Iyini Imibiko Yokulahla Izakhamuzi?

Imibiko yokukhipha izivumelwano yangaphakathi iwumbhalo ogciniwe wezindaba ezingokomthetho ezisalele inkantolo ezingezona ezobugebengu. Bathatha konke ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ngokudluliswa kwecala ngokuthatha izinyawo, ukuzwa, ukuzwa, ukuxabana, ukuqulwa kwezivumelwano, ukuqulwa kwezivumelwano, ukulahlwa kwezindawo zesivumelwano, ukulahlwa kwempahla, izihlupho zezezikhalo zemali, izihluthulelo zezindawo zemali, izihluzo zezindawo ezingokomthetho, izimemezelo ezikhishwa yijaji zejaji, imiyalo ephuma kumajaji, amajaji, nezokuquluza okugcina icala (i-dismis, ukuququlwa kwecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ukuqulwa kwecala).

Imibiko yezivumelwano yesivumelwano ihlukile emibhalweni yezephulamthetho ngoba ayihlanganisi ukumangalelwa kobugebengu obungahlangene nombuso. Kunalokho, ixazulula izingxabano zangasese phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa izingxabano zezivumelwano, ukumangalelana kwabantu ngabanye, izimpi zomninindlu, izimpi zemisebenzi, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, nezenzo zesigaba. Ngenxa yokuthi le mibhalo iyindaba egciniwe yomphakathi ezindaweni eziningi, ikha umthombo ocebile wokwaziswa nganoma ubani owenza intshiseko efanele ($10), ukuhlola okungokomthetho, ukuhlola kwezebhizinisi, noma izinqumo zezeluleko zezezezeze zezebhizinisi.

Ukuqonda isakhiwo salemibhalo kubaluleke ekuyisebenziseni ngokuphumelelayo. Ukungena komchamo okuvamile kungahlela usuku, uhlobo lwe-screens (umzk., "Ukubaluleka Kokulahla"), i-past, i-past, nencazelo emfushane. Umbhalo ogcwele wokuncenga, ukuthatha, nokuyalela kuvame ukutholakala, nakuba ezinkantolo eziningi kuphela ama-PDFs ziyaseshwa. Ukwazi ukuthi yini engabheka i-$8 shayahlo, i-machest, i-maches, noma ukumangalelwa okuningi okuhilela iqembu elifanayo ``acan' kwembula izici eziyingozi.

Ukufinyelela Imilando Yokulahla Izakhamuzi

Izindlela zokungena zihluka kakhulu ngegunya. Ngezinga likahulumeni, isimiso somphakathi sokuthola i-Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) sinikeza itheku elisenkabeni ye-inthanethi yama-inthanethi kuzo zonke iziNkantolo ze-Folds, iBhankiptcy Courts, ne-Appeltates. Abasebenzisi bangahlola ngegama leqembu, inombolo yekhathisdi. I-PACER inikeza imali encane ngephepha ngalinye, nakuba intengo encishiwe yabasebenzisi abangaphansi kwenani elithile le-R. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ukungena kweyakhelwa kwazo kuyahlukana. Izinkantolo eziningi ziye zafaka inqubo yezomthetho e-Cort, ngokwesibonelo, i-Odysey File, noma i-New York'sCourts ezigcine inzuzo zezehhhhhhhhhhhhhhrs noma ezinhhhhhhhhhhhhholo ezisemthethweni.

Ingxenye yesithathu yezinkonzo zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho njengeWestlaw, LexisNexis, ne Bloomberg Law irekhodi evela emabuthweni amaningi futhi ifake inani ngamathuluzi okuhlola, izikhotha, nezici ezisemfazaneni. Lezi zinkonzo zisetshenziswa kakhulu amafemu omthetho nezinhlangano. Abantu ngabanye noma amabhizinisi amancane ngaphandle kokuthola imvume yokukhokha, izikhombo zomphakathi ezingase zitholakale egcekeni lesifunda. Ukuvakashela igceke kumuntu ngokuvamile kukuvumela ukuba ubheke amafayili angokoqobo noma usebenzise izitembulo zomphakathi ukuba ubuze ngesimiso sechweba. Nokho, akuzona zonke izincwadi ezingatholakala ngokushesha ngenxa yokuhlola izimvume zokukhomba noma ukuzingathathiwe.

Izinqolobane zemitapo nodwebo lwamahhovisi kahulumeni zinamarekhodi amadala, ikakhulukazi lawo avela ezinkantolo aye ahlanganisa amafayela ngokulandelana. Izinqolobane zezindawo zomlando, imiphakathi engokomlando, nemitapo yezincwadi yezomthetho yaseyunivesithi ngezinye izikhathi amarekhodi endlu angasasebenzi. Uma ukungenisa amarekhodi kude, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bomthombo. Bheka izimpawu zenkantolo ezisemthethweni, izitembu zeposi, kanye nezinombolo ezingase zinqamulelwe ngokuqondile nge-testry ye-database yenkantolo.

Ukusebenzisa Amarekhodi Okulahla Izakhamuzi Enkuthalo Engokomthetho

Ingozi Yokuphuma Kwemizwa Eyingozi

Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bancike emabhukwini okuhlobanisa uhulumeni ukuze bahlole umlando wokumangalelwa kwamacala abantu abangase babe abamangalelwa, abamangalelwa, noma abagxambukela emaqenjini. Iqembu elinomlando wokumangalelwa okuningi − ikakhulukazi endaweni efanayo yomthetho .Qhatshelela ingozi enkulu yokuthola i-ligita. Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa enkantolo yecala lomkhiqizo oye wamangalelwa ngokuphindwe kayishumi ezindaweni ezifanayo libhekene nokukhubazeka okukhulu kakhulu kunalowo owamangalelwa kuqala. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa ovamile ovame ukuthatha imishado angabhekwa njenge "isigeqe," engathinta ukuxoxa ngecala noma ukukholeka kwemali ekwambulweni.

Ukuhlola Amanga Nezahlulelo

Imibiko yabemi yembula izahlulelo ezivelele zemali, izintela, izingane, izibopho zezezimali ezincishiswe ukuba zihlulelwe ngokwezakhamuzi. Ngaphambi kokuba zingene esivumelwaneni esikhulu, ukuboleka imali, noma ukuzuza ibhizinisi, ukuhlola idokodo lezente le-commony ingavumbulula izikweleti ezifihliwe ezingase zihlanganiswe ezisentweni. Isahlulelo esimisiwe siyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokuthi iqembu alikwazanga ukusabela enkantolo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi alikwazi ukukhokhisa izimpawu ezingokomthetho noma alikwazi ukushaya indiva ibhizinisi. Lezizahlulelo zingaphoqelelwa embonini yemali noma embonini yebhizinisi iminyaka eminingi, kuye ngokwemithetho yezentengiselwano.

Ukuhlola Ufakazi Nobuciko

Amarekhodi okuqamba amaphepha ezindaba angaveza futhi ukuqopha umlando wofakazi abangochwepheshe, abanolwazi, noma abanye ochwepheshe abangase banikeze ubufakazi enkantolo. Ingabe uchwepheshe othile akafaneleki ezicabeni ezidlule? Ingabe imibono yabo iye yagxekwa ngabahluleli? Ukuphenya ngemininingwane engochwepheshe ezindaweni zokudayisa imikhumbi kungaveza izimemezelo ezimbi, izingxabano zemali, noma ngisho nokumangalelwa kwecala ezibekwe kubo. Ngokufanayo, ngokuhlola umlando womphakathi wamajaji ongaba khona [1] kanti ngokuvamile akaphenduli obala ngaphandle kwemibiko yezindaba [1] ngezinye izikhathi kuthathwa emibhalweni yokudlulisa izikhalo noma yokujela izicelo ezibonakala emithethweni yomphakathi.

Ukulandelela Imiphumela Yecala

Lapho kuhlelwa impikiswano engokomthetho eqanjiwe, ukucwaninga amarekhodi ezivumelwano zomthetho enkantolo efanayo kunganikeza inani lezehlulelo noma okungenani igunya elikholisayo. Nakuba izinqumo ezinyatheliswe zikhonjiwe kakhulu, izinqumo ezingakhishwanga neziqondiso zenkantolo ezicacisiwe ngezinye izikhathi zingatholakala kumafayili asezikhumulweni zechweba. Ezinye izinkantolo zikhulula amabhukwana anjalo ngobuningi, futhi izinkonzo ezinjengomthetho we-Court Listeverserver noma i-Google Schory’s zihlanganisa izinqumo zezelementmentalment. Ukuqonda indlela ijaji elithile eliye lanquma ngayo ngemisebenzi efanayo . Imithetho yokuphoqamba noma imiyalo yesinqumo esifushayo.

Ukusebenzisa Amarekhodi Okulahla Imisebenzi Yomphakathi Edinga Ukukhuthala Komuntu Siqu

Ukubukwa okungavamile

AmaLandlord ahlola amarekhodi enkantolo yomphakathi angabona ukuthi umqaphi wesicelo uye wahileleka yini ekuxoshweni, izimpikiswano ze-tenant land, noma izigebengu ezincane. Umlando wokuxoshwa, ngisho noma icala linqanyuliwe, angabonisa umkhuba wokungalikhokhi noma umonakalo wempahla. Izifunda eziningi zivumela abanikazi ukuba bafake amarekhodi okukhushulwa emachwebeni anikezelwe, nakuba ezinye zinemithetho evimbela ukuthi ukuphesha kungayidlula kangakanani. Kubalulekile ukuvumelana neFairhollary Act futhi hhayi ukucwaswa okusekelwe emakilasini avikelweyo. Ukusebenzisa amarekhodi ezimiso zomphakathi njengengxenye yesimiso sokuhlola okungathathi hlangothi kuvunyelwe uma nje kusetshenziswa njalo.

Abangane Bebhizinisi Abacekela Phansi

Ngaphambi kokuba bahlangane, bahlangane, noma balwe, abantu bangafuna imvume yomphakathi yokuhlola umngane ohlongozwayo. Inqubo yokumangalela izivumelwano eziphukile, ukumangalela ngokukhwabanisa, noma ukweba impahla okungaphakamisa amafulegi abomvu. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola ibhizinisi lomngane emarekhodini ezakhamuzi kungaveza izahlulelo ezivelele, izikweletu, noma izikweletu eziqediwe. Ngisho nezingashayelwa izikweletu ezincane ngaphansi kweR1,000 kungabonisa ukungantengantenga kwezimali noma ukungazinaki izibopho zesivumelwano.

Isizinda Sendlela Ongalondeka Ngayo

Iziqondiso zokuvikela izakhamuzi (njengeziyalo zokuvimbela) zingavela emibhalweni yenkantolo. Nakuba zingekho izigebengu, zibonisa ukuthi inkantolo yathola ubufakazi obanele bokuhlukunyezwa, ukucushwa, noma ubudlova basekhaya ukuba ikhiphe uhlelo. Abantu abacabangela ubuhlobo bothando, ilungiselelo lomuntu ahlala naye, noma ngisho umnakekeli ohlala naye angase afune ukuhlola iziqondiso ezinjalo. Ezizweni eziningi, le mibhalo itholakala nge-ingosi ye-inthanethi noma ngehhovisi likanobhala wesifunda. Ezinye izifunda zihlanganisa neziyalo zokuhlukunyezwa komphakathi emibhalweni yazo yomphakathi.

Ukuqinisekisa Idumela Lochwepheshe

Ochwepheshe abanjengamakhi, abaklami, abaqondisi bezimali, nodokotela bangabhekana nokumangalelwa komphakathi ngezinkonzo zabo zobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlola izikhungo zesikhulumi zomakhi kungaveza amaphutha angaphansi komphathi wesigebengu, ukukhubazeka kokwakha, noma ukwephulwa kwesuti yesiqinisekiso. Kubathengi bezimali, umlando wokuvalela ukuguquguquka kwezimali noma ukuxabana okungalawuleki kungatholakala nge-FINRA's Broker Decco, kodwa amarekhodi enkantolo athatha ukumangalelwa okungakhokhwa okunga nge-avtirbia. Lokhu kwaziswa kungasiza abathengi ukuba bakhethe abanikazi abanezikhwama ezingokomthetho.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuchaza Amarekhodi Okukhishwa Kwecala

Ukuqonda Incazelo Yemithetho Nesimo Sesimo

Icala lomphakathi lingaba "elingahlulelwa ngaphandle kobandlululo," elisho ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhululekile ukuphinde abuye avuke; "ukwahlulelwe," kusho ukuthi icala livinjelwe unomphelo; noma "ligwetshiwe," isho ukuthi amaqembu afinyelela isivumelwano ngaphandle kokwahlulela kokugcina. "ukwahlulela okulungile" kwenzeka uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukusabela, futhi ummangalelwa uphumelela ngokungakhonzi. "ukwahlulela okungahlulwanga" kuyisinqumo esiphelele somahluleli futhi umthetho uvumelane. Ngamunye walezizimo uveza imiphumela ehlukene ngenxa yenkuthalo. Isibonelo, icala eligciniwe lingabonisa ukukhokhwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuvuma icala, ngenkathi ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala kusikisela isinqumo.

Ukuqinisekisa Imithombo Eminingi

Amarekhodi enkantolo awanembile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amaphutha asenkantolo, amagama axekiwe, kanye namaphepha alahlekile angaholela ku-proxy noma kumacala angamanga. Uma igama livela esikhumulweni se-pulti, qinisekisa ukuthi lelicala lihilela umuntu noma into oyicwaningayo. Qinisekisa ikheli, usuku lokuzalwa (uma likhona), kanye nemininingwane. Isiphambano sihlola ukwaziswa ngemibiko yesikweletu, ukubhalisa kwezentengiselwano, noma ezinye izisekelo zomphakathi. Ngezazinqumo eziphezulu, cabangela ukuqasha inkonzo yesizinda engokolwazini eyaziwa kakhulu enkantolo.

Hlola Ukuthi Awukho Yini Amaphuzu Agciniwe Noma Angafinyelelwa

Amanye amarekhodi omphakathi abekwa uphawu ngemvume yenkantolo, ikakhulukazi emacaleni ahilela izimfihlo zezohwebo, imicimbi yentsha, noma ulwazi olunozwela lwezokwelapha. Amarekhodi avinjiwe akumelwe avele ekuphenyeni komphakathi, kodwa amaphutha angenzeka. Uma uthola umbhalo ogciniwe obonakala uphelelwe yisikhathi noma unephutha, unganciki kuwo. Ngokufanayo, yazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezenzo zomphakathi − ezifana nokuxoshwa kwezinye izizwe zenza imithetho eqinile ewumthetho owenziwe ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Njalo hlola isimo samanje somthetho ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo esiphambene nayo.

Cabanga Ngenkathi Yomlando

Icala elaqulwa futhi laxoshwa eminyakeni emihlanu edlule lingase lingabalulekile kakhulu kunecala elifanayo elisele. Umbiko wemali yokuthenga ngesikweleti nemithetho yokuhlola isizinda yemithetho ilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwezahlulelo zakudala zezakhamuzi ngokweminyaka eyisikhombisa ngaphansi kweFair Curving Act − kodwa ngenxa yentshiseko efanelekile umbono omde ungasiza. Ngokwesibonelo, uchungechunge lwamacala abekwa ebhizinisini eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule lungaveza indlela eye yaxazululwa kusukela ngalesosikhathi ngezinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokulalela. Sebenzisa umongo wenkathi yokulandisa ukuze kuhlolwe ukubaluleka kwalo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nezingozi Zokusebenzisa Imibiko Yokwelapha Ngomphakathi

Imininingwane Engaphelele Noma Eyisicefe

Akuzona zonke izimiso zenkantolo ezihlelwe ngokugcwele. Ezinye izilinganiso ezincane zisathembele kumafayili ephepha, futhi okukhona kuyi-website kungase kulinganiselwe efingqisweni yedokisi ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezingaphansi. Ngisho nasezimisweni ze-mitamende, amarekhodi amadala angase angahlolwanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezithile zezenzakalo zomphakathi zenzakalelayo − njengecala lenkantolo elihilela ukugcinwa kwabantwana noma isehlukaniso⁠ — ngokuvamile zikhona noma zibekelwe imingcele ekwamungenisweni komphakathi. Ukuthembela kuphela emibhalweni yemidwebo yomphakathi ngaphandle kokunezela kweminye imithombo kungaholela esithombeni esingaphelele.

Ukuba Wedwa Nezinkinga Ezingokwemvelo

Amarekhodi asemthethweni ayaziwa umphakathi, kodwa ukwaziswa okuqukethwe yiwo kungaba okungasho lutho kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa la marekhodi okuhlukumeza, ukucwasa, noma noma iyiphi injongo engekho emthethweni kunqatshelwe umthetho. IFair Crevering Act (FCRA) iphoqelela izimfuneko eziqinile endleleni izinkampani ezihlola isizinda ezisebenzisa ngayo amarekhodi omphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa nokunikeza izimemezelo ezingezinhle. Abantu abaziphatha ukuphenya kwabo futhi kufanele benze ngokufanele: ungahlanganyeli amarekhodi ngendlela engaphoxa noma elimaza indaba ngokungadingekile, futhi ungancikile kuphela embhalweni owodwa ukuze wenze isinqumo esibalulekile ekuphileni ngaphandle komongomo ofanele.

Ingozi Yokungaqondi

Amagama avamile awumthombo wamaphutha avamile. Ukufuna "John Smith" emfucumfunweni omkhulu wenkantolo yedolobha kungabuyisa amakhulukhulu ezindaba, ambalwa kakhulu awo angowalendaba engokoqobo. Ukusebenzisa ezinye iziphawuli `igama', usuku lokuzalwa, inani le-Social Security (uma kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho), noma amakheli aziwayo (ibalulekile ekuhluzeni imiphumela. Ezinye izinkantolo zinikeza ukwaziswa kweqembu ezibukweni ze-chweba, okungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi icala liyafana yini nendaba yakho. Uma ungabaza, thola ikhophi yesicelo sangempela noma ukwahlulela futhi uqinisekise amagama namaqiniso.

Ukwaziswa Kuyisikhathi

Amarekhodi enkantolo avuselelwe esikhathini sangempela noma cishe isikhathi esingokoqobo kwezinye izimiso, kodwa ezinye zihlala izinsuku, amasonto, noma ngisho nezinyanga. Icala elibonakala "lihleli" kungenzeka ukuthi empeleni lisusiwe noma lixazululiwe kodwa alikavuselelwanga ku-inthanethi ye-intanethi. Ngokufanayo, isahlulelo esagcwaliswa (esikhokhelwe) singabonakala sivelele ekuhloleni komphakathi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola usuku olusha esimisweni futhi, uma kudingekile, biza uma unobhalane wenkantolo ukuze aqinisekise isimo samanje salendaba.

Amathuluzi Nezinhlelo Zokusingatha Imilando Yomphakathi

Kubacwaningi, amafemu omthetho, namabhizinisi adinga ukuhlanganisa imiqulu emikhulu yamarekhodi omphakathi, amapulatifomu okuphethe okuqukethwe njenge Directus inikeza izindlela ezivumelanayo zokuhlela, ukugcina, nokuhlola imniningo yenkantolo. I-Draidus iyindawo engenakho i-CMS engahlangana nanoma yimuphi umtapo we-SQL, ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhe amabhodi aphansi, ukwaziswa okuzisebenzelayo, nokusebenzisa imvume zemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yomsebenzisi. Isibonelo, iqembu elingokomthetho lingamisa i-data yokuhlola zonke izindaba zomphakathi ezihilela imboni ethile, ngezindawo ezihlukeneyo zesimo, ngezahlulelo, ngezahlulelo, nangezihloko eziphikisayo. I-API yokuqala ukuklana kwezimiso zezinhlelo ezithile ze-progen.

Amanye amathuluzi awusizo ahlanganisa iziteshi ezinikezelwe zenkantolo. PACTER ilokhu iwumthombo oyinhloko werekhodi likahulumeni. Izindawo eziningi manje zinikeza izitembu zomphakathi zokungena mahhala enkantolo, futhi ezinye izifunda zinikeza uphendlo olulinganiselwe kuyi-ingosi yamawebhusayithi azo. Izinkonzo ezifana I-Lexteris Courtment[[[FLT:]] i-acregated read evela ezinkulungwaneni zezinkantolo, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba babeke izixwayiso ezintsha ezihilela amaqembu athile. Abasebenzisi bemali abangazi lutho, abathiwe [[FLT:]

Isiphetho

Amarekhodi okuhlolela izivumelwano anamandla kokubili ukukhuthala okungokomthetho nokufanele, ukunikeza ifasitela emlandweni ongokwesiko wamaqembu, isinqumo sokuxabana, nezingozi zezimali ezingase zivele emibhalweni yokuthenga ngesikweletu noma ekuhloleni isizinda sobugebengu. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuhlola igama; kudinga ukuchazwa ngokucophelela kwezimo zomthetho, ukuqaphela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nokungaqiniseki okunempilo ngokwaziswa okuphathelene nokwaziswa kolayini. Ngokuhlanganisa ukufinyelela emarekhodini enkantolo asemthethweni nemikhuba engcono esemthethweni ekwahlulelweni nasekusebenziseni okuhle, ochwepheshe bezomthetho nabantu ngabanye bangenza izinqumo ezingolwazi olunzulu kakhulu, ukukhetha isivumelwano somuntu ohlala naye, noma ukunquma ibhizinisi. Uma kuhlanganiswa nezimiso zokuphatha izinto ezikhona ezifana no-Diderus, ukuqoqa, nokuhlanganyela le mibhalo eqinile, futhi kungenza inzuzo engcono kakhulu, futhi kungabi nakuqondiswe ulwazi oluqinile. Iphuzu eliyikho, ulwazi oluqalwe ulwazi olugciniwe.