziphethe. Lo mthetho wasinda ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungabeka imingcele enjalo kumphathi ophethe. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi izakhamuzi zingaphenywa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yizikhulu.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kokuhlukana Kwamandla

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zawo, ukwehlukana kwemibuso kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21 leminyaka:

Ukuvelela Kwesikhulu

Emazweni amaningi, izikhulu ziye zandisa igunya lazo ngemithetho yezikhulu, iziqondiso, nangamandla aphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, omongameli base-U.S. kusukela ku-Franklin D. Roosevelt baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalo zokuqondisa ukuze bangangeni i-grid lomthetho. Nakuba iziyalezo ezinjalo zisemhloleni wokwahlulela, zingahlala zisebenza iminyaka eminingi, ngokuvamile zikhuthaza izimpi ezingokomthetho. Lokhu "ukubulala okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umongameli") kuqeda izinga lokulinganisela kwamandla, ukwenza isinqumo sokugxilisa ingqondo egatsheni elilodwa. Izakhamuzi zingathola ukuthi abameleli bazo abakhethiwe abanalo ithonya elincane ngezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwabo, njengokufuduka nokulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Uma elinye iqembu lilawula isishaya-mthetho futhi elinye lilawula ukulawulwa kwesikhulu, ibhungane lezombangazwe lingavimbela umthetho odingekayo. Ukuhlelwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kungase kuphele, ukumiswa kunganciphiswa, futhi izindaba ezinkulu zingaxazululwa. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njengokuvinjelwa kukahulumeni wase-U.S. izakhamuzi zibhekana nezinkonzo ezibambene, ukuncishiswa kwemali yomphakathi, nokungaqiniseki kwezomnotho. I-Gricklock ayigcini nje ngohulumeni; futhi ingaqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi esimisweni. Izakhamuzi zingase zibe nomuzwa wokuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso kusebenza kancane njengesivikelo futhi kungathi isithiyo yokulawula okuphumelelayo.

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Abagxeki nhlangothi zombili baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli badlula esabelweni sabo sokuchaza indima yabo, benza umthetho ngokuphumelelayo ebhentshini. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "isenzo sobujudist" futhi kungaholela ekunqumeni okungahambisani nenhloso yendlu yomthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, "umthetho" ungashiya imithetho engangqubuzani nemithetho. Kubantu, le mpikiswano isho ukuthi izinkantolo, ezihloselwe ukungathathi-hlangothi, zingaba yizigebengu. Izinqumo ezinkulu ze-propati eziya eJudiary (umz., U.S.S. S. inkantolo Ephakeme) manje incintisana kakhulu, iphakamisa izimpikiswano zokuthi ukukhululeka komthetho.

Ukuthambekela Kwembulunga Yonke Nokulawula

Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusongelwa ukunyuka kwemithetho ewubushiqela, lapho izikhulu zilulaza khona izigebengu, ziqeda amandla omthetho, futhi zicindezela umphakathi womphakathi. Emazweni anjengeHungary, iPoland, neTurkey, izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zinamandla amakhulu kumphathi, zinciphisa ikhono lezakhamuzi lokubekela inselele izenzo zikahulumeni ngezinkantolo ezizimele.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza Ukuze Zisekele Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukulondoloza ukulinganisela kwegunya kuwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwayo phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nomphakathi. Nazi izinyathelo ezisebenzayo izakhamuzi ezingazenza:

  • Hlala usazi: Uqonda indima yegatsha ngalinye futhi ulandele izindaba ezimayelana nendlela elisebenzisa ngayo amandla alo. Ulwazi luyisivikelo sokuqala ekuxhashazweni.
  • Participate kukhetho: Ungaqokomisi abazohlolwa kuphela kodwa futhi nezindawo zesikhulu seqembu ezihlonipha imingcele yezinhlangano. Sekela abaholi ababopha ukusekela amasheke nezilinganiso.
  • Ukuhlangana nomphakathi: Xhumela noma izinhlangano ezisekela ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukuvela kwemithetho, nokulandisa kokuphathwa kweziphathimandla. Amaqembu anjenge-American Civil Liberaties Union noma i-Brennan Center yeJaji ilawula ukungalingani kwamandla.
  • Sebenzisa izinkantolo: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ephulwe ngesenzo sikahulumeni, cabangela isenzo esingokomthetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi zenzalo zinikeza izinkonzo ze-probono.
  • Xhumana nabameleli Bakho:[ Bhala, shayela, noma hlangana nabamisi-mthetho ukuveza ukukhathazeka ngokuphambana kwezikhulu noma ukumiswa kokwahlulela. Ukucindezela okuvela kuma-accomption kungaguqula izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Abanye: Xoxa ngokubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso emphakathini, ezikoleni, nasemsebenzini. Ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi kuyinhlolo - vo yokugcina kuhulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaphezu komthetho-sisekelo; kuyindlela yokuphila evikela izakhamuzi ekugcotshweni kwegunya. Ngokuhlukanisa uhulumeni ube yizishayamthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu oqaphelayo ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuhlola, futhi ukuthi abantu banezindlela eziningi zokubekela inselele ukwahlulela okungalungile. Ukusuka kubathengi ukuya kubulungisa bobugebengu, kusukela kukhetho ukuya kobudokotela, imiphumela ephethe impilo ekhona. Nokho, lesimiso asikona ukuzisebenzela ngokwabo. Kudinga izakhamuzi eziqaphilelayo eziqonda indima yazo ekusekeleni ukulinganisela, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isikole, imfundo, futhi, uma kudingeka, ukuhlahlela ezindaweni eziphethe imingcele, ukusekela ukubekwa kwezempilweni kwezwe. Njengoba inqubo yomhlaba yonke ikhuthaza ukubekwa kombuso oziboshelwayo.