Indlu Yabameleli Nokulinganisela Kwamandla: Ukuchaza Okulula

Indlu yabameleli ingenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, isebenza njengegumbi labantu eUnited States Congress. Njengetshe lesisekelo legatsha lomthetho likahulumeni, i House inendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela okuntekenteke kwamandla achaza isimiso sokubusa saseMelika. Ukuqonda indlela lenhlangano esebenza ngayo, izisekelo zayo ezingokomlando, kanye nethonya layo eliqhubekayo ekuphileni kwaseMelika kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela idemokratismeyu esebenza ngayo.

Iyini Indlu Yabameleli?

Indlu yabameleli ingenye yezingosi ezimbili ezihlanganisa i-United States Congress, enye iyiSigele. Zizonke, lezi zindikimba ezimbili zakha igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho ebusa isizwe. Indlu ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi "igumbi eliphansi" noma "indlu yabantu" ngoba amalungu ayo akhethwa ngokuqondile yizakhamuzi futhi akhonza izintambo ezimfushane kunabaphathi besizwe, okuzenza zibe nesibopho sokulandisa ngokushesha kakhulu ezimelelweni zazo.

Indlu inamalungu angu-455 okuvota, inani eliye lamiswa kusukela ngo-1913, nakuba ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezizweni kuyashintsha ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu. Ilungu ngalinye limelela isifunda sesifunda sesifundazwe salo, futhi inani lezifunda ezabelwe umbuso ngamunye linqunywa inani labantu balo. Lesi simiso sokuveza isilinganiso siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaningi kunabameleli abaningi futhi ngaleyondlela banethonya elikhulu eNdlu, okubonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kufanele umelele intando yabantu.

Ngaphezu kwamalungu angu- 435 okuvota, le House ihlanganisa nezihambeli eziyisithupha ezingavoti ezimele iSifundazwe saseColumbia, iPuerto Rico, i-American Samoa, iGuam, iZiQhingi Ezimsulwa zase-U.S. neZiQhingi zaseNyakatho Mariyana. Nakuba lezi zihambeli zingahlanganyela emsebenzini wamakomiti nasezimpikiswaneni zaphansi, azikwazi ukuvota eqenjini lokugcina lomthetho, ukulinganiselwa okuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokumelelwa kwe-metho nentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Somlando Nesimiso Somthetho - sisekelo

Ukwakhiwa kweNdlu yabameleli kwakungomunye wempikiswano ephikisana kakhulu phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787. OFata Abasungulwayo balwa nendlela yokwakha indikimba yemithetho eyayizolinganisela izithakazelo zazo zombili izifunda ezinkulu nezincane kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika babefanelekela ikhambi elikhulu lokuhlehla, futhi elaziwa nangokuthi iConnecticut Recence, eyasungula isishaya-mthetho nendlu ye-badamaral esekelwe emphakathini naseSikhungweni seNdlweni sezwe sinikeza incazelo elinganayo kuzo zonke izifunda.

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa iNdlu yabameleli futhi sihlele amagunya ayo, isimo, nezinqubo. Abaklami balendlu ngamabomu baklama indlu ukuba ibe igumbi elisabela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi, ifuna amalungu abhekane nokukhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lokhu kulandisa okuvamile kwakuhloselwe ukugcina abameleli behambisana eduze nezidingo kanye nezifiso zabameleli babo, kubavimbele ukuba bangahlukanisiwe nabantu ababakhonzayo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wamisa futhi izimfuneko eziqondile zokuba ilungu lendlu. Abameleli kumelwe babe cishe neminyaka engu-25 ubudala, bebeyisakhamuzi sase-U.S. okungenani iminyaka engu-7, futhi babe isakhamuzi sombuso abawumelela ngesikhathi sokhetho. Lezi zimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zaklanyelwa ngamabomu ukwenza ukuba iNdlu ifinyeleleke ezakhamuzini eziningi, ngokungafani nezimfuneko ezizinzile kakhulu kubaphathi nomongameli.

Izindima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyisibopho

Indlu yabameleli isebenzisa imibuso eminingi nemithwalo yemfanelo eyisisekelo ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni waseMelika. Lemisebenzi idlulela ngalé kokwenza imithetho elula futhi ihlanganise ukucupha okugxekayo, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nomthetho-sisekelo olawula indlela yesizwe.

Igunya Lomthetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wendlu ukuveza, ukuphikisana, nokumisa umthetho. Noma yiliphi ilungu lendlu lingasungula isibeko, bese lithatha inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukubukezwa kwamakomiti, impikiswano yesitezi, nokuvota. Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, kumelwe udlule kokubili iNdlu neSigele futhi usayinwe nguMongameli, noma udluliswe phezu kwe-denarial suto ngomphakathi ozingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuwo womagumbi.

Indlu isingatha izinkulungwane zezikweleti isimiso ngasinye sengqungquthela, ihlanganisa yonke indawo ecatshangelwayo yesimiso sikahulumeni kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya ekuvikeleni nasezisekelweni zesisekelo. Inqubo yomthetho esendlini ilawulwa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nezinqubo eziye zavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, eziklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukuphumelela ngokucabangela namalungelo amancane ngokulandelana kwezimiso eziningi.

Amandla Okuthenga

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo wendlu yigunya layo elikhethekile lokusungula izikweleti zemali. Isigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo sithi "Zonke Izimemo Zokukhulisa Inzuzo zivela eNdlini yabameleli" leli lungiselelo linikeza iNdlu ukulawula okuyinhloko kwentela nemali echithwayo kahulumeni, ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi "igunya lesikhwama semali." leligunya lanikezwa eNdlini ngenxa yokuthi amalungu ayo, abhekene nokuhlelwa kweminxephetho njalo eminyakeni emibili, anecala eliqondile lokukhokha intela.

Ngenqubo yaminyaka yonke yokunikezana izicelo, i House inquma indlela intela esetshenziswa ngayo uhulumeni kuzo zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlelo. Lo mbuso unikeza iNdlu ithonya elikhulu ezintweni eziza kuqala nezimiso zesizwe, njengoba izinqumo zokuxhasa ngemali zithinta ngokuqondile lokho uhulumeni angakwenza futhi angeke akwenze. I House Appropriations Committee, enye yamakomiti anamandla kakhulu eCongress, ifeza indima eyinhloko kule nqubo, isebenzisa izikwelengiso ezikhokhela zonke izikweletu zemali ezisekela ukuvikela kwesizwe ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

Indlu inegunya lokunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli ongumsekeli, namajaji kahulumeni. Ukumangalelwa ngokuyinhloko kuyicala elingokomthetho lobubi, elifana nokubekwa icala emthethweni wobugebengu. Uma indlu ivotela ukubeka isikhulu esingokomthetho, iletha amacala aqondile, abizwa ngokuthi izihloko zokungagunyazi, ezibe sezizanywa eNdlungwini.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, le House iye yahlolwa ngo-1868 abaholi abathathu: uAndrew Johnson ngo-1968, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, noDonald Trump ngo-2019 nango-2021. Amandla okungagunyazi asebenza njengendlela ebucayi egunyeni lombuso nokwahlulela, inikeza isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokususa izikhulu ezizenza "Izimo Zokwethembana, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme." Le nqubo igcizelela indima yeNdlu yendlu ekulondolozeni ukulandisa kohulumeni.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, indlu isebenzisa igunya elikhulu phezu kwezinhlangano eziphethe igatsha nohulumeni. Ngezimemezelo zamakomiti, ukuphenya, nezicelo zokwaziswa, amalungu endlu ahlola indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, indlela imali ekhokhwa ngayo, nokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zifeza imisebenzi yazo ngokufanelekile yini. Lokhu kuqondisa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba sobala, ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, futhi kubeke igatsha eliphethe icala eMkhandlwini nasebaleni baseMelika.

Amakomiti endlu anamandla ofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena kanye nezincwadi, aphenya, futhi adlulisele izikhalo zomphakathi ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaguqula umlando waseMelika, kusukela ezindlebeni zeWatergate ezaholela ekushiyeni kukaMongameli Nixon ekutheni ashiyeni imibuzo yezindaba zamuva kakhulu ezisukela ezinkingeni zezezimali kuya ezinkingeni zokhuseleko lwezwe.

Ukulinganisela Kwamandla Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

Indlu yabameleli isebenza esimisweni esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa noma inhlangano kahulumeni ukuba ingenise amandla amaningi kakhulu. Lesi simiso, esisekelwe kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa kanye nokungathemba kwabenzi be-flamente igunya elilinganiselwe, sidala i-gadsdine ehlangeneyo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, aphethe, nahluleli.

Ubuhlobo NeSigele

Isakhiwo se-bidaral soMkhandlu sidala isimiso sangaphakathi sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo. Nakuba iNdlu neSigele zihlanganyela amagunya amaningi, zikhona futhi iziphathimandla ezihlukene ezifuna ukubambisana phakathi kwalamakamelo. Ukumelelwa kwenani labantu eMzini kungafani nokumelelwa kwemibuso elinganayo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili izithakazelo zezifunda ezandayo nemibuso emincane zicatshangelwa enqubweni yemithetho.

Ukuze umthetho ube umthetho, zombili izikhongozelo kumelwe zidlulise izimvume ezifanayo zesivumelwano. Lemfuneko ivame ukudinga ukuvumelana nokuxoxisana, ikakhulukazi uma amagumbi amabili elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlukene noma eneziza kuqala ezingafani. Amakomiti engqungquthela, akhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili, ngokuvamile asebenzela ukuhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwemiyalo yendlu neSigele, edala umkhiqizo wokugcina ongadlula zombili izidumbu.

ISigele sinamandla athile akhethekile ahlola igunya lendlu. Ngokuphawulekayo, iSigele sinegunya eliwukuphela kwaso lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. ISigele sinamandla aphelele okuqinisekisa izivumelwano nokuzama amacala angenacala alethwa yindlu. La mandla ahlukene aqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ndawo ekwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokwenza ngokulandela izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Ngaphandle kwegunya layo lemithetho, elingalinganisela noma landise izenzo zezikhulu ngomthetho, iNdlu ingahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, igcine izikhulu zinecala ngokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ekugcineni zitshele uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu ngezenzo ezimbi.

Ukulawula kwendlu ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo kuyinikeza amandla abalulekile phezu kwegatsha eliphethe. Ngokulawula ukuxhaswa kwemali, indlu ingalinganisela noma inqande izenzo zokuphatha ngokuphumelelayo, ngisho noma ingawudluli umthetho omusha. La mandla aye asetshenziswa kuwo wonke umlando ukunqanda ukuthatha izinyathelo zomongameli nokuphoqelela izingxoxo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu.

Ngokuphambene, uMongameli uhlola amandla endlu ngegunya leveto. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress, ubuyela eNdlu naseSikhungweni, lapho kudingeka khona inani eliyizintathu ezimbili kuzo zombili izindawo ukuba lithathe i-veto. Lomnyango ophakeme usho ukuthi ukuphikisa okuqinile komongameli kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo umthetho, kuphoqelele uMkhandlu ukuba uxoxisane futhi uhlehlise negatsha eliphethe.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, lisebenza njengesehlo eNdlu ngamandla okuhlola. Izinkantolo zingagawula imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho uma itholakala iphula umthetho, ilinganisela igunya lendlu lokumisa umthetho. Lamandla, asungulwe ecaleni elivelele uMarbury v. Madison ngo-1803, aqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu ayinakweqa imingcele yayo engokomthetho noma iphula amalungelo azimele avikelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Indlu nayo, ihlola amandla okwahlulela ngendima yayo enqubweni yokungagunyazi kanye negunya layo phezu kohlelo lwemali nesakhiwo sejaji likahulumeni. Nakuba le House ingenakuzigumbuqela ngokuqondile izinqumo zokwahlulela, ingaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze idlulise izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba lokhu kudinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kuzo zombili izikhundla nokuhlaziywa ngezingxenye ezintathu ezine zalemibuso.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zendlu

Indlu Yabameleli isebenza ngokwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, amasiko, nezici zokwakha eziye zavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Iminyaka Emibili Yokulandisa

Amalungu endlu asebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibili, amafushane kakhulu kunoma yiliphi ihhovisi likahulumeni. Lomjikelezo wevota ovamile waklanyelwa ukuba ugcine abameleli behlangene eduze nabameleli bawo futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokushintsha umbono womphakathi. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingu-435 zilungele ukukhethwa, kwakha ithuba lokushintsha okukhulu ekuhlelweni nakuzinto eziza kuqala.

Leli thuba leminyaka emibili linezinzuzo nezimo ezingezinhle. Kwesinye isandla, liqinisekisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi futhi livimbela abameleli ukuba bavikeleke kakhulu emzwelweni womphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isidingo sasikhathi sonke somkhankaso nokuphakamisa izimali zingaphazamisa umsebenzi womthetho futhi zikhuthaze ukucabanga okufushane kunokuhlela isikhathi eside. Abameleli bavame ukuchitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo ezindaweni zabo belondoloza ubuhlobo nabantu abazimele kanye nokusekela ukuvotelelwa.

Umkhulumeli Wendlu

USithethi weNdlu umqondisi wegumbi futhi ungomunye wezikhundla ezinamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika. USpeaker ukhethwa ngendlu egcwele ekuqaleni koMkhandlu ngamunye omusha, ngokuvamile ohamba neqembu, nowasemhlanganweni othola isikhundla. USwenyezi ungowesibili ohlwini lobumongameli lokulandela, ngemva komphathi omkhulu, egcizelela ukubaluleka kwehhovisi.

Amandla oMphathi-Speaker abanzi futhi anezici eziningi. USithethi ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya - mthetho, anqume ukuthi iziphi izikweleti eziza phansi ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano futhi zivote. USwenyela umisa amalungu amakomiti engqungquthela, athinte izabelo zamakomiti, futhi asebenze njengobuso bomphakathi nomphathi omkhulu weqembu. Ngalemibuso, uSomlomo angahlela ngokuphawulekayo isimiso sesizwe nesiqondiso sendlu.

Kuwo wonke umlando, abaSheaker abanamandla baye bashiya izimpawu ezingacimeki kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Izilinganiso ezifana noHenry Clay, uThomas "Tap" O'Neill, noNancy Pelosi baye basebenzisa ihhovisi ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo eziyinhloko zomthetho futhi balolonge indawo yezwe yezombangazwe. iSpeaker kumelwe ilinganisele izindima eziningi: ukuhola kwabo, ukuqondisa izithakazelo ezihlukene phakathi kwe-caucus, ukuxoxa neSigele noMongameli, nokuqinisekisa imisebenzi yeNdlungela njengenhlangano.

Iqembu Elikhulu Nelincane Liyaqina

Indlu ngokuyinhloko isebenza ngokulandelana kweqembu, futhi iningi lilawula inqubo yomthetho. Ingxenye enkulu iphethe iSpeachershing, isihlalo wonke amakomiti, futhi inamalungu amaningi ekomitini ngayinye kunamaqembu amancane. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza iningi amandla aqinile okumisa izinhlelo, inqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, futhi iziphi imithetho emilenze.

Iqembu elincane, nakuba lingenawo amandla okulawula izinhlelo, lisafeza indima ebalulekile eNdlu. Amalungu eqembu elincane anganikeza izinguquko, ahlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni, ukuphathwa kwesimilo, futhi asebenzele ukwakha imifelandawonye namalungu alinganiselayo eqembu elikhulu. UMholi weMinority usebenza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu wokuphikiswa, usebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala zeqembu lawo futhi abeke iqembu lakhe isikhundla sempumelelo yesikhathi esizayo.

Izakhiwo zobuholi beqembu eNdlu ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ziwubukhoma. Ngaphaya kwe-Speacher noMholi woMphathi, iqembu ngalinye linesimiso esithandelayo esinomthwalo wokubala amavoti nokuqinisekisa ukuqondiswa kweqembu, kanye namakomiti ahlukahlukene aveza izikhundla zezimiso futhi axhumanisa amasu omthetho. Lezizakhiwo zisiza amaqembu asebenza ngokubambisana eqenjini elinamalungu angamakhulu kanye nezithakazelo eziphikisanayo.

Isimiso Sekomiti

AmaKomiti angamahhashi asebenzayo endlu, lapho umsebenzi wemithetho oningiliziwe wenzeka khona. Indlu inamakomiti amile angaba ngu-20, ngalinye elinezikhundla eziphethe izindawo ezithile ezinjengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, amandla, izinkonzo zezimali, nezindaba zokwahlulela. Lamakomiti ahlola umthetho ohlongozwayo, ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukuphenya, nokutusa eNdlu yonke.

Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu, ngoba zinika amalungu amathuba okuthonya isimiso ezindaweni ezibalulekile kubantu abasebenza kuzo nokuthuthukisa ulwazi olungathuthukisa ithonya lawo nomathemba okukhetha. Amakomiti anamandla anjenge Appropriation, Indlela, neMithetho ayizabelo eziyigugu kakhulu. Izihlalo zamakomiti, ngaso sonke isikhathi amalungu eqembu elikhulu, asebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo phezu kwezinhlelo nemisebenzi yamakomiti.

Ikomiti engaphansi iphinde ihlukanise umsebenzi, ivumele ukugxila kolwazi olukhethekile ezindabeni ezithile ezisebuthweni lekomiti. Lesimiso senza iNdlu ikwazi ukusingatha umqulu omkhulu nobunkimbinkimbi bomthetho wanamuhla, nakuba ingahlukanisa futhi inqubo yokushaya umthetho futhi ibangele izinselele zokubambisana.

Amabhuloho Emali Negunya Lemali

UMthetho-sisekelo unika iNdlu igunya elikhethekile lokusungula zonke izikweleti zokukhuphula imali, uyinike igunya eliyinhloko lokulawula umthetho wentela. Lo mbuso uveza inkolelo yabahleli bendlu yokuthi igumbi limelwe lilawule ngokuqondile igunya likahulumeni lokuntela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wonke umthetho wentela kumelwe uqale eNdlu, nakuba iSigele siyakwazi futhi sivame ukuveza ukuthi kufanele kulungiswe.

IKomiti ye House Ways ne-Fract iphethe ngokuyinhloko umthetho wentela, iyenze ibe ngenye yamakomiti anamandla kakhulu eSishaya-mthetho. Le komiti futhi yengamela izinhlelo ezinkulu ezigunyaza ukulondeka komphakathi neMedicare, ezithuthukisa ithonya layo phezu kwemithetho yezezimali. Ukutuswa kwekomiti ngentela nokusetshenziswa kwentela kubaluleke kakhulu eMkhayeni wonke nasesimisweni sezomnotho sezwe.

Ngaphandle kwentela, i House inendima enkulu enqubweni yokuhlelwa kwemali yaminyaka yonke. IKomiti yoHlanza Imali yendlu ihlela isinqumo semali esihlela izisulu zemali nemali, kanti imishini yeKomiti yokuHlaziya ifaka izimali ezithile ezikhokhelwayo ezixhasa imisebenzi kahulumeni. Le nqubo ihilela izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwendlu, kanye noMongameli, ngokuvamile ezidlulela ngalé kokuqala konyaka wemali futhi ifuna izinyathelo zesikhashana zokuxhasa umsebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukumelela Nokukhangwa

Isimiso sokumelelwa ngokulingana sisemzini wendlu yabameleli, esiwuhlukanisayo kuSigele futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izwi labantu lizwakala ngokwenani labantu. Lesi simiso sokumelela siye savela ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika futhi siyaqhubeka sidala izimpikiswano ezibalulekile mayelana nentando yeningi nokulunga.

Ukubalwa Nokuvuna

Njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, i-United States yenza ukubalwa kwabantu ukuze ibelwe. Ngemva kokubala inani labantu, izihlalo zezindlu ezingu - 435 zithathwa phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe ekushintsheni kwenani labantu. Izwe eliye landa emphakathini lingathola izihlalo, kuyilapho lithi inani labantu elilahlekile ngokwezinye amazwe lingase lilahlekelwe izihlalo. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kwendlu kubonisa ukusakazwa kwamanje kwenani labantu kunokuba kube yizindlela ezingokomlando.

Inqubo yokuvuna inemiphumela emikhulu yezombangazwe, njengoba ukushintshwa kwemidwebo kungaguqula ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwezifunda nezindawo. Amazwe athola izihlalo ngokuvamile azuza ethonyeni elikhudlwana eNdlu kanye namavoti engeziwe okhethweni lukamongameli, kuyilapho esho ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwezihlalo kuncipha. Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwabona inani labantu lishintsha ukusuka eNorthast nase-Midwest ukuya eNingizimu naseNtshona, kuphumela ekushintsheni okuhambisanayo emandleni ezombangazwe.

Ukuvuselela Nokushintsha Izindawo

Ngemva kokuvuna, izifunda zesifunda sesifunda sesifunda kumelwe ziphinde zikhiphe imingcele yazo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-rediformation. Ezizweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni silawula lenqubo, nakuba amanye amazwe eye amisa amakhomishane azimele ukuze anciphise ithonya leqembu. Ukuvuleka kwezici eziphikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, njengoba iqembu elilawula lenqubo lingadonsa imigqa yesifunda ukuze landise inzuzo yawo yokukhetha.

UGerrymandering, umkhuba wokuveza imingcele yesifunda ukuze uthande iqembu elilodwa noma iqembu, unomlando omude kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla nokwaziswa kuye kwenza ukuba kube nezihlalo eziphephile zeqembu elilodwa, kuvumele amaqembu asungula izigodi ezigcwele ukuphikiswa ezifundeni ezimbalwa noma azisasaze ezifundeni eziningi ukuze anciphise ithonya lawo. Lomkhuba uye wanezela ekwandiseni izifunda zomhlaba, njengoba izifunda eziningi ziba izihlalo eziphephile zeqembu elilodwa, ukunciphisa ukuncintisana nokuziphendulela.

Izinkantolo ziye zabeka imingcele ethile ekulungiseni imingcele, zinqabela ukuncishiswa kwemithetho yobuhlanga okunciphisa amandla okuvota amancane futhi zifuna ukuba izifunda zihambe ngokulinganayo futhi zilingana ngokulinganayo emphakathini. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi ukunqanda ukunqandelwa kweqembu kuyimpikiswano yezombangazwe engenakufinyelelwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni, ishiyelwa ekubhekaneni nezindawo ngezimiso zayo zezombangazwe noma ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Zokumelela Okulinganayo

Naphezu kwesimiso sokumelelwa ngokulingana, izici eziningana zenza umgomo wokumelelwa ngokulinganayo eNdlu. Isigxobo sezihlalo ezingu-45, esasungulwa ngo-1929, sisho ukuthi njengoba inani labantu base-U.S. selikhula, ummeleli ngamunye manje usebenza kakhulu kunangaphambili. Isifunda seDalome manje siqukethe abantu abangaphezu kuka-760 000, okwenza kube inselele ngabameleli ukuba balondoloze ukuxhumana okuseduze nabo bonke abantu.

Ezinye izazi nabashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza ukwandisa ubukhulu bendlu ukuze ithuthukise futhi inciphise ithonya lezinto ezikhethekile. Indlu enkulu ingasho izifunda ezincane, ivumele abameleli ukuba bathathe indinganiso engcono kakhulu futhi benze imikhankaso engabizi kakhulu. Nokho, izihlongozo ezinjalo zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu nezingokwezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokukhathazeka ngokungabi nalusizo lwendlu kanye nobunzima bokulungisa ikepisi ende.

Ukuntuleka kokumelelwa kokuvota kwezakhamuzi zase-U.S. kanye neSigodi saseColumbia kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuphelela kokumelelwa kwendlu. Nakuba lezizindawo zinezihambeli ezingavoti, izakhamuzi zazo azihlanganyeli ngokugcwele enqubweni yomthetho nakuba zingaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, futhi ezimweni eziningi, intela kahulumeni. Imizamo yokunikeza isifundazwe noma amalungelo okuvota kulezindawo iye yaqhubeka kodwa iphikisana kwezombangazwe.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Ukuqonda ukuthi isikweleti siba umthetho kanjani eMbusweni Wabameleli kwembula ubunkimbinkimbi nenqubo elawulayo yenqubo yemithetho yaseMelika. Lenqubo ihilela izigaba eziningi, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwa kahle futhi kuphikiswane ngenkathi kuvunyelwa ukubusa kweningi.

Isingeniso Nesivundo Sekomiti

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho ilungu lenza isikweleti ngokusibeka e "isikhombi," ibhokisi lokhuni elisesitezini sendlu. Amabhuloho abelwa inani (H.R. lilandelwa yinombolo yezindleko zendlu) bese libhekiswa ekomitini efanelekayo noma emakomitini asekelwe endabeni yawo. USheaker nomphathi wePhalamente wendlu banquma ama-arhekhodi, futhi izikweleti eziyinkimbinkimbi zingabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi.

Izikweleti eziningi zifa ekomitini, zingaphinde zihlolwe. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinokukhetha okukhulu ukuthi intela ikuphi okutholwayo namavoti, ziwanika amandla okugcina amasango phezu komthetho. Lesimiso sivumela ukuhlelwa okukhethekile nokubukezwa okuningi kodwa futhi zingavimbela iziphakamiso ezithandwayo ukuba zingathuthuki uma zingenaso isisekelo kubaholi bamakomiti abayinhloko.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti

Uma ikomiti inquma ukucabangela isikweleti, ngokuvamile ithatha icala lapho ochwepheshe, abaphethe, nezikhulu zikahulumeni befaka khona imvume ngalesi sicelo. Lokhu kuthethwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukwakha umlando womphakathi, ukusakaza izindaba, nokuvumela amalungu ukuba abonise ukuthembisana kwawo nezinkathazo zabameleli.

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti iphethe "isibonakaliso" isimiso lapho amalungu engahlongoza khona ukubuyiselwa kwemali. Ikomiti ivotela ukuthi ingabika yini ukuthi isikhwama sifaneleke noma cha endluni yonke. U Bills ovela ekomitini uvame ukuhambisana nombiko obhaliwe ochaza injongo yomthetho, imiphumela yawo elindelekile, kanye nokutusa kwekomiti.

Imithetho Nokucabangela Okukodwa

Ngaphambi kokuba izikweleti eziningi zihlolwe yi House egcwele, kumelwe bathole umthetho ovela kwi House Rules Committee. Lekomiti enamandla, elawulwa umholi weqembu elikhulu, inquma izimpikiswano: ukuthi impikiswano izothatha isikhathi esingakanani, okungalungiswa, nezinye izindaba ezithiwayo. Imithetho ingavuleka, ivumele noma yiziphi izisusa eziyingozi, noma ivalwe, inqabe ukulungisa ngokuphelele, noma okuthile phakathi.

Umthetho ngokwawo kumelwe uvunyelwe yindlu yonke ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ingxoxo ngesivumelwano esingaphansi komthetho. Uma umthetho usuthathiwe, i House icabangela imvume ngokwezinombolo zayo. Amalungu aphikisana ngomthetho, athembisa ukuvunyelwa, futhi ekugcineni avote engxenyeni yokugcina. Indlu isebenzisa izindlela zokuvota ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namavoti, amavoti, namavoti aqoshiwe, kuye ngokubaluleka kwendaba kanye nentando yamalungu.

AmaKomiti Omhlangano Nendlela Yokudlula Yokugcina

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izimemezelo zesivumelwano ezihlukene, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uthunyelwe kuMongameli. Lokhu ngokuvamile kufezwa ngekomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe ngamalungu asemagumbini womabili. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ixoxa ngenguquko eyekethisayo, okumelwe ivunyelwe yiyo kokubili iNdlu neSigele ngaphandle kokulungisa.

Uma la maqembu esedlulise izinombolo zemali ezifanayo, ithunyelwa kuMongameli ukuze asayine noma afake isigqebhezana. Uma uMongameli esayina incwadi noma eyivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina, kuba umthetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha lolu phawu, lubuyela eSivumelwaneni, lapho amavoti amabili ayizi-3 kuwo womabili amagumbi angawudlulisa umthetho futhi amise umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli.

Indlu Kwezombangazwe ZaseMelika Zesikhathi Esizayo

Indlu yabameleli isebenza endaweni yezombangazwe ehluke kakhulu kunalapho kwakukhona lapho kusungulwa lenhlangano. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla, ukuhlalisana kwezigaba, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nezimiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo konke kuye kwashintsha indlela lendlu esebenza ngayo nendlela ehlobana ngayo nabantu baseMelika.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ezombangazwe zaseMelika zamuva ziphawuleka ngokuhlukana okukhulu, okunamaqembu amabili ayinhloko ahlukene ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yemibono. Lokhu kuhlukana kukhulu kakhulu eNdlu, lapho amalungu ebhekene nokucindezela okuvela kubavoti abayinhloko abavoti abahliweyo kanye nomholi weqembu ukuze alondoloze ukwethembeka kweqembu. Umphumela uye waba ukwehla kwesigaba sobubhishobhi kanye nobunzima obandayo ekumiseni umthetho omkhulu ngaphandle kokulawula amaqembu ahlangene.

Ukwenelisa izakhi zonke zemisebenzi yendlu, kusukela emsebenzini wekomiti kuya kunezimpikiswano zaphansi kuya ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwamalungu. Ingxenye ephakathi inciphile, enamalungu ambalwa alungele ukusebenza noma akwazi ukusebenza ngaphesheya kwemigqa ye-pali. Lokhu kungaholela ekuvuleni i-propatition lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula iNdlu, iSigeqe, nobumongameli, njengoba ukuhlehlela kwezombangazwe kuba nzima kumalungu esaba izinselele eziyinhloko ezisezingeni lawo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuxhumana

Ukuvela kwezindaba eziqanjiwe, izokuxhumana, nokuxhumana ngemishini kuye kwashintsha indlela amalungu endlu asebenzelana ngayo nabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile nomphakathi. Amalungu manje asenezindlela eziqondile zokuxhumana nabasekeli, adlulise abagcini bamasango bezezindaba abavamile. Lokhu kungathuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi futhi kuvumele amalungu akhe izincazelo zesizwe, kodwa futhi kungakhuthaza awezombangazwe agxile ekubangeleni izenzakalo ezingokwesayensi yamagciwane kunokuba asebenzise umsebenzi ophansi womthetho.

Ithelevishini ehlolwa ngemicimbi yezindlu, eyaqala ngo-1979 ngokuqaliswa kwe-C-SPAN, iye yenza umsebenzi wegumbi wabonakala kakhulu kodwa futhi yashintsha ukuziphatha kwamalungu. Izinkulumo ze-floor ziklanyelwe izibukeli zethelevishini kunokuba zikholise ozakwabo, futhi amalungu asebenzisa amasiteji e House njengezindawo zokufaka imibiko yezindaba nokufaka izikhangiso.

Imali Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Isidingo sasikhathi sonke sokuphakamisa izimali zomkhankaso sesiyisici esivelele senkonzo yendlu. Njengoba ukhetho luya lubiza njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili futhi imikhankaso iqhubeka inyuka, amalungu achitha isikhathi esiphawulekayo eqoqa, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa umsebenzi womthetho nenkonzo ye-internet. Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezimali ezincane ze-odal colar corration kuye kwahlela izimali zezimali ngokwezinga elithile, kodwa abanikeli abacebile namaqembu anesithakazelo esikhethekile bayaqhubeka bedlala indima ephambili emikhankantini yezentengo yezezimali.

Imizamo yezinguquko iye yazama ukunciphisa ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, kodwa izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezivikela ukusetshenziswa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma ziye zanciphisa izinga lezinguquko ezingase zincishiswe.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Indlu iye yaba nezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, ibonisa kangcono inani labantu baseMelika. Abesifazane, izinhlanga nezigaba ezimbalwa, kanye namalungu omphakathi we-LGBTQ aye anqoba ukukhethwa ngamanani andayo, aletha imibono emisha nezinto eziza kuqala kuleyo nhlangano. Lokhu kwanda kokuhlukahlukahluka kuye kwathonya uhlelo lwendlu nempucuko, nakuba kusenegebe elikhulu phakathi kwenani lezindlu nesizwe sisonke.

Ukukhethwa kwamalungu ahlukene kuye kwaqondana nokunaka ezindabeni ezazibekwe ngokwehlukana ngaphambili ezimpikiswaneni zobuhlanga, kuhlanganise nobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukuguqulwa kwezenhlala-hlala, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokungalingani kwezomnotho. Nokho, izimiso zendlu nezimiso zezimiso zezezomnotho, ezivezwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngamalungu angehlukene kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi zingadala imigoqo kumalungu amasha afuna ukuthuthukisa ushintsho.

Izikhathi Ezinkulu Ezingokomlando Nomthetho

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNdlu yabameleli iye yaba indawo yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko nomthetho ophawuliwe oye waguqula ukukhula kwezwe. Ukuqonda lezikhathi ezingokomlando kunikeza umongo wendima yendlu yamanje futhi kubonisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala njalo eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nentuthuko Ezenhlalo

Indlu iye yaba isikhungo sokulwa kweMelika ngenxa yamalungelo omphakathi nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Ukudlula koMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964 kanye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 kwadinga ukumelana nokuphikiswa okunonya futhi kwamelela izikhathi ezichithwayo emlandweni waseMelika. Lemithetho, eyayinqabela ukucwaswa nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ngokuyisisekelo yaguqula umphakathi waseMelika futhi yabonisa amandla endlu okuguqula ushintsho lapho kuzoba khona ezombangazwe.

Muva nje, le House iphikisene futhi yamisa umthetho okhuluma ngezindaba zamalungelo omphakathi zamanje, kuhlanganise namalungelo omphakathi, ukukhubazeka, nobulungisa bobugebengu. Lezinkulumo-mpikiswano zibonisa ukuthi i-internationalism isebenza kanjani njengendawo yokusebenzelana ngemibuzo yomphakathi ephikisana kakhulu ngokuziphatha nangezombangazwe.

Uhulumeni Nezinkinga Zezimali

Indlu iye yafeza indima ebalulekile ekubhekaneni nezinselele zezomnotho kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Phakathi nokwehla okukhulu komnotho, i House yanikeza umthetho weNew Decrector owadala i-Social Security, izakhiwo zokuvikela izisebenzi, futhi yandisa indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ezomnotho. Lezi zinhlelo zabuguqula kakhulu ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi futhi zihlale zibalulekile ekuphileni kwaseMelika.

Isabela esinkingeni sezimali sango 2008, iNdlu yamisa umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo wokuqinisa isimiso sezimali, nakuba kungangesizathu sokuphikisana nokulahlwa komthetho wemali. Indima yendlu ekuhlelweni kwezimiso zomnotho iyaqhubeka ngezindlela zonyaka zemali nangezimiso zezentengiselwano, imithetho yentela, nokusabela ezinkingeni zezomnotho kuhlanganise nezigalelo zezomnotho ze-COVID-19.

Amandla Empi Nesimiso Sakwamanye Amazwe

Nakuba uMongameli esebenza njengoMphathi-iChief, indlu ihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo ngezinqumo eziphathelene nempi nokuthula ngamandla ayo ukumemezela impi nokulawula ukuxhaswa kwemali yezempi. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNdlu iye yaphikisana ngezimemezelo zempi, izigunyazo zezempi, nokuxhasa ngezimali imisebenzi yezempi, esebenza njengenhlolo yamandla aphethe ezempi.

Ukungezwani phakathi kwemibuso yempi yobumongameli negunya lombuso kuye kwaba isihloko esiphindaphindwayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Indlu yadlulisa iWar Powers Resolution ngo-1973, izama ukulinganisela ikhono lomongameli lokubeka amabutho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano, nakuba kuye kwaphikiswana ngempumelelo yayo. Izimpikiswano ze-Contemporary ngokungenela kwezempi, ukulwa nezenzo zobuphekula, kanye nokuzivikela kuyaqhubeka kuvivinya ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwendlu negatsha eliphethe ezindabeni zempi nokuthula.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyinhloko ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika, iNdlu Yabameleli ibhekene nezinselele eziphawulekayo nokugxekwa okuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphumelela kwayo nokubusa kwayo ngentando yeningi.

Ukusebenza Kwe - gridlock Ne - Dys

Abagxeki bavame ukuveza ukuthi umthetho omkhulu ufaka imvume njengobufakazi bokungasebenzi kahle kwendlu. Umthetho omkhulu uvame ukuvala noma ukuhluleka, ngisho nalapho kubonakala sengathi umphakathi uyasisekela isenzo. Ukwehla kwezindawo zomphakathi, izikhundla ezincane, nesidingo sokubambisana neSigele noMongameli konke kunengxenye kule mvume. Umphumela kungaba ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, ukuhluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezicindezelayo, nokukhungatheka komphakathi ngokungenzi lutho.

Abavikeli besimiso baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi i-gridlock iyisici kunokuba ibe yisilokazane, ivimbela umthetho osheshayo noma ocatshangelwa kabi futhi ifuna ukuvumelana okukhulu ngezinguquko ezinkulu. Nokho, ukuvama nobude besikhathi sokungena kwe-rad lock lock iye yabangela izingqapheli eziningi ukuba zingabaze ukuthi lesi simiso sisakwazi yini ukusingatha izinselele zanamuhla ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwe - Gerrymandering Nokuhlanekezelwa Kwayo

Umkhuba wokuhlukanisa uye wadala izigodi ezingabonisi ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, ezinciphisa ukulandisa kokhetho futhi ezibangela ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo. Lapho izifunda zidonseka ukuba ziphephele eqenjini elilodwa, ukhetho lwangempela luvame ukuvela eqenjini eliyinhloko kunakukhetha okuvamile, okubangela ukuba abazofuna ukudlulisa isikhalo esisekelweni seqembu labo kunokuba kube yizigebengu ezibanzi.

Lokhu kunamandla kungaphumela eNdlu engabonisi ngokunembile ukuvota kwesizwe. Iqembu lingawina izihlalo eziningi kuyilapho lithola amavoti ambalwa kakhulu ezweni lonke, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokubuswa kwentando yeningi. Imizamo yokuguqula izinto, kuhlanganise nemishini yokuzimela ukudweba izifunda kanye nezinqubo zezibalo, iye yathola imvume kwezinye izindawo kodwa ibhekene nezithiyo zezombangazwe kwezinye izindawo.

Imali Kwezombangazwe

Izindleko ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe imikhankaso yezindlu zokuncintisana zibangela ukukhathazeka ngokuthi abameleli basabela kangcono yini kubantu abanikelayo kunalabo abakhona. Ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kokuqoqa imali kungasonta izinto eziza kuqala futhi kwakhe inkohlakalo, ngisho noma ingekho inqubo ekhona. Abanikelayo abancane baye babaluleke kakhulu ngokunyuka kweminyango yezezimali engosini ye - Internet, kodwa abantu abacebile namaqembu anesithakazelo bayaqhubeka besebenzisa ithonya elinamandla.

Inguquko yezezimali ihlala iphikisana, nokuphikisana ngokuthi imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali yezombangazwe iphula amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuthi izimiso zezimali zomphakathi zingalinciphisa ithonya lemali yomuntu siqu. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme i-Court’s Citizens United, esavumela izindleko ezizimele ezingalinganiselwe zezinhlangano, siye saqinisa izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene nendima yemali kwezombangazwe.

Amagebe Okumelela

Naphezu kwentuthuko ezinhlobonhlobo, le House ayikalinganisi ngokugcwele inani labantu baseMelika ngokobulili, uhlanga, ubuzwe, ubudala, isizinda sezomnotho, nezinye izici. Leligebe lokumelela lingathinta iziphi izimpikiswano ezinakwayo nendlela izimiso eziklanywe ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokuvota kwezakhamuzi zase-U.S. kanye neSifunde sase-Columbia kumelela ukuncishiswa kwentando yeningi okuyisisekelo okuthinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika.

Ubukhulu bezigodi zezindlu, manje ezilinganiselwa kuma-pareji angaphezu kuka-760 000, nazo zidala izinselele zokumelela okunenjongo. Abameleli abanakho ukulondoloza ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu nabo bonke abantu abameleli babo, futhi amanye amazwi awanakwa kakhulu kunabanye. Lesi sikali somfanekiso sihluke kakhulu kulokho abadwebi abacabanga ngakho nalokho okukhona kwezinye idemokrasi eziningi.

Ikusasa Lendlu Yabameleli

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, i House of Messages ibhekene nemibuzo mayelana nokuthi kumelwe ikwazi kanjani ukuhlala iphumelela futhi isemthethweni. Iziphakamiso zenguquko ezihlukahlukene zifuna ukuxazulula izinselele zamanje kuyilapho zilondoloza imisebenzi yomthetho-sisekelo obalulekile wenhlangano.

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona

Abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza izinguquko eziningi ukuze bathuthukise imisebenzi yezindlu nokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. lezi zihlanganisa ukwandisa izinga lendlu ukuze kuncishiswe inani labantu abahlala ezifundeni, ukuvota okunezigaba eziphezulu ukuze kuncishiswe ukungcola, ukumisa izikhomishane zokulungisa izakhiwo ezizimele ezweni lonke, ukuthuthukisa imithetho yezezimali, nemithetho yezakhiwo yokukhuthaza ukubhalisa nokuhlola izakhiwo.

Ezinye iziphakamiso zigxile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe, njengokuthuthukisa ikhono lokuthatha isinyathelo esikude, ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana ngemishini nabantu abahlangeneyo, nokusebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlelwa kwemithetho nokuhlaziywa. Abanye bagcizelela izinguquko ezingokwesiko nezingokwezimo, njengokubuyisela ukuhleleka okuvamile ezimisweni zamakomiti, ukunciphisa amandla obuholi beqembu, nokuveza amathuba engeziwe okubambisana kweqembu.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nokushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka buguqula indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo nendlela amalungu asebenzelana ngayo nabantu abahlangene. Ubhadane lwe-COVOVID-19 lwashesha ukuthatha ubuchwepheshe obukude, kuhlanganise nokuvota kwevoti kanye nokuzwa kwamalungu ezindlebe ezikhombi, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi lezi zinqubo zingaba izici ezihlala njalo yini. Ubuchwepheshe bubuye bubangele izinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokusongela kwe-inthanethi, ukususa imikhankaso ye-information, nesidingo sokulawula ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo njengokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela.

Indlu kumelwe ilinganise ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngokuvikela izici ezihlukanisayo zomsebenzi womthetho nowomuntu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzelana kwamalungu omthetho nokwakha ubuhlobo kubalulekile ekuhleleni imishini, kuyilapho abanye bephikisa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela nokubona.

Ukwenza I - polarente

Ukuncishiswa kwe-cropublication isho enye yezinselele ezibaluleke kakhulu ezibhekene nendlu. Kuye kwahlongozwa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokushintsha kwezimiso zokukhetha ukuze kuncishiswe ukubaluleka kwezindawo ezihlala abantu, ukuguqula imithetho yendlu ukuze ikwazi ukunikeza amandla alinganiselayo futhi ikhuthaze imifelandawonye ehlangeneyo, futhi kwakhe izisusa zokubambisana okuphambanisa.

Ezinye izingqapheli ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukana kwemibono kubonisa ukuhluka kwangempela phakathi kwamaMelika nokuthi imizamo yokukunciphisa ingase ingabi nanzuzo noma ngisho ingabi nedemocratic. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezingokweziqu zingadala indawo yokuyekethisa nokushintsha ngisho naphakathi kokungavumelani kwemibono. Indlela eqhubekela phambili cishe idinga kokubili izinguquko zezinhlangano nokushintsha kwempucuko yezombangazwe nezimiso.

Isivumelwano Semivini Nendlu

Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi nokuba abameleli abalandisayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa ngentando yeningi okunempilo.

Abameleli Abaxhumanayo

Izakhamuzi zingathonya amalungu endlu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezingcingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nemihlangano engekho emthethweni emahhovisi esigodi noma emahholo edolobha. Nakuba ukuxhumana kwabantu ngabanye kungase kubonakale kungabalulekanga, abameleli nezisebenzi zabo bayazinaka izingxoxo ezihlangene, ikakhulukazi lapho bebonisa imikhankaso ehleliwe noma imizwa esakazeke kakhulu ezindabeni.

Ukuphumelela ekufundiseni kuhlanganisa ukuchaza kahle ukuma kwakho, ukuchaza indlela indaba ekuthinta ngayo wena noma umphakathi wakho, nokucela isenzo esithile. Ukulandela nokwakha ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo nezisebenzi zabameleli kungathuthukisa ithonya lakho. Ukuhlanganyela emahholo edolobha nasezindaweni zomphakathi kunikeza amathuba okuthembisana ngokuqondile futhi kubonise isithakazelo somphakathi ezindabeni.

Ukunikela Nokuhlanganyela Ngokuzikhandla

Ukhetho lwendlu luyenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, lunikeza abameleli amathuba okuba balandise noma bashintshe indlela abazothatha ngayo isinyathelo sokukhetha. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlanganyela okhethweni oluyinhloko, njengoba ngokuvamile amaprimenti enquma ukuthi ubani ophumelela ngokuphelele ezifundeni eziphephile.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingavota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, zinikele kwabazohlolwa, futhi zikhuthaze abanye ukuba bahlanganyele okhethweni. Lemisebenzi isiza ekulolongeni iqoqo labazohlolwa kanye nezimpikiswano ezinikezwa ukunakekela phakathi nemikhankaso. Ukuvota okunolwazi nokubolekisayo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iNdlu iyaqhubeka isabela ezithakazelweni zabantu.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa yiNdlu kudinga umzamo wokuhlala waziswe ngemithombo yezindaba ethembekile, imithombo yezakhiwo engokomthetho, nezinhlangano ezingaphathi komiti ezilandela umthetho namavoti. Ama-website anjenge- Conrever. Gov[ unikeza ukukhokha izikweletu, amarekhodi okuvota, nemisebenzi yekomiti, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezifana ne C-SPAN[ inikeza isigxazululo esiphilayo semicimbi yasekhaya.

Ukufunda okunemininingwane ehlukahlukene kubalulekile enkathini yokugcwala kokwaziswa nokungaqondi kahle. Ukufuna imibono eminingi, ukuqinisekisa okushiwo yimithombo eyinhloko, nokuqonda umehluko phakathi kokubika izindaba nokuhlaziya imibono konke kusiza ekubeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Umphakathi ofundile uhlonyiselwe kangcono ukwenza abameleli baphendule futhi bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwendlu

Indlu yabameleli ilokhu iyinhlangano ebalulekile eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, isebenza njengezwi labantu kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi ifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni se-checks kanye nezilinganiso ezivimbela ubushiqela nenkululeko. Naphezu kokubhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, i-glackckckck, nemibuzo mayelana nokumelelwa, iNdlu iyaqhubeka ifeza imisebenzi yayo engokomthetho-mthetho yokuhlanganisa, ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe, futhi imelela izikhundla zezikhulu ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo, intuthuko yayo engokomlando, nezinselele zayo zamanje kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda uhulumeni waseMelika nezombangazwe. Isimo nezindlela zendlu zibonisa kokubili izimiso ezingaphelelwa isikhathi zokubusa kwentando yeningi nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka. Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, iNdlu kumelwe ilinganisele ukulondoloza indima yayo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha namathuba.

Ikusasa leNdlu yabameleli lixhomeke ekubopheni kwezakhamuzi eziqonda ukubaluleka kwayo futhi ezizimisele ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Ngokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli, ukuhlala benolwazi, nokubeka izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise, amaMelika angaqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu iyaqhubeka isabela ezithakazelweni zabantu futhi iqhubeke isebenza njengetshe eliyisisekelo lokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuphumelela kwe House ibonisa impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokwayo, yenza ukuthembisa kwesizwe kungabi ilungelo nje kodwa kube umthwalo wemfanelo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezizazisa imibuso yombuso wentando yeningi kanye nokubusa komthetho.

Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, i House of Messages ibhekene nezinselele namathuba. Ukushintsha kwezesayensi yezesayensi, ukushintshashintsha kwenani labantu, ukuguqula izimiso zomphakathi, nezinselele ezintsha zizodinga isikhungo sokuzivumelanisa nemisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenguquko ehleliwe noma kancane kancane yemithetho nemikhuba, iNdlu kumelwe ithole izindlela zokunqoba i-robock, inciphe ububanzi bezindawo zokuhlala, futhi iqinisekise ukuthi wonke amaMelika anezimo ezinenjongo kuhulumeni wawo. Impumelelo yale mizamo ngeke ibumbe iNdlukwano ngokwayo kuphela kodwa nomthetho wentando yeningi yaseMelika ekhulwini lokuqala nangalé.