Isingeniso: Indima Yokubambisana Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Emizamweni Engokwezombangazwe

Usizo lwamazwe angaphandle lumelela ukugeleza okukhulu kwemithombo yezimali evela kohulumeni abanikelayo, izikhungo eziningi, nezisekelo ezizimele emazweni asathuthuka. Ngo-2023 kuphela, ukuthuthukisa kwezezombangazwe emazweni e-OECD kwafinyelela inani elilinganiselwa ku-R22 000 000 000. Izinhloso ezishiwo zalolu sizo zisukela ekuncipheni kobumpofu nentuthuko yempilo nentuthuko yezentando yeningi. Nokho, esinye sezici eziphikisana kakhulu zosizo zakwamanye amazwe yimiphumela yokuzinzisa kwezombangazwe emazweni asamukelayo. Ukuzinza kwezombangazwe okuye kwachazwa njengokungabikho kwengxabano enobudlova, ukubusa okungaguquguquki, nokungaguquguquki kwezenzo zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalakahle yezezimali (*) nesidingo sokuthuthukisa intuthuko engokwezinkonzo ezisebenzayo. Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kosizo oluphakathi kosizo nokuzinziwayo nokuzinziwa emhlabeni wonke. Usizo lungaqinisa futhi lululaza ukuhleleka, kuye ngokuthi kuvela kanjani, futhi luye luye luye lwabuswa, futhi luhlola ngosizo lwezizwe ezinhlangothi ezinhlangothini ezisebenzayo.

Imibono Ephambene Ngosizo Nokuqina

Izazi nabezokwelapha baye bathuthukisa izinqubo eziningana ukuze baqonde indlela usizo oluzwana ngayo nezimiso zezombangazwe. Isiko elivamile “lokubusa okuhle” liphikisa ukuthi usizo luqinisa izinhlangano, lukhuthaza ukubonakala, futhi lunciphisa izikhalo ezibangela izinxushunxushu. Ngokuphambene, “umbono wezezomnotho” uxwayisa ngokuthi usizo lungadala izisusa eziphambene, ababusi abakhohlakele abakhohlakele, futhi lwenze buthaka isivumelwano somphakathi phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Umbono wesithathu, osekelwe ekuhloleni izimpi, usikisela ukuthi usizo lungaxhasa ngokungenaphutha amaqembu ahlomile noma imfuno yobuhlanga lapho imithombo isakazwa ngokungenabulungisa. Lemibono ephikisanayo igcizelela isidingo sokuhlola okuhlolwayo okucatshangelwayo, ukunikeza usizo, izisusa zezombangazwe, kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe zokusiza kokubili abanikeli.

Imithombo Yezinto Eyingozi Efana Nayo

Indikimba ekhulayo yokucwaninga iveza ukufana phakathi kosizo lwangaphandle nenzuzo engokwemvelo. Njengoba nje umthamo kawoyela noma amaminerali kungabangela ukonakala, ukubusa ngempoqo, nengxabano .Into eyaziwa ngokuthi “isiqalekiso esidala”"""", ukuhamba okulindelekile kungabangela amandla afanayo. Usizo lungaba umthombo “wemali engakhokhwanga” kohulumeni, ukunciphisa ukulandisa kwabo ezakhamuzini futhi unciphise izisusa zokuzisebenzela. Amazwe athembele kakhulu ekusizeni angathola amandla abuthakathaka emfunweni wezwe esikhathini eside, ngoba abaholi abadinga ukuxoxa ngentela noma ukusekela okusekelwe kakhulu. Lokhu kungandisa ukuntengantengantenga okungantenga okungantenga kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi uma usizo luncishiswa ngokungazelelwe noma lapho kuncishiswa izinzuzo zasekhaya.

Iminikelo Eqondile Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe Ekuzwaneni Kwezombangazwe

Lapho kuhambisana nezinto eziza kuqala endaweni futhi kusetshenziswa ngendlela esobala, usizo lwakwamanye amazwe luye lwanezela ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe ezimweni eziningana.

Ukuqinisa Ikhono Likahulumeni Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Enye yezindlela ezicacile ezithuthukisa ukuzinza i-ohulumeni ukuba banikeze izinkonzo eziyisisekelo. Imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, amanzi, indle nogesi kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abaphila kahle. Uma lezi zinkonzo zingekho noma zihluleka, abantu bayawohloka futhi bancishiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo zezempilo ezinikezelwe ngezimali e-Saharan Afrika ziye zanikela izindleko eziphawulekayo ekuncipheni okuphawulekayo ekubulaweni kwabantwana nasekusakazeni kwezifo ezinjenge-HIV/AIDS nomalalevevalevere. Le mpumelelo iqinisa ukwethemba umphakathi kuhulumeni futhi inciphise ukuxabana kwezenhlalo. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi esekelwa yiminikelo enikezwa yiminikelo zokwenza intuthuko yezentengiselwano yezentengo yezentengo, i-Greansty , i-madroults , i-s processss short, issss proced process, isssssss.

Ngaphandle kokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo, usizo luvame ukuhlanganisa usizo lobuchwepheshe lokuthuthukisa ukuqondisa komphakathi. Ukuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi zomphakathi, ukusekela ukuhlelwa kwemali, nosizo ekuklameni izimiso zentela eziphumelelayo kungathuthukisa ikhono lombuso lokubusa. Ezimisweni zangemva kwemvume njenge Rwanda neLiberia, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano eziphakeleyo kwasiza ukuvuselela ukubusa komthetho kanye nokwethemba kabusha ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Nakuba intuthuko ingalingani, lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi usizo olunengxenye engcono lungaqinisa zona kanye izinhlangano ezisekela ukuqina.

Ukuvimbela Ukungqubuzana Nokwakha Ukuthula

Usizo lwamazwe lufeza indima evelele ekuvimbeleni ukuthula nokulwa. Abanikazi basekela ukuncishiswa kwezikhali, ukuthotshelwa phansi kwezakhiwo, nokubuyiselwa (DDR) kwezinhlelo zangaphambili, ukusekela iqiniso nokubuyisana, kanye nokusungulwa kwezezimali zomphakathi. E-Nepal, ngokwesibonelo, usizo oluvela eZizweni ezihlangene kanye nakubangane abasebenza ngezimpi zombango lungasiza ekusekeleni inqubo yokuthula ngemva kwempi yangaphakathi yeminyaka eyishumi, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukunqandwa kwemilo yemoto nokuphinde ihlasele izimpi zamaMaopist. EColombia, usizo lwezizwe ngezizwe luye lwasekela ukuthuthuka kwasemaphandleni nempi ezindaweni ezithintekelwe ukuvusemuva kokulwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ngokuqondile ingozi yokubuyela ebudloveni futhi kwakudala izimo zezombangazwe.

Ukusekela Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi Namalungelo Abantu

Izinhlangano eziningi ezinikelayo zizimisele ukukhuthaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi njengendlela yokuzinza. Usizo lungaxhasa okhetho, luqinise izishaya-mthetho nezishaya - mthetho, lusekele izinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi lukhuthaze inkululeko yezokuxhumana. Emazweni amuva anezinguquko zentando yeningi. NjengeGhana neKenya(aid) isiza ekuthuthukiseni izinhlangano zezentando yeningi futhi zakhe amandla okudlulisa amandla ngokuthula. Uma ukhetho oluthembekile luphathwa ngokuthula futhi luhlonishwa, ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe kufakwa ezinqubweni ezimweni ezingekhona budlova. Usizo olusekela ukugadiswa kwenkululeko yabantu nosizo olungokomthetho lunganciphisa izikhalo ezingase zibangele izingxabano. I-transchemeternate zokwe kakhulu, okubusa izinguquko ezithuthukisiwe ngosizo oluqinile lwezombangazwe.

Izingozi Nemiphumela Embi Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Izingozi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuthembela osizoni, ukubhebhethekisa inkohlakalo, ukuqinisa impoqo, nokuqeda izingxabano ngokungahlosile.

Usizo Nokwehliswa

Emazweni lapho usizo luhlanganisa khona ingxenye enkulu yemali esetshenziswayo yesizwe, cishe isilinganiso esingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu% sokusetshenziswa kukahulumeni. Abakhokhi bentela ngokuvamile bafuna ukufezeka kakhulu kuhulumeni kunabantu abathola izimali kwamanye amazwe. Uma ohulumeni bethola imali eningi emithonjeni engaphandle, bangawushaya indiva uhulumeni wasekhaya futhi bacindezele ukuphikiswa ngaphandle kokwesaba ukunqandwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi. Kunalokho, banikeza usizo oluye lwanikezwa imibuso ezimele ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphansi kwe-Saharan Afrika nase-Central Asia. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ethiopia ngaphansi kwempikiswano yeTigray, ezinkulu zosizo azizange zivimbele uhulumeni ekunciphiseni inkululeko yomphakathi noma ukumelana nomthetho wombango. Kunalokho, lunikeze usizo oluye lwawenza ukuba imibuso ekwazi ukugcina imibuso engaphansi kwezindawo zokulawula imibuso engokwakhiwe ngaphandle kwezombangazwe.

Ukonakala Nokungaqondisiwi

Usizo olukhulu lungadala amathuba okonakala, ikakhulukazi lapho abaphathi besebenza khona bebuthakathaka. Izikhulu zingase ziphambukise izimali, izivumelwano zobuphembeleli, noma zisebenzise imithombo yosizo ukuze zakhe ama-internet. Lokhu akuwona nje kuphela imfucumfucu kodwa futhi kulula ukuthemba izinhlangano zomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi usizo lucebisa abambalwa abanelungelo, ukucasuka nokuvilapha. Kumazwe anjenge-Afghanistan ne-South Sudan, usizo olukhulu ekuphakameni okuhlangabezwaneni nokonakala okusakazekele futhi lunikele ekubekeni inzuzo ekwakheni izakhiwo zomphakathi. Isifundo se World Bank sithola ukuthi imisebenzi yokusiza iphumelela kakhulu ngokuhlola okuqinile, ukukhomba kwazo, empeleni zingaba zimbi kakhulu. Ukukhipha lengozi, ukuhlukanisa iminikelo kuqhubekeka kakhulu ukubusa kwe-garder, kodwa i-gandressscker, kodwa iyaqhubeka i-galler.

Ukukhohlisa Nobukhosi

Usizo lwangaphandle aluthathi hlangothi ngokuphelele. Impi yomshoshaphansi ivame ukuphishekela izithakazelo ezisemqoka ezisemqoka, amathuba ezokuhwebelaneni, noma ithonya lemibono, elingasonta ezombangazwe zezwe. Usizo lungathunyelwa kubaholi abathandekayo noma amaqembu, lubavikela ekubekeni isibopho sokulawula noma ukunikeza imithombo yezentengiselwano. Umlando weMpi yomshoshaphansi unikeza izibonelo eziningi lapho imibuso emikhulu ebekwe khona impoqo yokulawula imibuso yempoqo ekushintsheleni ukwethembeka, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside. Muva nje, usizo oluvela emazweni anjengeChina naseRussia luye luye luye lwagxekwa ngokusongela ngokukhuthaza ukubusa kohulumeni ngaphandle kombuso. Uma usizo lungabhebhethwa njengethuluzi lokungenela kwezizwe ezisemuva, ukusekela kwezizwe ngezivumelwano zezombangazwe, ukusekela kwelinye iqembu lezizwe.

Ukubhebhethekisa Ukushuba Kwezingxabano Zobuhlanga Nezesifunda

Izindawo ezihlukene zingandisa ukuhlukana okukhona futhi zibangele ukuqiniswa kwezindawo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Izindawo zokulwa, imitholampilo, noma imigwaqo ingasiza ekubangeleni izingxabano zezindawo noma izinhlanga ezihlukene. Emiphakathini ehlukene, lokhu kungandisa izikhalo ezikhona futhi kubangele izikhalo. I-Kenya, usizo oluya ezindaweni ezabelwe iqembu lohlanga olulodwa olunombono okhuthaleleyo wobandlululo futhi olunengxenye ezinkingeni lobudlova ngemva kokhetho lwango-200. Ngokufanayo, empuma yeDemocratic Republic of the Congo, usizo lwezizwe ngezwe lonke luqinisa ngokungazi ukuthi kunganikezwa imithombo yezentengo noma intela. UDonors useziqaphela kakhulu lezizinsongo zempi ezibangelwayo futhi manje eziphikisanayo, kodwa ukwenziwa kwezenzo kuhlala kungaphelele.

Ubufakazi Obunamandla: Lapho Usizo Lusebenza Futhi Lapho Lubuyisela Imlilo

Ukuhlolwa kwezenzakalo nokuhlaziywa kwe-quanta kunikeza ubufakazi obuxubile. Ukuhlolwa okungavumelaniyo kwe-2020 kwe-meana-lyses zosizo olungu-38 kwathola ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, usizo lunciphisa amathuba engxabano(kodwa umphumela uxhomeke emongweni we-"kodwa]. Emazweni anezinga eliphezulu, usizo lulokhu lunciphisa izingozi. Ezimweni ezibuthakathaka, nokho, usizo lungandisa ingozi yokungavumelani okuphansi, ikakhulukazi phakathi neminyaka embalwa yokuqala yesimiso. Uhlobo losizo luxhomeke ekwakheni: usizo olunikezwa ngezinhlangano ezingakhokhiwe emhlabeni we-68656 (NGOs) luhlobene nokuchitheka okungakhiyo okungakhiyo okungaqondile kunokusekela izindleko ngokuqondile kohulumeni.

Isibonelo Esihle: INhlangano Yeminyaka Eyinkulungwane Ebekela Inselele

IMillennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) iyisibonelo sendlela yokuzinikela esiza izibopho ekuthuthukiseni imibuso elinganiselwe. Amazwe kumelwe ahlangane namafacelksi ezindawo ezinjengokulawula ukonakala, ukubusa komthetho, namalungelo entando yeningi ukuze afanelekele izimali ezinkulu. Ngokuhlela usizo ekusebenzeni kwenhlangano, i-MCC inciphisa izinguquko futhi inciphisa ingozi yokuthi usizo luyonyusa ukubusa okungelutho. Emazweni anjengeGhana ne-El Salvador, i-MC Compacts i-s ixhakamfula imithombo yezindawo nemisebenzi yezolimo ephethe inguquko eqinile, ifaka isandla ekulondolozeni ukuqina.

Isibonelo Esiphambene: Usizo E - Afghanistan

E-Afghanistan, usizo olukhulu lwezizwe zonke kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2021 lwehluleka ukuveza izinhlangano eziqinile zezombangazwe. Usizo oluningi lwanikezwa ngezakhiwo ezihambelanayo ezidlula umbuso, ukusungula umnotho ombaxambili owalulaza uhulumeni we-Afghanistan ukuba ngokomthetho namandla. Ukonakala kwadlanga, futhi umbuso awukwazanga ukuletha ukulondeka noma ubulungisa ngokuphumelelayo. Uma umphakathi wezizwe zonke wehla ngokushesha, i-Taliban idlula imibuso kahulumeni. Lendaba iqokomisa indlela yokusiza, uma ingafakwanga ekhonweni eliqinile lezombangazwe, kungalulaza umbuso we-gradeat orgo kanye nokuzinziwa isikhathi eside.

Izinqubo Zokunciphisa Ukuqina Kwemiphumela Yosizo

Ngenxa yalezi zimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, abenzi bezimiso baye basungula izindlela zokuthuthukisa ithonya elihle losizo ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe kuyilapho benciphisa izingozi.

Qinisa Ukuba Umnikazi Nokuqondisa Kwasendaweni

Usizo lunganezela ekuzinzeni uma luvumelana nezindawo ezichazwe ngokwesizwe. Isivumelwano sase Paris uDeclaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) sigcizelela ubunikazi bezwe, ukuvumelana phakathi kwabanikeli, nokulandisa. Uma ohulumeni abamukelayo behola ekuhlelekeni kwezindlela zokuthuthukisa, usizo lungaphelelisa imizamo yasekhaya kunokuguqula izisusa. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa izimiso zikahulumeni ekunikezeleni usizo, ngisho nangakho ukungapheleli kwabo, ukwakha amandla nomthetho kunokuba kwakhe izakhiwo ezihambelanayo.

Ukutshala Imali Ezimisweni Eziqinile Nokuqondisa

Ukwakha amahhovisi anamandla okuqondisa . .Audiot Office, izinhlangano ezimelene nokonakala, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lusetshenziswa ngokukhanyayo nangokungakhonjwa. Abanikazi bangasekela lemikhakha ngokuqondile, kanye nosizo lwezimo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-demon. Umboniso we-Pifferive Interies Transparency Implificience (EITI), osebenza emikhiqizweni yemvelo, uye walungiselelwa ukuba kutholakalele ukuveza obala. Ukuveza obala usizo kanye nemiphumela yemisebenzi kunganciphisa amathuba okusetshenziswa kabi nokunika ithemba emphakathini.

Indlela Yokuthatha Ingxabano Yokutholwa

Uhlelo ngalunye losizo kufanele luhlaziywe ngokuhlanganisa impikiswano. Ukuhlela okunonya kuhlanganisa ukuqonda umnotho wendawo, ukubheka abafaki bezimali abahlukene, nokuhlola imiphumela engalindelekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugwema usizo lokuthi ngokunganaki kusiza amaqembu ahlomile, kwabela imithombo ngokulinganayo ezindaweni, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinhloso zokwakha ukuthula zihlanganiswa kuzo zonke izigaba − hhayi nje lezo ezibhalwe ngokucacile ngokuthi “ukwakha ukuthula.” Abanikazi abaningana, kuhlanganise ne-United Kingdom’s Foreignvern, Commonweal & Development Office, baye bamukela izimpi ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni zezifunda ezingasheki.

Nciphisa Ukwethembela Kosizo Kancane Kancane

Ukuzinza kwesikhashana kudinga ukuqhubekela ezimisweni zenzuzo. Usizo lungasekela ukuhlelwa kwentela kanye nokuqoqwa kwempahla yasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ezisiza amazwe ukuba aqinise ukuqoqwa kwentela futhi ahlele izomnotho zehlisa ingxenye yosizo ekuhleleni imali futhi athuthukise ukulandisa kukahulumeni ezakhamuzini. Ngokuvamile, ukuncishiswa ngokuphawulekayo kosizo kunezinga elilindelekileyo kunezinga elisheshayo [1] ukunikeza ohulumeni isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nokwakha imithombo yemali ehlukile. Izinhlelo ze-European Union “bidget short" manje zihlanganisa izikhangiso zokusebenza ezihlobene nesizukulwane semali emakhaya.

Ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwabenzi

Usizo olungahleleki lunganqoba ohulumeni abamukelayo futhi lubangele izisusa eziphikisanayo. Umsebenzi ohlangene wokuzenzela, ohlanganisa izinhlelo, kanye nezinqubo zezimali ezihlangene (njenge-Global Fund to Friendance, TB and malaria) inciphisa izindleko zentengiselwano futhi ihlele imizamo esekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo. Izimo ezihlangene zibaluleke kakhulu emazweni angenamandla, lapho abanikeli abaningi bengase basebenze khona enqamuleniagnbangania injongo. The New Deance for Concencement eFragire States, esekelwa yi-OECD, inxusa ukugxiliswa kwemigomo yokuthula ukuthula kanye nemigomo yezwe evumelana nohulumeni besizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukuthutha Imikhumbi Yezohwebo

Usizo lwangaphandle luyithuluzi elinamandla kodwa elingaphelele lokuthuthukisa ukuqina kwezombangazwe. Imiphumela yalo ixhomeke kakhulu kwezombangazwe nasemongweni wezwe eliyamukelayo, ukunikeza usizo, nokuvumelana kwezivumelwano zosizo. Uma lusetshenziswa ukuqinisa izinhlangano ezizolandisa, ukunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile, nokusekela izinqubo zokuthula ezigcwele, ingaba amandla anzima. Nokho, uma ibangela ukonakala, isekela imibuso engalingani, noma iguqula izisusa zezombangazwe, ingalulaza ukuthuthukisa kwayo.

Ubufakazi bukhomba embonweni wendlela elula kodwa eyinselele: usizo kumelwe lufakwe eqhingani elibanzi eliphathelene nobukhosi, ukwakheka kwezindawo, futhi luvumelane namaqiniso endawo. Kunokunikezwa ithemba eligcwele noma ukungakuthembi. Kunalokho, ubufakazi obuqaphile obunencazelo eqinile (ukufunda nokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo) kuveza indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo lwangaphandle lusiza ekuzinziseni okuhlala njalo kwezombangazwe kunokuba luzinzise.

  • Ukhiye:[ Usizo lusebenza kangcono uma luqinisa ukulandisa komphakathi futhi lwakha amandla ombuso.
  • Ingozi eyingozi: Engenazimo noma engaqashelwanga kahle ingabangela ukonakala futhi yenze isivumelwano sezenhlalo sibe buthaka.
  • phambili: Abanikazi nabamukelayo kumele bafake izimali ngokuhlangene ekuboneni, ekuxakekeni kwengxabano, nasekwenzweni semali ekhaya.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka iBhange leZwe ne-Institutions i-Governance ne-, i-OECD's Fragile States imibiko[[, kanye neNkathi yokwakha i-United Nations .]