Ukumangalelana kwamacala ezakhamuzi kuyisisekelo sesimiso sokulungisa impikiswano e-United States kanye nezinye izikhulu zomthetho ezivamile. Uma abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zingakwazi ukuxazulula ukungaboni ngaso linye, baphendukela ezinkantolo ukuze bafune ikhambi elibophekayo ngokomthetho. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, alethwa uhulumeni ukuba ajezise ububi, amacala amacala asemthethweni abekwa amacala abantu abazimele (noma ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni) ukuze zithole imbuyiselo, ukwenza okuthile, noma isiyalo. Uhambo lokukhipha isikhalo sokuqulo sokugcina isinqumo secala luyinqubo elawulwa yinqubo yomthetho elawulwa yimithetho yombuso womabili isifunda nesilinganiso sombuso. Ukuqonda lendlela akudingekile kuphela ukuba noma ubani ongaba yilungu elivamile noma ummangalelwa.

Ukubukeza Imithetho Yombango

Icala lesizwe liqala lapho elinye iqembu − i-partiff − ummangalelwa () ebangela ukulimala ngesephulo somsebenzi, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo, noma ukwehluleka ukwenza isibopho. Imibono engokomthetho engabangela isudi yesizwe ibanzi, kuhlanganise nokunganaki, ukujezisa, ukukhohlisa, ukujezisa, ukujezisa, ukujezisa, ukujezisa, ukujezisa, inzuzo, kanye nezinye ezingenakubalwa. Umgomo we-peactiveff uwukuthola ikhambi, izindleko zemali, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izindleko ezihlukene, njengokukhipha ukukhululeka okufana nomthetho ofuna ummangalelwa ukwenza okuthile. Ngenxa yokuthi izigxobo zingaba ngokwezimali, futhi zingakhetha noma yiziphi izivumelwano zokuqulwa kwecala. Inqubo yokuzibophana, futhi inqunywe, noma yiziphi inqumo yokukhomba.

Inqubo Yokufiphala

Isiqalo esingokomthetho sokumangalela komphakathi senzeka uma i-paltiff ifaka i- collent nenkantolo efanelekile. Le dokhumende isebenza njengokuncenga, ukuveza iziphakamiso zombhishobhi nesisekelo esingokomthetho sokufuna usizo. Inqubo yokufaka i-pastism ihilela ukuthatha nje iphepha; ihilela izinqumo ezihlelekile mayelana nokuthi uzakuhlanganisani, ukuthi uhlome ngani, nokuthi ungawahlela kanjani amaqiniso.

Ukulungisa Isikhalo

Ukuqeda lesi sikhalo kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwamaqiniso nomthetho.

  • Icala nemithetho ebekwe i-consol: Amagama amaqembu kanye nenkulumo echaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa icala (igunya eliphethe isihloko kanye negunya lomuntu siqu).
  • Isimo samaqiniso:[ Ukulandisa okucacile, okufingqiwe kwezehlakalo ezibangela ukuqulwa kwamacala, okuhlelwe ngezigaba ezinezibalo.
  • Imali eshoyo:[ Imbangela ngayinye yesenzo (umzk., ukunganaki, ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano) kumelwe kushiwo ngokwehlukene, kanye nezici ezidingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe.
  • Umthandazo wokukhululeka: Isicelo esiqondile sekhambi i-placttiff ifuna, kungaba isamba semali, umsebenzi okhethekile, noma isiyalo.

Ngaphansi kwe-Federal Umthetho we-Civil Procediture, ukukhononda kumelwe kube “namazwi amafushane nasobala okuveza ukuthi umncengi unelungelo lokukhululeka.” INkantolo ePhakeme e Bhell Atlantic Corp. v. Okubili ku-[ [2007] [i-Ashcroft v. I-IQURY iphakamisa izinga lokungaqondakali, ifuna ukuba ukuphikisa okungamangalelanga kwanele ukuphakamisa ithemba elinengqondo lokuthi ukutholakala kuyokwembula ubufakazi bokuzisholo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi [FLT.]] Ashccroctive v.[FLT] asccurnvvvvv. [ithroctives processs] [[Foct: 0999]

2. Ukuphonsa Isikhalo Nenkantolo

Uma isikhalo sesimisiwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe asifake kunomabhalane wenkantolo endaweni efanele. Ukubhalisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukukhokhwa kwemali ekhokhwayo, engasukela emakhulwini ambalwa amadollar emibango emincane kuya emakhulwini amaningana amadollar ezinkantolo zomphakathi. Enkantolo kahulumeni, imali yeshefu ibekwa ngomthetho futhi icishe ibe ngu-R22025. Amaqembu amaqembu angenamthetho angafaka isicelo sokuqhubekela [[FLT: 0] ekukhokheleni ama-paups [amaRandi] [angamakhulu amaningi] [amaRandi angamakhulu amaningi] [amaRandi angu-80] [angamakhulu amaningi] [amaRandi angu-80] [angamakhulu amaningi] [angamakhulu amaningi] [amaRandi] (ngaphandle kokukhokhwaswa kwemali) ngokukhokha izimali zemali). Ngenkokhelo, inkantolo igabela inani lecala nomahluleli. Khona ukwamukela isango lithola isaziso sokumangalelwa.

Ukukhonza Umvikeli

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kuyingxenye yempi; ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngokomthetho ngamacala. Lesinyathelo saziwa ngokuthi i-project yenqubo [ futhi iyimfuneko efunekayo yenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphandle kwenkonzo efanele, inkantolo ayinakho ukuphatha komuntu siqu ummangalelwa, futhi noma isiphi isahlulelo singaba yize.

1. Izindlela Zokukhonza

Imithetho iyahlukahluka ngokomthetho, kodwa izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Inkonzo yeyomuntu siqu:[ Isiphakeli senqubo (ngokuvamile i-heaff, i-compris, noma umuntu ozimele]) ngokomzimba unikeza ummangalelwa izimemo nokukhononda.
  • Ukusebenza ngeposi: Kwezinye izifunda, umkhohlisi angathumela amabhukwana ngeposi elifakazelwayo nelithi lokubuyisa eliceliwe, uma ummangalelwa evuma inlisi.
  • Isicelo ngokukhishwa kwezincwadi: Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala naphezu kwemizamo yenkuthalo, inkantolo ingavumela inkonzo ngokunyathelisa isaziso ephephandabeni isikhathi esithile. Lendlela ayivamile futhi isetshenziswa njengendlela yokugcina.
  • Inkonzo: Ngaphansi komthetho we-Federal Procedire 4(d), ummangalelwa angathumela isikhalo kanye nesiqu se-waver. Uma ummangalelwa ebuyisela umkhohlisi, bagwema izindleko zenkonzo, futhi umkhohlisi uthola isikhathi esengeziwe sokuphendula.

Inkonzo kumelwe iqedwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile ngemva kokufaka ifashoni, kodwa kuvame ukuba izinsuku ezingu-90 enkantolo kahulumeni. Ukwehluleka ukukhonza ummangalelwa phakathi naleyonkathi kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kwecala ngaphandle kobandlululo, okusho ukuthi ummangalelwa angalilungisa kabusha, kodwa libambezelelisa izenzakalo.

Ukusabela Komlweli

Ngemva kokwamukela intela nokukhononda, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphendula. Enkantolo kahulumeni, impendulo ifaneleke phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-21 ngemva kwenkonzo (noma izinsuku ezingu-60 uma ummangalelwa exoshwa futhi ikhabethe ligcinwa e-United States). Imithetho yenkantolo yemithetho iyahlukahluka, ngokuvamile esukela ezinsukwini ezingu 20 kuya kwezingu-30. Ummangalelwa unezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ufaka impendulo noma ubhalise umdwebi umsebenzi wangaphambi kwentshumayelo.

Ukuphenya

Impendulo iyindlela engokomthetho yommangalelwa ekumangalelweni ngakunye. Ummangalelwa kumelwe avume noma aphike isigaba ngasinye esinezinombolo. Ukwehluleka ukuphika ukumangalela kungaphathwa njengokuvuma. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi isivikelo sokuzivikela [[[FLT: 0], okungamaqiniso amasha noma izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezithi uma kuyiqiniso, kunqobe impikiswano ye-pecttiff, ngisho noma izimanga ziyiqiniso. Ukwenqaba kuhlanganisa imithetho yokukhohlisa, i-waveter, i-emisa i-operal. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angasho ukuthi [[FLT:] awenzile [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] ] ahlule amazwi ehlanekezelwe ngisho noma i-ephandle, umthetho owelele, noma ukweqa ububanzi obufanayo.

2. Ukuxosha

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinyathelo sokulahla isikhalo esingaphansi koMthetho 12(b) weMiyalo kaFederal. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Icala lombuso we-matter-mode:[ Inkantolo ayinagunya lokuzwa uhlobo lwecala.
  • I-pack yegunya lomuntu siqu: Ummangalelwa akanakuxhumana okwanele nesifundazwe se-fraum.
  • Indawo efanele:[ Icala lagcinwa endaweni engafanele yendawo.
  • Ukuveza ukuthi ikuphi ukukhululeka okunganikezwa: Ngisho noma konke ukumangalelwa kuyiqiniso, umthetho awunikezi ikhambi.

Uma ukuxoshwa kuvunyiwe, ummangalelwa anganikezwa ikhefu ukuze alungise isikhalo ukuze aphulukise amaphutha. Uma enqatshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale impendulo phakathi nenkathi ethile emisiwe.

Ukuthola I - Phase

Uma ukuncenga kokuqala sekuphelele futhi noma yiyiphi inqubo okungaxazululwa ngayo, udaba lungena engxenyeni ye- eyimfihlo. Ukuthola kuyinqubo engokomthetho lapho amaqembu eshintshana khona ulwazi nobufakazi obuvumelana necala. Ngokuvamile kuyingxenye ende nebiza kakhulu yokuqubuka, kodwa kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukumangala nokungamangalelwa.

Uhlobo Lokutholwa

Ngaphansi kweMiyalo KaFederal neMiyalo kahulumeni eminingi, amadili angase asebenzise amathuluzi amaningana okuthola:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, elinganiselwe ku 25 (kuhlanganise izingxenye ezingaphansi) enkantolo kahulumeni. Ama-interroculator awusizo ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo njengamagama ofakazi, izinsuku, nesisekelo seziphakamiso noma iziphetho.
  • Izimo:[ Ubufakazi obuqoshiwe obuthathwe enkantolo, abameli bebuza ubufakazi. Iziqu zivumela abameleli ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka nokhiye lofakazi. Bangathathwa emaqenjini, kofakazi, nakofakazi abangochwepheshe.
  • Izicelo zomkhiqizo wamabhukwana: Idili lingase lifune ukuba olunye uhlangothi lukhiqize amabhukwana angokoqobo noma awe-electronic, izithombe, izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo. Ukutholakala kwe-electronic (e-revolution) kuye kwaba yingxenye eyinhloko, idinga amalungu ukuba agcine futhi akhiqize ama-imeyili, izisekelo, neminye imibhalo yemisebe yemisebe.
  • Iziphakamiso ezilotshiwe ezibhalwe omunye kumelwe azivume noma aphike. Uma zivunywa, iqiniso liqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele ngezinjongo zokumangalela, linciphisa izimpikiswano zokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [ Ukuhlolwa okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo: ezimweni lapho isimo somzimba noma sengqondo yomunye siphikisana, inkantolo ingayala ukuba ahlolwe ngokwayo.

2. Ukuthola Izimpikiswano Nezimiso Ezivikelayo

Akuyona yonke into etholwayo ehamba ngokushelela. Izinkantolo eziningi zingamelana nezicelo ngezizathu ezinjengokuhlanganisa, umthwalo ongafanele, ilungelo (indlela yokusebenza, umkhiqizo, njll.), noma ukulingana. Uma zingakwazi ukufinyelela isivumelwano, zingafuna uhlelo lwenkantolo olugunyazayo noma uhlelo oluvikelayo oluvimbela isilinganiso. Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba amalungu aqale afake ukholo oluqinile ngaphambi kokugcina icala. Inqubo yokuthola ilawulwa ngesimiso ilawulwa yisimiso iprotectionation : ukutholwa kumelwe kube okulinganayo ngokwezidingo zendaba, uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka kwempikiswano, ukuphakama kwempikiswano, ukuphakama kwemicebo, izikhundla, izikhungo zezindawo, nokuthweswa kweqembu. Lokhu kwagcizelelwa eqenjinini le-Genegavial Procul.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa, amaqembu angafaka izimpawu ezihlukahlukene ukuze alandelele udaba noma aluxazulule ngaphandle kokulingwa. Ukunyakaza okubaluleke kakhulu kwangaphambi kohlelo yisimo sokwahlulela okufingqiwe.

1. Ukuhamba Ukwahlulela Ngemfihlo

Omunye angase athathe isinyathelo ukuze athole ukwahlulela okufingqiwe, ephikisa ngokuthi akukho ukuphikisana okuqotho nganoma yiliphi iqiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi banelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Iqembu elinyakazayo kumelwe likhombe ubufakazi embhalweni (izimvume, imibhalo, affidavits) obubonisa ukungabi nandaba eyiqiniso. Icala liyithuluzi elinamandla lokulahla izinto ezifanele ekuqaleni. Uma inkantolo inikeza isahlulelo esifingqiwe se-posttice, okuwukuphela kwento esele. Uma inikezwa ummangalelwa, icala liyalahlwa. Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokulahla izinkulumo ezifanele.

2. Ukuhamba ELimine Nasekuhambeni Okusabisayo

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bavame ukuthatha ama-limne ukuze bakhiphe noma bavume ubufakazi obuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, bangase bafune ukuvimbela olunye uhlangothi ukuba lungakhulumi ngesiqinisekiso sangaphambili noma indawo enikezwayo. Ezimweni ezihilela ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, unyaka we-daubert ."igama elibizwa ngemva [[QLT:]] kwe-Daubert v. I-Merrell Dow Phardacitutsers[ [1993]]] [ichcengens admistionstions meouss. Inkantolo yenza njengomphathi wesango, iqinisekisa ukuthi ufakazi bubalulekile futhi uthembekile.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekwahlulelweni okungacaciwe futhi lingaxazululwa, liqhubekelwa ecaleni. Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala emabhentshini (phambi komahluleli kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwamajaji. ISichibiyelo seSembetempic se-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo ezicaleni eziningi zomphakathi ezingokomthetho ezivamile lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka - R220.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Icala liqala ngengozi enkulu, inqubo yokungabaza abameleli bejaji abangase baqiniseke ukuthi abangakhethi. Ama - attorney angase abeke inselele kwabazogadla ngembangela (umz., ubandlululo) noma asebenzise izinselele zokuzikhulula (inani elilinganiselwe) ukuba ashaye abajaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, nakuba izinselele zokuhlenga zingenakusetshenziswa ngenxa yohlanga noma ubulili.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa imanephu yejaji. Kufanele zicace, zifinyele, futhi zihlanganyele.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa ubeka icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ufakazi ngamunye uhlolwa ngokuqondile, bese kuqalwa ngokuphambana nommeli ophikisayo, kulandelwe ngokuqondisa nokudluliswa. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esekhona, ummangalelwa angase athathe isinqumo esiqondisiwe (manje esibizwa ngokuthi ukushendeza kokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho), ephikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa wehluleka ukuveza ubufakazi obanele bokusekela umsizi otholayo. Uma ephiwe, ummangalelwa anganikeza ubufakazi obubodwa. Uma enqaba, umahluleli angase anikeze ubufakazi obubodwa.

4. Izinkulumo Eziphethayo

Ngemva kokuba ubufakazi buvaliwe, uhlangothi ngalunye lukhipha impikiswano yokuphetha, lufingqa ubufakazi futhi lunxusa abasizi bejaji ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile.

Iziqondiso Nesiyalo

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Amajaji avame ukufaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo zejaji futhi angavumi iziyalezo zokugcina zenkantolo. Khona - ke amajaji akhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi aphindisele isinqumo. Uma abahluleli beboshiwe, ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele, futhi icala lingase liphinde ligwetshwe.

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Ngemva kokuba sekungene isinqumo noma ukwahlulela, lowo olahlekelwayo angase abeke inselele ngaso ngezindlela zangemva kwenkantolo futhi, uma kudingekile, afake isikhalo.

1. Izinyathelo zeposi

Izenzo ezivamile zangemva kwe-catery zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kuqoshwa uma umsizi ekholelwa ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala − njengemiyalo engafanele yamajaji, ukuziphatha okubi, noma isinqumo esimelene nobunzima bobufakazi("ivela ekuqulweni okulungile.
  • Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela naphezu kwesinqumo (JNOV): Manje ibizwa ngokuthi ukuthatha kabusha ukwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Iqembu elishukumisayo liphikisa ngokuthi akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini.
  • [ Ukuguqula isahlulelo: kufuna ukulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho ekwahluleleni.

Uma le mithetho iphikiswa, umkhakha olahlekile angase adlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo entsha; zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahlukahluka: imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa futhi ayibukeziwe. [ de novo [ [ntsha], okutholiwe kubukeziwe okuyiqiniso kuyabukezwa ngenxa yephutha elicacile, futhi izinqumo zejaji zibukezwa ngenxa yobufakazi obuqinile. Umdwebi kufanele afake isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku ezingu-30 ezimisiwe enkantolo yombuso.

Ukhetho

Ukumiswa kungavela kunoma isiphi isigaba, kusuka phambi kokuba icala lidluliselwe ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo lapho isikhalo sisasele. Icala elikhulu lomphakathi lizinzile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Izingxoxo zokulungisa zingahlelwa ngokwethukela noma ngokuhlelwa ngelinye icebo lempikiswano (ADR).

1. Ukukhishwa Nokukhishwa Kwezimo

Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna amaqembu ukuba ahlanganyele ekuthatheni [ ekuquleni ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Umlamuleli ongathathi hlangothi usiza izingxoxo futhi asize iziphathi ukuba zithole indawo ezivumelanayo, kodwa aziphoqeleli isinqumo. Uma ukukhipha imvume, icala liqhubekela ekuqulweni kwecala. Ezinye izivumelwano zihlanganisa izimemezelo, ezifuna ukuba izimpikiswano zixazululwe ngumphathi wecala kunokuba zixazululwe enkantolo. U-Arbitration ingabophana noma ingabopheki.

2. Izinzuzo Zokuhlala

Ukulungisa icala kunezinzuzo eziningana:

  • [[[QUTY:0] Ukulawula okuphezulu: kugwema izindleko zomthetho, kuhlanganise nemali yofakazi abangochwepheshe, izindleko zenkantolo, kanye nenkokhelo yommeli.
  • Icala: Imikhosi ilawula umphumela kunokuba ishiyelwe kumajaji noma kumahluleli.
  • Ukuzifihla: Izivumelwano zingagcinwa ziyimfihlo, ngokungafani namarekhodi asenkantolo ecala.
  • Ijubane: Ukuhlala kungavela ngokushesha kakhulu kunenqubo yokuhlola, engathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka.

Nokho, ukuhlalisana kudinga ukuvumelana. Zombili izinhlangothi kungase kudingeke ukuba zamukele okuncane kunalokho ezazikulindele ukuze zigweme ingozi yokwahlulela kabi.

Isiphetho

Indlela yokumangalelana kwesizwe iyinkimbinkimbi, nesigaba ngasinye sigcwele izinqumo ezihlelekile nezimfuneko ezingokwesiko. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwecala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina (‘onke amaza, isinqumo, noma ukudluliswa kwecala) kuyadingeka ukuba kuqashelwe imininingwane nokuqonda okujulile kwenqubo yomphakathi. Isimiso siklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo zempumelelo, ukungalingani, nenqubo efanele. Nakuba kungekho zimo ezimbili ezifanayo, noma i-map yemigwaqo ihlala iqinile. Noma iliphi iqembu elihilelekile ekumangaleni komphakathi kufanele lithintane nommeli onolwazi ukuze liqondise lenqubo eyinselele. Imithombo enjenge [[FLT:] Fadel Imimiselo ephikisanayo ye-Poliveltic Procture, ne-webrouted procure [FLct:1] nesethiwebhsayithi yezemthetho, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu.